Maria Theresa Research Paper

Maria Theresa Research Paper
Maria Theresa was born in Vienna, Austria at the Hofburg Palace on May 13, 1717 and was the
second child and eldest daughter of Charles VI, who was the Holy Roman Emperor of the Holy
Roman Empire and his wife, Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick–Wolfenbüttel. Since Charles VI was
the last remaining male heir to the Habsburg throne as his only son and sole male heir and Maria
Theresa eldest brother died shortly before Maria was born. So Charles VI reformed the Salic Law,
which prevented any heir who were female to succeed her father as Charles VI feared that he might
not produce a son. In 1713 Charles VI issued the Pragmatic Sanction, which ensure his eldest
daughter the right to take over and succeed the throne and inherit his united lands when he died.
During 1720 Charles VI worked endlessly to earn supports for the Pragmatic sanction from his
crown lands and over time they reluctantly agreed to honor and uphold the sanction. Charles VI was
often encouraged by Prince Eugene who was his most trusted and loyal adviser of Savoy to marry
Maria off to a very powerful prince but instead, Charles VI allowed his daughter to be one of the
few people in her ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Maria Theresa was only 23 years old when she succeed the Habsburg throne. After Maria Theresa
gained the titles of Holy Roman Empress, Empress of Austria, and Queen of Hungary the Austrian,
Netherlands, Bohemia, and Hungary who were her subjects were quick to accept Maria Theresa as
their empress. But Maria Theresa immediately faced resistance to her succession from European
powers especially Prussia who had previously agreed to her father's Pragmatic Sanction. Under the
leadership of Frederick II who was King of Prussia, the Europeans powers formed a coalition
against Maria Theresa which was call the War of the Austrian Succession. The war ended in 1748,
and Maria was forced to accept the loss of her three Italian territories to France and let Prussia keep
the province
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

In the Devil's Snare Book Report
Elliot, J.H., Imperial Spain: 1469–1716. London: Penguin Books, 1963. 423pgs. In Imperial Spain,
J.H. Elliot examines the history of early modern Spain from the reign of the Catholic Monarchs,
Isabella and Ferdinand, to the reformation of the Spanish government by the first member of the
Bourbon dynasty. According to the author, at the start of the 15th century, Spain was internally
weak, hopelessly divided and isolated from the continent by the Pyrenees. Yet, by 1492, Spanish
society experienced a tremendous transformation which allowed Isabella and Ferdinand to unify the
country, secure the largest transoceanic empire the world has ever known, and for a ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Aragon, the author states, was mostly left out of the affairs of empire and it turned its attention to its
Mediterranean possessions.
While it is true that Ferdinand interfered little with Isabella 's handling of Castilian affairs, Elliot
asserts in Chapter Four ("The Imperial Destiny") that certain key issues were handled jointly by the
monarchs. This was evident in the concessions that they were able to extract from the Vatican.
Patronato Real, or the right of presentation to all ecclesiastical benefices in the Kingdom of Granada
was granted to the sovereigns of Spain by Pope Innocent VIII while the Reconquista was still
ongoing. Eventually, the author goes on to say, this right would be extended to all Spanish domains.
This gave the rulers of Spain almost complete control of the Catholic Church in their territories and
in time, the clergy would become the most efficient of bureaucrats and administrators of the Spanish
empire.
Chapter Five is entitled "The Government and the Economy of the Reign of Charles V" and in it
Elliot argues that after Ferdinand 's death in 1516, his successor Charles I of Spain, V of the Holy
Roman Empire, inherited a thriving, pacified, quasi–united kingdom that had access to the
incredible wealth of the Americas. The problem, the author suggests, was that Charles and his
successors did not fully understand the complexity of the Spanish system they inherited.

Who were the Huns, Ottomans, and the Austrians and how did...
In Europe's early history there were many influential superpowers that contributed to the way
Europe developed as a whole. Some of these powerful influences include the Huns, Ottomans, and
Austrians. These three forces left their mark on Europe, once they were no more. Whether it is
military tactics, or political ideas, without them Europe wouldn't be what it is today. So who really
were the Huns, the Ottomans, and the Austrians? What made them so powerful that they influenced
Europe's course in history as a whole? The earliest were the Huns, one of the most feared groups in
all of history. They were nomads that used their unique war tactics to demolish any tribe or
civilization in their way. . In Europe the Huns fought and defeated the German Goths of Eastern
Europe, the Slavs, the Franks from France, and even the Roman Empire, plus and many others. The
Huns settled in the area that is now called Hungary. They caused so much fear and chaos that even
the rumor of one of their attacks would cause a community to travel elsewhere. They traveled
westward out of China. They left a clear path, on their way to the west, of panic and devastation. It
is even thought that the Great Wall of China was built as a precaution of a Hunnish attack. The
reason they were so feared was their strong and cunning military forces. They were all skilled
bowmen who rode on intimidating horses. This put all their enemies at a disadvantage, which
proved successful for the Huns. Even though bows were

The Spanish Empire: The Rise Of Imperial Spain
Origin of the empire
In 1504, Queen Isabella died, King Ferdinand ruled Isabella's side of Spain with their eldest
surviving child Joanna of Castile, who also known as "The mad". In 1516, Ferdinand's death led to a
new chapter of Spain, Joanna and Phillip I's son Charles ruled the Spanish empire and created the
Holy Roman Empire. In 1556, he stepped down and passed the Holy Roman Empire to his brother,
Ferdinand. The Spanish empire to his only surviving son Phillip II who after a succession crisis in
Portugal also became Phillip I of Portugal.
Politics
There are many reasons for the rise of Imperial Spain. First of all, political advantage was one of the
main factor.1469 marked the union of two major dynasties, with the marriage of Ferdinand ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The linguistic advances of the 15th century, the development of new literary genres, the refinements
of plateresque art all foreshadowed it. Isabel called scholars together, encouraged the importation of
text hooks and printing" (Pierre Vilar, Robert Brian Tate 41). Technology played an important role
that made Spanish powerful and the vanguard of the colonization. Before the exploration started,
they improved or self–invented many essential things for navigation such as sextant and astrolabe.
So Spanish exploration really success towards the end of 15th century due to the new technology of
triangular sails, these sails allowed ships to sail into the wind further than ever before, which
precipitated a major rise in explorative

Advantages Of Political Dynasty In The Philippines
An Argumentative Essay About a Phillipine or Local Issue
Topic: Political Dynasty
Despite not being an economically rich state, Philippines is known for having people who deeply
value their family members. Family–oriented Filipinos give importance to even to their most distant
relatives as long as they have the same blood running through their veins. In this practice also,
Filipinos tend to seek advices from the elders of the family before making a huge decision. Thus,
decisions are made not by one for himself but by a group for the entirety of the family. (Agoncillo,
2012, p.6)
There is the saying that goes "blood is thicker than water." This old saying can be implied to
anything, moreover when it is already concerning politics and elections. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This statement did not just come from us but from the research and survey we have conducted.
Political dynasty has already been long present in the political structure of the Philippines. It can be
manifested when a family member runs, and most often than not, wins the election and his position
is soon succeeded by one of his family members as well. This cycle goes on and on and the scope of
the family's territory becomes wider and wider every election for the members can run on different
places. This is often practiced by rich and influential families; families who have been political since
their forefathers and have followed the tradition as well.
Political dynasties started to emerge just after the Philippine Revolution happened. It was also when
the First Republic of the Philippines was established.The Philippine Revolution was the fight
between the people of the Philippines and the Spanish colonizers. According to the book The
Making of a Filipino which is written by Renato Constantino, political dynasty was believed to be
first recorded way back in the pre–Magellanic period where the rulers where the datu, raja, and
maharlika. They passed on their title to their male

How Did Joseph II Influence The Government
Although his mother held the position of Empresses until her death in 1780, Joseph II had a good
influence on the Enlightenment, and his country, pertaining to how she ran the state during the time.
After his father's death, Joseph, having very many difficulties, ruled as emperor, or co–regent with
his mother, and died thinking he poorly accomplished his focuses. Joseph II, born in Vienna,
Austria, on March 13, 1741, was a sole ruler of the Austrian Habsburg dominions. Joseph was the
first son of his parents, Maria Theresa, Archduchess of Austria, and Francis Stephen of Lorraine,
Grand Duke of Tuscany. He was baptized as Joseph Benedict Augustus Johann Anton Michael
Adam. He had two siblings, his sister, Marie Antoinette, and his brother, Leopold II. As a boy,
Joseph knew he would grow to become an intelligent ruler. He studied politics, and worked hard for
the things he believed. According to www.thefamouspeople.com Joseph acquired his knowledge ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, he attempted to finish his mother's work of reform before accomplishing this change.
Many of her decisions made, while in rule, Joseph strongly supported. But when it came to his idea
of religious tolerance, she disapproved. Joseph was a strong believer in what he thought was right,
as well as necessary. According to www.biography.com, while in rule with his mother, Joseph
himself, issued decrees that promoted equality and education, but the speed and scope of his reforms
led to problems for him and his empire. He also took control over the army and foreign affairs. His
foremost work as an emperor though, was to consolidate an education system throughout the
monarchy says www.thefamouspeople.com. He made education compulsory for all children, as he
expanded it. He made it fair for the poor to get equal education br creating scholarship programs.
And he appointed the best of scholars and scientists to the University of

Thirty Years War Research Paper
The Thirty Years' War
Kristen Gwilt
HST 111. 11/16/15
The Thirty Years War, which involved multiple countries throughout central Europe, took place in
1618–1648. Although it initially began as a religious conflict between the Catholics and Protestants
in Germany, it quickly expanded into a larger conflict over the thirst for power within all of these
countries. This struggle was prolonged by the conflict by the rivalry with the French Bourbons and
the Austro–Spanish Habsburgs. This war resulted in political, diplomatic, and religious ways that
created a shift in powers in Central Europe for many years to come.
The Thirty Years War came about as a direct result of differences between religious groups in
Germany. The initial ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It set up a standard of non intervention in the internal affairs of other states. This includes alliances
to states and instructs other countries to not directly involve themselves with the problems of other
states. Much like all eras of socioeconomic devastation and destruction, this war had a vast toll on
the peasants and the working class members of society. The sizes of the army, the prolonged battle
time, and the inability to pay the soldiers only dug this issue into a deeper grave. The only way the
countries could suffice the money to pay their armies back was to tax their people heavily. This
foreshadowed the future uprisings of the unfairness of these taxations on the people and how
detrimental and destructive it is to their daily lives. Also during the war, agricultural production
declined, leaving many with the inability to create even the minimum needed to feed their families.
Famine swept across Europe and many died due to

The Hapsburg Valois Wars Of 1494 To 1559
The Hapsburg Valois Wars of 1494 to 1559 are often confused with the Italian Wars. However the
Italian War were a completely different set of wars. The Hapsburg Valois Wars were very much
intertwined with these wars. The latter arose from the instability of the Italian peninsula, which was
divided among a number of vulnerable powers, and also from a new willingness of outside rulers to
intervene. Initially, the most influential was Charles VIII of France (1483–1498), he invaded Italy in
1494, and manage to take over Naples that following March. Charles's success was particularly
achieved due to his advanced equipment. The cannons used iron shot, which allowed smaller
projectiles to achieve the same destructive impact as a larger stone shot. This made for smaller,
lighter, and ultimately more maneuverable cannons. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ultimately, Maximilian's grandson, Emperor Charles V (ruled 1519–1558; ruled Spain 1516–1556
as Charles II), was to succeed to the Habsburg, Burgundian, Aragonese, and Castilian inheritances,
creating a formal rival to the Valois dynasty of France and ensuring that the wars are known as the
Habsburg–Valois

How Did King Leopold II Affect Society And Culture
Leopold II of Austria received his title as Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II in 1790–92. His family's
name was Habsburg–Lorraine. In 1790 the 43 year old Leopold II accepted the throne. Leopold II
ruled numerous domains. He was the Holy Roman Emperor of Austria, the Grand Duke of Tuscany,
the last King of Bohemia, the king of Hungary, and the king of Croatia. Leopold II was an emperor
that demonstrated absolutism. Pretending to keep what was usable in Joseph's plan; Leopold instead
ignored or cancelled reforms when it was acceptable to oppose his ideas. However, he kept Joseph's
decree of allowing non–Catholics more religious freedom. He also crowned himself king of
Bohemia and Hungary, unlike his brother Joseph II. He did not inherit nor did ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
An example was on November 30, 1786, after he had de facto block capital executions. Leopold II
promoted his reform of abolishing the death penalty and destroyed tools used for execution. Leopold
II affected society and culture because he promulgated culture and study, by erecting universities,
museums and libraries. An example of this is in 1784 he established the Accademia di Belle Arti,
which declared a stop to artistic workshops of mediaeval origin. This halt caused conflict because
some people were not able to educate themselves on mediaeval beginnings. Leopold II influenced
the economy because he moderated his tax systems and encouraged the expansion of representative
institutions. An instance that exemplified this development was the execution of profitable public
works, such as the drainage of the Val di Chiana. Leopold II was elected emperor after his brother
Joseph II died. Joseph II was also Leopold's predecessor. In 1791 he suffered various ailments. His
complaints of hypochondria, which led to his death, were put down by his family and doctor.
Francis II, Leopold's son, was succeeded shortly before the French

The Habsburg and Ottoman Empire
Throughout history there has been many religious conflicts. Of those, the Habsburg and Ottoman
Empire are two of them. The Habsburg Empire was considered a Catholic Empire and the Ottoman
was an Islam Empire. Charles V owned the Habsburg Empire. He inherited castile–Aragon (Spain)
and the Habsburg territories. He also became the ruler of Aztec and Inca Empires in the Americas.
(Sivers, Desnoyer, Stow 2012 Pg. 537) After battling against France in 1519, Charles was the title of
emperor. In 1299, Osman Bey was in charge of the Ottoman Empire when he established
independent rule in Anatolia. The expansion of the Ottoman Empire began in 1453.
The battle in which Charles encountered was just the start of his religions war. At first religion
served to support political authority. While he won the title of emperor, he also was made overlord
of all German principalities and supreme among the monarchs of western Christianity. Although this
title did not mean much in terms of power and financial gain in either the German principalities or
western Christianity as a whole, it made him the titular political head of western Christianity and
thereby the direct counterpart of Sultan Suleyman in the struggle for dominance in the Christian–
Muslim world of Europe, the Middle East and northern Africa. (Sivers, Desnoyer, Stow 2012 Pg.
537–538)
After this was when things started to get harder for Charles V. He was faced with Religious
differences as a challenge to political authority. Charles V.

Q: European monarchs of the late fifteenth and early...
In northern Europe after the Middle Ages, monarchies began to build the foundations of their
countries that are still in affect today. During the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries these
"New Monarchs" made many relevant changes in their nations. During the middle of the fifteenth
century Europe was affected by war and rebellion, which weakened central governments. As the
monarchies attempted to develop into centralized governments once again, feudalism's influence
was lessened. This "new" idea of centralization was reflected in the monarch's actions. Rulers tried
to implement peace and restore the idea that the monarchy represented law and order in the nation.
These New Monarchs were able to build armies due to taxation, and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Louis XI and the Valois line formed a royal army, overpowered unruly nobles and bandits, and
increased the monarch's power over both parliament and the clergy. Louis XI was able to raise taxes
without the approval of parliament and eventually parliament asked for him to rule without their
input. The monarch's power over the clergy increased due to the Concordat of Bologna. In the
Concordat of Bologna, King Francis I and Pope Leo X signed an agreement that stated that the pope
was to be paid by French ecclesiastics, religious figures such as priests or the clergy, and the king
would appoint bishops and abbots.
The union of Aragon and Castile showed the establishment of the New Monarchy in Spain in 1469.
The marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile joined Aragon, which included the
Balearic Islands, Sardinia, Sicily, and Naples, and Castile, the Americas, in a "personal union" only.
Both kingdoms recognized the monarchs, but there were few common institutions. The church
court, or Inquisition, was common however. Also, the church was reformed early on so it was free
from the corruption that occurred in the church in the rest of Europe. The reconquista was also
completed when Granada was taken over from the Moors in 1492. The church was at the center of
unification efforts. Palmer states it best as "(t)he rulers, though they

Sophie Germain Research Paper
Marie Sophie Germain was born on April 1,1776 in Rue Saint–Denis, Paris, France. Even though
her first name is Marie, she went by Sophie (Sophie, Famous). Since Sophie was a girl, she was not
eligible to go to school because of her gender. Her father had an interest in mathematics she began
to read the books on the subject of mathematical theory that belonged in her father's library, in her
free time while she was home (Sophie, Famous). She was even able to teach herself the language of
Latin and Greek, with the acknowledgement of these languages she was able to read the works of
Leonhard Euler and Isaac Newton. The only famous teacher she had was Joseph Louis Lagrange
(Sophie, Famous). During lectures (she was able to get lecture notes) she was able to send her work
to him. Sophie learned that she had Breast Cancer (Sophie, Famous). Even though she had Breast
Cancer, she persevered and she led to the discovery of laws of equilibrium and the movement of
elastic solids (Sophie, Scientist). She lost the battle to her cancer and she died on June 27, 1831
(Sophie,Famous). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Germain was famous for Formulating Sophie Germain's theorem and her work in number theory,
mathematics acoustics and elasticity (Sophie, Famous). She submitted a letter to the Carl Friedrich
Gauss. The letter contained the first substantial progress toward a proof in the area of number theory
in the last 200 years, the Sophie Germain theory (Sophie, Famous). In the area of elasticity, Germain
wrote a paper on 1811, she submitted that paper three times to a contest. On her last attempt she won
the contest and she was the first ever girl to win the Paris Academy of Sciences (Sophie, Famous).
Sophie Germain was important to mathematics because of her work in elasticity, number theory, and

Austria Research Paper
Rough Draft
As indicated by the map above, more than half of Austria is covered in mountains due to its location
around the Alps. The three longest rivers are the Danube, Rhine, and Drava. A relatively small
country, Austria is 83,858 square kilometers, which is about the size of South Carolina in the United
States. Austria also has lots of forests, such as: oak and beech, and fir and beech, thus making it one
of the most heavily wooded areas in Europe. The fauna in Austria is mainly central European,
including species of deer, stag, rabbit, pheasant, fox, badger, marten and partridge. The alpine flora
is colorful and diverse, with the edelweiss, gentian, alpine carnation, arnica, alpine rose, heather and
much more. One sixth of Austria's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Coffee drinking is a major part of daily life in Austria, and it is common practice to visit a
coffeehouse with friends to socialize. There are many lavishly adorned coffeehouses in Austria to
take advantage of the booming coffee industry. Austria is credited in introducing coffee to Europe
from an old legend that told how bags of coffee beans were left behind by the retreating Turkish
army after the Battle of Vienna in 1683.. Austrian cuisine also consists of dishes such as Wiener
Schnitzel, Käsekrainer Sausage, and Sachertorte a chocolate cake with apricot jam filling. Music has
been a large part of the culture and history of Austria. There are many music festivals throughout the
year, and Austria is home to the Vienna Boy's Choir, a group of altos and treble voices that have
been performing since 1498, making it one of the oldest and best known boys' choirs in the world.
Unique to Switzerland, Southern Germany, Alsace, a region in France, and Vorarlberg, the
westernmost state in Austria, is the celebration of Fasnacht. Also known as the Shrovetide carnival,
this tradition stemmed from the belief that during this time of the year, the winter spirits are hunted
and expelled (this procession dates back to 1296). Nowadays, the exuberant carnival is only
celebrated every 3–5 years. Typically, the town must dedicate months to setting up

Essay on Thirty Years War
Thirty Years War Philip, Spanish kings. Philip I (the Handsome), 1478–1506, king of Castile (1506),
was the son of Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I and Mary of Burgundy. He inherited Burgundy
and the Low Countries from his mother and was titular joint ruler of Castile with his wife, Joanna.
But her father ruled these lands as his regent, so he contested (1504) Ferdinand's regency and
assumed (1506) joint rule of Castile with his wife. Philip's early death, however, and his wife's
deteriorating mental condition allowed Ferdinand to resume joint control of Castile. The Low
Countries passed to Philip's son, who later became Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. Philip II, 1527–
98, king of Spain (1556–98), king of Naples and Sicily (1554–98) ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
But the nation fought in Italy (1615–17) and entered the Thirty Years War. Although the church
prospered and the grandees accumulated vast estates, the Spanish economy declined, partly as a
result of Philip's expulsion (1609–14) of the Moriscos. During Philip's reign, Spanish culture
flourished and gave to the world great artists such as the author Cervantes and the painter El Greco.
Philip IV, 1605–65, king of Spain, Naples, and Sicily (1621–65) and, as Philip III, king of Portugal
(1621–40), intelligent but lacking energy, was unable to prevent Spain's political and economic
decline. The Thirty Years War continued until 1648, and the war with France (1621–59) ended with
Spain's humiliation. Portugal revolted (1640), Catalonia was occupied by the French, and Spain had
to recognize the independence of the Netherlands (1648). Philip was a patron of the arts and, thanks
to Velazquez, was perhaps the most frequently portrayed king in history. The accession of Philip V,
1683–1746, the first Bourbon king of Spain (1700–1746), precipitated the War of the Spanish
Succession (1701–14) because his grandfather, Louis XIV of France, had accepted the Spanish
throne for Philip. By the Peace of Utrecht, Spain lost much territory, including the Spanish
Netherlands, Naples, and Sicily. Philip was forced to introduce the Salic law of succession, which
forbade female monarchs and thus precluded the crown's personal union with France. The

Case Study: An Abundance Of Katherine
5 questions Why did Colin only date Katherines? That is pretty hard to answer. In my opinion, I
think it was just a coincidence because all Katherine's personality was different from each other, and
they all looked different. Although, I also think there was some kind of meaning to it. How would
you feel if you were in the same situation as Colin Singleton in the beginning of the book? I would
feel really lonely and I would probably be depressed just like Colin, but I don't think I'll be as bad as
him because I have friends that can cheer me up even if it's the worse day ever. Unlike Colin, I
would want to be surrounded by friends so I wouldn't be lonely, and so that I would feel like I have
people who actually care about me unlike the person who dumped me. What would you do? As I
said before, I wouldn't want to be alone, so I would probably call a bunch of my friends over to my
house, or I would go talk to that one friend that I trust with all my heart, and tell her how I feel, and
explain how much it hurts. In this book, Colin and Hassan stop ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Apart from all the other Katherine's he has dated, the nineteenth Katherine (k–19) was different. She
literally crushed his heart into a million pieces. Colin was so heartbroken. After graduating from
high school, Colin's best friend, Hassan Harbish, goes in Colin's dark and lonely room to try to fix
him, and tries to make him feel better. Unfortunately, he was heartbroken to the stage where he
didn't even want to do him hobbies, so nothing really helped. Hassan was extremely worried about
Colin, so he started to think... What would help someone who's depressed feel better? How would I
get Katherine off of Colin's head? And he had an idea. A road trip. Hassan persuaded Colin, and
convinced him to go. He approved, and off they go on a road trip to...

The Most Famous Pieces Of Music
Austria Research Paper
Introduction
Austria is a very beautiful place with kind people and a very good history in music. It is often
known as the music capital because of the musical geniuses who have worked there, including
Beethoven, Mozart and Strauss(biography). Some of the most famous pieces of music were written
in Austria including Silent Night and Edelweiss. Austria is located in Europe and its capital is
Vienna(Austria). Austria has one of the most stable economies in Europe. Austria has unique
qualities such as its geography, history, culture, economy, and its current events.
Geography, Climate, and Location The climate, geography, and location in Austria is unique. In the
East, there are hot summers and moderately cold ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
She was an archduchess, and a Holy Roman Empress. Joseph II was another important leader. He
was also a Holy Roman Emperor who tried to strengthen the Habsburg empire with his enlightened
reforms, but his people opposed his changes very fiercely(biography). Austria had multiple big wars,
but one of the wars they fought in was the war of the Austrian succession. It began on August 16,
1740. Frederick II of Prussia invaded Silesia, one of Habsburg's richest provinces. His armies
defeated the Austrians at Mollwitz in April 1441 and overran Silesia. This proved what the other
European countries believed, that Silesia could not defend themselves. This ensured that the war
would become general. Within a month, France had constructed an alliance with Bavaria and Spain
and, later, with Saxony and Prussia against Austria. Maria Theresa derived her main support from
Britain fearing that if France took Hegemony in Europe, the British colonial and commercial empire
would be insupportable(britannica). Austria declared independence by concluding the Austrian State
Treaty with the Four Occupying Powers.
Culture
Austria have a very kind culture. They have nice holidays, they have a functioning government, and
they have good food. Some major holidays in Austria are Three Kings day, Easter, All Saints Day,
St. Nicholas day, and Christmas. Three King's day is a celebration that most Christians celebrate, but
only a

Emilie Du Chattelet Research Paper
Emilie du Chatelet was born on December 17, 1706 in Paris France. She was the only girl among six
children, were only three of the brothAs well as her. Emilie died on September 10, 1749 in Luneville
France at the age of 42 from Pulmonary Embolism after giving birth to a child she had during an
affair. She was named Stanislas Adelaide, who passed 20 weeks later. A historic event that happened
during Emilie's life time is on October 11, when George the second had his Coronation. Handel's
Coronation Anthem was composed for the event as well as Zadok the Priest, which had been played
at every subsequent coronation of the British Monarch. Later on November 9th, Spain, England and
France signed the Treaty of Seville. Our last event was on November 18, when an earthquake in
Tazriz, Persia kills 77,000 people. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One of her families acquaintances was Fontenelle, an perpetual secretary of the French Academie
des Sciences. Emilie's father noticed her brilliance at age 10 and asked for Fontenelle to meet with
her. Emilie's mother is believed to disapprove of all of this. As a result of all the tutors that her father
would bring to the house, by the time she was 12 she was fluent in, Latin, Italian, Greek, and
German. She got education in mathematics, literature, and science. Her mother Gabrielle–Anne was
horrified about what she was learning and fought Louis–Nicolas at every step, once almost sending
Emilie to a

Maria Theresa Research Paper
Only female ruler of Habsburg dominions and last of the House of Habsburg, born on May 13, 1717
in Vienna, died on November 29, 1780. Her father, Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI was the last
male member of the Habsburg Maria Theresa is significant because of her role as the first woman
ruler of the Habsburg dominions, her fights with Prussia, and the financial and educational reforms
that greatly impacted Austria. Maria Theresa became the queen of Hungary and Bohemia at the
early age of 23 after her father Charles VI died in 1740. As the last Habsburg prince, Charles VI
created the Pragmatic Sanction, in which an agreement was made with nearby countries to allow
him to pass his crown to a female heir due to fear of him not having a son, especially ... Show more
Despite the Pragmatic Sanction, many were going back on their word and believed that Maria
Theresa should not have inherited her father's role, and a fight broke out over who truly deserved the
inheritance. Not only that, but Frederick II of Prussia invaded Silesia and tried his best to peacefully
gain the land, however Maria Theresa fought hard, and the battle is known as the First Silesian War.
During this, unfortunately, she loses Bohemia to Prussia as well. Austria was short of experienced
commanders and faced a hard loss in the Battle of Mollwitz. This ended with the Treaty of Breslau
in June 1742, creating peace between the two countries and gives her back Bohemia and a bit of
Silesia. Unfortunately, She deals with the loss of Bohemia once again when Frederick invades for
the second time, starting the second Silesian War in which is soon ended by the Treaty of Desden in
1745, resulting in Maria Theresa losing Silesia, once again. The eight–year conflict is completed
with the Treaty of Aachen, giving Prussia Bohemia and the Duchy of Parma to Philip of Spain.
Maria may have not been completely successful in these battles, but she proves herself to be a hard
worker who would not go down without a fight by keeping her rule over he Habsburg

The War Of Bavarian Succession
Will Vaught, Trevor Lindberg
English 2 (H)
Ms. Gale
April 28, 2017
The War of Bavarian Succession
The War of Bavarian Succession, or sometimes called the "Potato War", was a cultural and country
wide conflict between Bavaria, Prussia, and Austria, as well as its allies. During this conflict, were
two conflicting ideals surrounding the people's rights to territory, food, and country wide patriotism.
In addition, these two cultures conflicted politically, economically, and through supplies.
Furthermore, when these two countries collided, it sparked a political and territorial battle that
Leading up to the war, Austria was embarrassed by its defeat in failing to take the country of Silesia.
This war was called the Austrian ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Charles II August was a bavarian electorate and was the Duke of Zweibrücken, as well as a Duke of
surrounding territories and an electorate in Bavaria or in other terms, an heir to Bavaria.
Furthermore, Charles II August and Charles Theodore also had very different ideals for how to run
the war. While Charles Theodore wanted to share resources with Austria and share commercial
wealth, Charles August very much disagreed with his prepositions and statutes. An example of this
was when Charles Theodore tried to give Southern Bavaria away in exchange for the Austrian
Netherlands. As a result, not only did this make Charles Theodore mad, but it made other countries
made as well, thus deepening the divide, some of these people include Maria Sophina of Saxony
(one of Bavaria's allies in the war), the widow of Maximilian Joseph, as well as prussia and
neighboring minor german states. While Furthermore, Charles II Auguste message resonated very
well with the neighboring countries Saxony and Prussia. Meanwhile, Austria still wanted to re–
establish itself as a part of Germany, so what did they decided to do? They Invaded Bavaria. The
War of Bavarian Succession first began when Joseph II of Austria attempted to acquire Bavaria to
establish a Habsburg Monarchy within the country. As a result, Fredrick II of Prussia declared war
on Austria, as a retaliation to Austria's actions, and in support of the influential

How Did Francis Joseph Impact The World
Francis Joseph was the oldest sibling of Archduke Francis Charles, who was heir and brother of the
Austrian Emperor I. Because his father was king of the throne, Francis Joseph had become the
emperor when his dad was abdicated near the end of the revolution in 1848. By the time Francis
stepped upon the throne Austria's position as a European power was already in great decline. Later,
Austria betrayed Russia in the Crimean War through 1853–1856 making a heavy impact in the
Austrian and Russian relationship. A couple of years later there was a unification of Italy which
brought great threats to the Italian Empire. In the decade that had followed Austria nearly lost all of
their Italian possessions, such as Lombardy and Venetia. "The rise of the Prussian dominance of the
German Confederation, and Austria's loss of the Austro–Prussian war in 1866. German unification
in 1871 made Austria the lesser of the two German powers." This is the information on Francis
Joseph about how he came to be. This is only the beginning of him. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
After a person named Schwarzenberg died in 1852, Francis made the decision not to replace him as
prime minister and instead he himself took on the role of doing so. He had begun to take a greater
part in the politics on his own. He was the only person that was doing this. After this was done, "At
home, neo–absolutism resulted in a civil service staffed by highly competent experts who tried to
meet the emperor's high standards but whose limitations nevertheless became increasingly obvious
in 1859–60 as they attempted to deal with the empire's complex financial problems. " The financial
problems were very serious and were trying to be stopped at the

Sophie Germain's Life And Accomplishments
"Sophie Germain" Sophie was born in Paris on April 1, 1776, when the American Revolution began.
Later the French Revolution would force her childhood indoors from all of the dangers outside. She
was born to Ambroise– Francois and Marie Germain. She was born into a middle class family that
later had money and her father became a director of a bank. As soon as she started to become
recognized as a female mathematician she passed away. She died on June 27, 1831 from breast
cancer. While she was sick she continued her studies. After her death, her work was recognized by
many. Sophie's full name is Marie Sophie Germain. She went by Sophie due to how many Marie's
were around. She would write many of her works using an alias M. LeBlanc. She used this name to
disguise her works so they could ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
She worked hard and never gave up on her theories. The only awards Sophie received were: the
contest she entered about Archimedes, an honorary degree six years after her death, to be able to be
the first women to attend Academie des Sciences meetings, and first woman invited to attend
sessions at the Institut de France. Many of Sophie's achievements were recognized after she died.
Sophie Germain studied psychology and philosophy. Sophie's works were in a few areas: she
studied the number theory, Sophie prime numbers, and the theory of elasticity. She would study
other areas to gain more knowledge of these subjects. She did not have one study; she did multiple
studies to prove theories and work of others. Sophie Germain fell in love with math around the age
of thirteen. She began to study math but was interrupted many times. Her parents did not approve of
her studies

John Reynolds: The War Of The Austria Success
England in 1713 John Reynolds was born. At age 15 he volunteered to join the navy along with John
Gascoigne, later in 1734 he passed his examination to his files and due to him being 21 years old he
was arranged to become lieutenant in 1736. During his time while serving the home station on the
HMS Argyll from 1739 to 1740. In June of the year 1741, during the starting point of the Austria
Success he was promoted to the fire ship HMS Vulcan located in the West Indies. He went on to
being the first lieutenant on the HMS Jersey. (1)
From that he was relocated to the HMS Victory in 1743–1744. In 1745 he was advanced to take the
role as commander on the fire ship HMS Scipio up until 1746.Where he was short–term arranged to
the HMS Ambuscade in Plymouth, Massachusetts. Later in the year he was rearranged to HMS
Centurion in Portsmouth, Hampshire.In October he was assigned to the HMS Arundel.Later in 1747
he was found in the North Sea located in the English Channel on board of the Arundel. (1)
The War of the Austria Success was a war that was between all the significant colonies in Europe.
The battle was based on the Maria Theresa's unqualified access to the House of Habsburg, her father
Charles VI's throne. This was because back in 500 AD a law was created. This law stated that no
women would be able to attend the throne or inherit ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
John's demands that he hoped to inflict,were very difficult to obtain such as them getting massive
amounts of troops, artillery, and forts. They refused to hold his orders and his hopes that he held in
the British Government of the protection of the colony deteriorated. November of 1755 the governor
arrived from Britain into Savannah subsequently waiting ten days for the coming of the Creek
Chiefs in Augusta, Georgia. He didn't feel the need to address the concerns of the Creek Indians so
he left the negotiating to an associate, William Little.

Michael Jean Research Paper
Michaelle Jean is a Catholic who was born on September 6, 1957, in Port–au–Prince, Haiti. This
year she is 59 years old. In her early life, she lived a middle–class life. Her parents decided not to let
her go to school because she would have to swear under the dictator, François "Papa Doc" Duvalier.
Instead, Michaelle was home–schooled. Her father got tortured, so he fled to Thetford Mines,
Quebec in 1967, and the following year, Michaelle and the rest of her family joined. The family
eventually separated because her father became violent. Michaelle left with her mother and sister to
go to Montreal. She received a bachelor's degree in Italian and Spanish at the Université de
Montréal. She received many scholarships to let to make trips to Italy to study at the Perugia,
Florence, and Milan universities. She knew how to speak five languages and worked for shelters for
abused women. She married a Canadian filmmaker, Jean–Daniel Lafond, and adopted Marie–Éden
from Jacmel. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 1897, the National Film board producer invited her as an interviewer and researcher on a show
about the Haitian elections. A year later, she became the filmmaker, reporter, and broadcaster for
Radio–Canada. She was the first black person on French television news. She was a reporter and
host for other programs too and eventually, she won many awards. She was famous among the
Francophone Canadians, and she started her own show called Michaëlle in 2004. Since her husband
was a filmmaker, the couple was able to make a few films together. Michaelle produced and hosted
multiple French and English shows and eventually became the Governor General of

Geographical Information on Austria
Austria is a country from Europe continent geographically located at latitude and longitude of
48.1200° N, 16.2200° E, respectively. The country is bordered by the following nations; Czech
Republic, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Liechtenstein, Slovakia, Slovenia and Switzerland. It is rich
with historical information and artifacts, serene places and features, traditions and activities that are
unique in the area. It is commonly associated with summer tourists who visit the historic cities and
villages and hike in the magnificent scenery of the mountainous places. During the year 1569,
roman Emperor Maximilian II purchased a plot flooded by Wien River. The Roman Emperor turned
the area to an animal Zoo and later fenced the place. The place was intended to serve as a game park
for animals and the palace recreational center. A mansion Katterburg was put up over the site, and
later changed into a hunting lodge by the Emperor Maximilian II. Matthias, the son of the Emperor
discovered a beautiful spring when he was hunting and renamed it as the place with beautiful spring.
This led to the re–birth of the place as Schönbrunn palace. The world wars in the year 1695 resulted
to part of the palace being destroyed by the Turkish especially the hunting lodge. After the world
wars, the commissioning of the construction of the palace began by Emperor Leopold I. Key
personalities involved in the design and constructions of the palace were Johann Bernhard Fischer
von Erlach who was charged

House Of Habsburgs Research Paper
The House of Habsburgs also known as the house of Austria was one royal house that had a great
influence in Europe. The House of Habsburgs continuously ruled over the Holy Roman throne from
around 1438 to around 1740. The house also produced kings and emperors for other kingdoms like
the kingdom of Germany, England and France. The house was split in the 16th century following the
rule of King Charles V, it was split into Austrian and Danish branches where there were no close
relationships between them, and they even intermarried among themselves. With the dynastic
marriages, the house was able to expand its domain but it became extinct in the 18th century.
Maximilian I was the ruler of Holy Roman Empire. He was the son of Fredrick III, the holy emperor
of the Holy Roman Emperor and Eleanor of Portugal. His rule lasted from 1508 to 1519 upon his
death. During his father's reign, in his last ten years, he helped him rule. Maximilian I was an
important figure in the House of Habsburgs because he was able to expand the house of Habsburg
through several of ways and that includes wars and his marriage to ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Shang also known as the Yin dynasty ruled the yellow river valley in 2BC. The ruins which was
identified as the last Shang capital were uncovered and other things like tombs, and foundation of
palaces.
Polytheism is where people believe and worship more than one God and this was allowed in the
reign of Rudolph II.
Monotheism is where people believe and worship one God and this what was happening in the reign
of most kings and emperors in Europe. The pope only wanted people from all kingdoms to worship
one God.
Bible is the holy book that Christians use. In the 16th century only the pope and other ordained
cardinals and bishops were allowed to read the bible. The common people were not and if found
with one then they would be

Analysis of Wedgewood´s The Thirty Years War Essay
Wedgwood, C.V. The Thirty Years War. London: Lowe & Brydone Ltd, 1938. Print. It is difficult to
determine when the Thirty Years War really began. Ultimately, a culmination of events led to the
tension between the countries of the Ottoman Empire. Prior to the war's beginning on May 23, 1618,
Europe was in a state of religious, political, and imperial turmoil. The Lutherans, Catholics, and
Calvinists were all competing for religious dominance. Political leaders tried to advocate for their
religions in the elections. There was much controversy regarding the new kings of Bohemia and
political stress between the Bourbons and the Hapsburgs. War was ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Although Wedgwood mentions the incident, she doesn't emphasize it being a huge turning point
with regard to the conflicts in Germany. "The extraordinary chance which had saved three lives was
a holy miracle or a comic accident according to the religion of the beholder, but it had no political
significance (Wedgwood p. 79)." The "Denfenstration of Prague" is the initial event that instigated
the tension because it was a rebellion. People became angry and fought for what they thought was
right. Frederick and Ferdinand began to raise their own armies by asking for help from other
European countries. Ferdinand received assistance from Maximilian of Bavaria. In Western
Civilizaton, it also mentions him getting help from Spain. He ensured this help by promising
Frederick's lands to them. Wedgwood explains that this could be considered unconstitutional
according to the Peace of Augsburg. Ferdinand signed this document declaring that "German
liberties" would be observed in 1555. This means that each country can have its own religion if it's
Catholic or Lutheran and that they are the Electors for the empire. If the German princes do not
consent to the impeachment of Frederick as Bohemian king, then giving the land away is stealing.
Frederick asked England for support, especially since he was married to the English King's daughter
Elizabeth. Unfortunately, the king had declined any

Comparing Cardinal Richelieu's Practice of Ruler Ship to...
Some regard nineteenth century France to be the France of Napoléon Bonaparte and, in the same
respect, it can be argued that ancien régime France was the France of Armand–Jean du Plessis de
Richelieu. Upon entering the French political arena, Richelieu was thrown amidst the struggles of
international diplomacy, the devious schemes of the nobility, and the disgruntlement of the common
people. Similarly, the unstable Florentine Italy which Niccòlo Machiavelli familiarized himself with
led both these prominent men to publish their respective works: The Prince by Machiavelli and The
Political Testament of Cardinal Richelieu by Richelieu himself. By rejecting conventional morals,
disregarding haughty ideals, and promoting ruthless tactics, The ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The burden of paying taxes fell upon the peasantry since the majority of nobility and high
bourgeoisie were either exempt or effortlessly evaded payment. The social distress amongst the
peasantry caused by the war taxation resulted in several uprisings between 1636 and 1639, which
the Cardinal crushed violently and dealt with the rebels in a harsh manner which Machiavelli would
have promoted.# However, when examining to what extent Machiavelli's maxims on ruler ship
applied to Richelieu's own experiences, it is important to understand that a state's domestic affairs
and it's international ones are mutually constitutive. It is apparent that the issue of internal security
was crucial and impacted France's status in the international arena. From 1624–8, Richelieu's
foreign policy was jeopardized by national concerns: the revolt of the Huguenots and
inconveniences resulting from those who directly opposed him within France, specifically the
noblesse and the peasantry. With increasingly power–acquiring factions, Richelieu understood that
the greater part of educated, intelligent French citizens wished for a sound

Frederick V Vs Ferdinand II
The Law is Always Right:
Frederick V vs Ferdinand II in the Thirty Years War
The Thirty Years War that spanned most of the Holy Roman Empire drawing in most of the
European superpowers of the time started off as a much smaller rebellion in the Kingdom of
Bohemia in the east of the Empire. The Bohemian revolt started with the Defenestration of Prague
where two Catholic regents and a secretary were thrown out of a window by a group of frustrated
Protestants. The regents had been placed in control of the city by the Holy Roman Emperor and
King of Bohemia, Matthias to rule until his successor, Ferdinand of Styria, was elected to replace
him. The Protestants were frustrated because their petitions to Matthias asking ... Show more
Frederick's justification for taking the Kingship is that he was trying to restore peace and protect the
Protestants in Bohemia. He claims that the Protestants were being victimized and that if he did not
assume control in Bohemia then the blame for any more lives lost in the conflict could be placed on
him. He explains why him taking control should not be seen as a power grab in the following quote:
Therefore we have not sought a greater elevation, nor have we tried to gain the above–mentioned
crown of Bohemia by force of through any other actions, a fact to which the estates that elected us
have publicly given witness (and can continue to do so). Furthermore, given the deplorable
situation, we also had no reason to do so, but would instead have much preferred to have seen the
return of peace.
By assuring the readers of his declaration that his motives are pure Frederick negates what would be
the first argument against him. If his taking of the Kingship were to be seen as a power grab he
would have no legitimacy and would struggle to find any support. There are two key points to the
above quote. The first is that he did not force his way into the position. While this may seem
obvious there was the possibility that he was elected under threat of violence. The other is that he
would have preferred a peaceful resolution over the current

The Most Famous Pieces Of Music
Introduction Austria is a very beautiful place with kind people and a very good history in music. It is
often known as the music capital because of the musical geniuses who have worked there including
Beethoven, Mozart and Strauss(biography). Some of the most famous pieces of music were written
in Austria including Silent Night and Edelweiss. Austria is located on Europe and its capital is
Vienna(Austria). Austria has one of the most stable economies in Europe. Austria has unique
qualities such as its geography, history, culture, economy, and its current events.
Geography, Climate, and Location The climate, geography, and location in Austria is unique. In the
East, there are hot summers and moderately cold winters. In the alpine region, ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
She was an archduchess, and a Holy Roman Empress. Joseph ii was another important leader. He
was also a Holy Roman Emperor who tried to strengthen the Habsburg empire with his enlightened
reforms but his people opposed his changes very fiercely(biography). Austria had multiple big wars
but one of the wars they fought in was the war of the Austrian succession. It began on August 16,
1740. Frederick ii of Prussia invaded Silesia, one of Habsburg's richest provinces. His armies
defeated the Austrians at Mollwitz in April 1441 and overran Silesia. This proved what the other
European countries believed, that Silesia could not defend themselves. This ensured that the war
would become general. Within a month, France had constructed an alliance with Bavaria and Spain
and, later, with Saxony and Prussia against Austria. Maria Theresa derived her main support from
Britain fearing that if France took Hegemony in Europe, the British colonial and commercial empire
would be unsupportable(britannica). Austria declared independence by concluding the Austrian
State Treaty with the Four Occupying Powers.
Culture
Austria has a very kind culture. They have nice holidays, they have a functioning government, and
they have good food. Some major holidays in Austria are Three Kings day, Easter, All Saints Day,
St. Nicholas day, and Christmas. Three King's day is a celebration that most Christians celebrate but
only a few German states and Austria.

The Negative Effects Of Inbreeding Within The Spanish...
Effects of Inbreeding Within the Spanish Habsburgs Dynasty Inbreeding is an extremely
controversial topic of debate that has been around since biblical times. The most extreme form of
inbreeding is incest, which is primarily between first cousins and second–first cousins. Humans
practice inbreeding for many different reasons, including royalty, religion, culture, socioeconomic
class, geographic isolation, and small populations. Possibly the most dramatic instance of incest for
reasons of royalty was within Habsburg Dynasty. The Habsburg Dynasty was one of the most
powerful dynasties in Medieval and Renaissance Europe, beginning in the early 12th century. The
group controlled huge portions of Europe, including Switzerland, Austria, Hungary, Italy, France,
and Spain, maintaining control by marrying only within their dynasty. Most marriages within the
dynasty were consanguineous, meaning marriage between close blood relatives, taking place
between first cousins, double–first cousins, and uncles/nieces. Although their inbreeding originally
led to their rise in power, it consequently led to their eventual demise. By the end of the 17th
century, the negative effects of their marital practices became obvious through that the dynasty had
distinctive physical mutations, including a protruding lip, high infant mortality rate, and many health
problems. By 1700, the Habsburgs were sterile, therefore, unable to produce an heir. Another effect
of these marriages was that infant and

History Of The Beginnings Of A Successful Ruler: Maria...
The Beginnings of a Successful Ruler
In 1729, Charles Lewis wrote in a letter to his friend, a description of the young Maria Theresa. He
wrote, "The eldest Archduchess Maria Theresa is brought up in the agreeable prospect of the vast
dominions possessed by the Emperor. This young Princess has very much of the Air of the Empress
her mother and if Heaven designs her for the Sovereignty of the Empire, God grant she may also
resemble in her Virtues!" Maria Theresa would in fact go on to become the only female ruler of the
Habsburg dominions, coming into power through succession. According to the New World
Encyclopedia, Maria Theresa's titles from birth to death were, "Her Royal Highness Archduchess
Maria Theresa of Austria (May 13, 1717 – October 20, 1740), Her Majesty The Queen of Hungary
and Bohemia (October 20, 1740 – September 13, 1745), Her Imperial Majesty The Holy Roman ...
Though there were a few causes of the Seven Years' War, like the long–time power struggle between
France and England and the French and Indian war technically already beginning in 1754, what
more or less sent the war into action was another issue between Frederick the Great and Maria
Theresa. In 1756 Frederick II invaded Saxony, and it was no surprise that he was once again trying
to take something that in fact, did not belong to him. Maria Theresa, on the other hand, was still
bitter about losing Silesia to Prussia, and she saw the war as a way to possibly retake Silesia. She
can't really be blamed for wanting to take back what was originally apart of the Habsburg dominions
and that which she felt had been unfairly taken away. Unfortunately for her, Silesia was not
recovered and France lost the war with many repercussions, while Austria got more of a slap on the

Greek American Conquest
In the fourteenth and fifteenth century, the most common way to acquire wealth and power was
through conquest and other aggressive tactics. Success through free market operations was still
means of modest wealth and most merchants and salesmen did not generate exorbitant amounts of
revenue, nor leave wealthy lifestyles. Not until the late 1400s did the world see just how much
wealth could be accumulated by a man without the title or prestige of being a leader. The Fugger's of
Augsburg first earned their livelihood by trading textiles in Italy and other surrounding areas. Soon,
due to the meteoric rise of the youngest son of Jakob Fugger, Jakob II, the family would become the
largest and richest merchant and trading family in all of Europe. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
As Greg Steinmetz, noted journalist explained, "Fugger changed history because he lived in an age
when, for the first time, money made all the difference in war and politics" (21). His influence in
funding sides in such wars as the German Peasants' War, where the ideas of capitalism and
communism were pitted against another, grew his reach and privileges in areas that before were
untouchable. When King Maximillian died, and the Habsburg empire was without a ruler, Fugger
and "a consortium of German and Italian bankers" secured the election for his grandson, Charles V.
Fugger did this, not out of the goodness of his heart, or his belief that Charles V was the most
qualified choice, but because it was the surest way he could get back all the money that was owed to
him by Charles' begotten grandfather (Hunt 454–455). Fugger was not ashamed of this fact and
made it well known, in his collection letter to the most powerful king, he wrote: "It is well known
that without me your majesty might not have acquired the imperial crown [...], You will order that
the money which I have paid out, together with the interest upon it, shall be reckoned up and paid
without further delay" (Steinmatz 20–21). There is something to be said of the sheer confidence and
resolve of Fugger that he does not care about titles when profits are in question. Fugger would
eventually receive

Inbreeding In The Habsburg Dynasty
Inbreeding is an extremely controversial topic of debate that has been around since biblical times.
The most extreme form of inbreeding is incest, which is primarily between first cousins and second–
first cousins. Inbreeding is practiced for many different reasons including royalty, religion, culture,
socioeconomic class, geographic isolation, and small populations. Possibly the most dramatic
instance of incest for reasons of royalty was within Habsburg Dynasty. The Habsburg Dynasty was
one of the most powerful dynasties in Medieval and Renaissance Europe, beginning in the early
12th century. The group controlled huge portions of Europe including Switzerland, Austria,
Hungary, Italy, France, and Spain, maintaining control by marrying only within their dynasty. Most
marriages within the dynasty were consanguineous, meaning marriage between close blood
relatives, taking place between first cousins, double–first cousins, and uncles/nieces. Although their
inbreeding originally led to their rise in power, it consequently led to their eventual demise. By the
end of the 17th century, the negative effects of their marital practices became obvious through that
the dynasty had distinctive physical mutations including a protruding lip, high infant mortality rate,
and many health problems. By 1700, the Habsburgs were sterile, therefore unable to produce a heir.
Another effect of these marriages was that infant and child mortality rose to about 50% within the
Spanish Habsburgs. There

Ideology In The Revolution Of 1848 Essay
The Role of Ideology in the Revolutions of 1848
Year 1848 is described as "mad year" – mad with fight for freedom. Already its first months, in
almost all parts of Europe, brought explosion of aims and aspirations, which were accumulated
during the after–congress period. Revolutionary movements spread throughout the whole Europe,
apart from Russia, where the system of serfdom did not allow any revolts, and Great Britain, where
the reforms were carried out in non–revolutionary channels. Despite the differences in social,
economic and political structures of European countries, the revolutions of 1848 were characterised
by uniformity, and their ideology was a common denominator.
There were ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Because of overall crises, many reforms were needed, most of which had an ideological
background.
Nevertheless, the ideology did not play a huge role throughout the whole revolution. Year 1848 can
be divided into three periods which were characterised by variable importance of new ideas of 19th
century. The main ideology in opposition to the order established during the Congress of Vienna was
often called 'liberalism'. This name indicates that the primary motive of it was to strive after freedom
in contrary to dependence and restrictions forced on societies and individuals by absolute monarchs.
Colloquially, all people who were against absolute regime and were after constitution established by
nations representativer, were called liberals. They demanded freedom of religion and tolerance,
freedom of word, press and societies. They thought that everybody should be equal as far as law is
concerned.
Another 19th century idea was radicalism, which was pretty much the same ideology, with only
slight differences: radicals supported republican form of power rather than constitutional monarchy,
they wanted common right to vote, they were saying less about freedom of an individual, more
about social justice.
At the beginning of the revolutions 1848, the ideology was extremely important. All social classes
were in misery, because the outcome of

Sophie's Contribution To The American Revolution
Sophie Germain was born April 1st of 1776, an era of revolution. The American Revolution began
around the year of her birth. Then thirteen years passed when the French Revolution began in her
own country. In many ways Sophie personified the spirit of revolution into which she was born. She
was a middle class female who went against the wishes of her family and the social prejudices of the
time to become a highly recognized mathematician. Like the member of a revolution, her life was
full of determination, up and downhill struggles. It took a long time for her to be recognized and
appreciated for her contributions to the field of mathematics, but she did not give up. Because she
was a woman she was never given as much credit as she was due ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
At about this time the French Academy of Sciences announced a contest to explain the "underlying
mathematical law" of a German physicist's study on the vibration of elastic surfaces. Sophie was
fascinated and set out to explain the law underlying Chladni's study. The Academy set a two year
deadline, and in 1811 Sophie submitted the only entry in the contest. Her lack of formal education
was evident in the anonymous paper she submitted, and thus she was not awarded the prize. She still
had much to learn in the area. Lagrange was able to correct her errors and two years later she again
entered the contest which had been extended. She received honorable mention this time. Finally in
1816, she entered the contest for the third time and won with her paper Memoir on the Vibrations of
Elastic Plates. Upon earning the prize, the judges did relate that there were some serious
shortcomings in her explanation. These shortcomings would not be corrected for decades. After
winning the contest, Sophie continued her work on the theory of elasticity publishing several more
memoirs. The most important of these deals with the "nature, bounds, and extent of elastic surfaces"
(Osen 90). Her work in the theory of elasticity would prove to be very important to the

Why Vienna Matters : Vienna
Katie Gowen
10–27–2016
GEO101
Galchutt
Why Vienna Matters
Vienna, located in northeastern Austria, is a beautiful place and should be considered one of the best
vacation spots in the world. The beautiful art museums and music history is what draws a lot of
people to visit the Austrian capital. Vienna's physical geography is also what attracts a large
population because of its position between the foothills of the Carpathians and the Alps. When it
comes to the political geography, the city is unique because of the history that comes along with the
Habsburg family and the Holy Roman Empire. Looking at the human geography, Vienna is the most
populated place in Austria even though it is the smallest of the nine states that make up the country.
There is a high quality of life, which makes it a desirable place to live. Overall, Vienna has a very
distinct geography through the history of the Habsburg family, the topography of the entire country
of Austria, and the demographics of the people who populate the city. The history of Vienna truly
impacts the geography of the city today. While Austria is not one of the most talked about cities in
the world, it does hold a unique past that is recognizable through the Habsburg monarchy. Before
the Habsburg family shaped Austria, it was a part of the Holy Roman Empire. The Habsburgs are
mostly credited with creating the Austria and the Vienna that is known today. In the book The
Austrian Achievement, it is mentioned, "... the recent

The Architecture Of Schonbrunn Palace
Introduction
Schönbrunn Palace is a political, cultural, and artistic marvel as it stands today and during the period
it was made and as it exists today. The building and all surrounding buildings are meant to be taken
in as a whole, as if it were four walls of canvases each unique and significant while still being part
of the room. Schönbrunn is seen as a Gesamtkunstwerks. It was meant to out shine Versailles Palace
in France. (5,6) From the height of the Hapsburg Empire to the present, the Baroque–style
Schönbrunn Palace has provided a splendid showcase for Austria's rich cultural tradition. It is
situated on the premises of former hunting grounds, the Baroque palace, completed in 1713 still
stand to contest its beauty against other baroque style palaces. While it is a precedent of Versailles
its Zoo also became a precedent for future architecture. The typology of this site is one of
monarchical power, leisure hunting, and the summer home, as well as heritage.(2, 3, 6) This paper
will describe the Schönbrunn Palace and provide a historical exploration of the cultural form. The
paper will begin with, a physical description of Palace and surrounding areas, which will explore
aspects such as the structure, and decorative aspects, Buildings and other landmarks that are a part
of the overall Palace. Following the physical description, the historical context of the site will be
analyzed, after which the principles of design will be explained.
1.
Physical

The First Three Phases Of The War, The Bohemian Phase (...
The thirty years war was an important conflict in the Holy Roman Empire that started in 1618 and
ended in 1648. It was fought between the German states and the Emperor; it was fought between
Catholics and Protestants, and it was also fought between outside nations against each other. The
thirty years war started with religious rivalries between Catholics and Protestants with some
political ambitions, but eventually developed mainly into a war of dynastic ambitions with many
groups attempting to gain political power over their opponents. The first three phases of the war, the
Bohemian phase (1618–1625), the Danish phase (1625–1629), and the Swedish Phase (1630–1635)
were mainly fought over religious reasons with Catholics on one side and Protestants on the other.
Lutheranism was accepted in the Holy Roman Empire since the Peace of Augsburg in 1555, but
Calvinism wasn't. However, many states still turned Calvinist, including the Palatinate whose ruler
was one of the seven people that elected the Holy Roman Emperor. In 1608, led by the Palatinate,
the protestant groups formed a protestant union. The Protestant states wanted to gain more rights
and weaken the empire by remaining independent. In response, some Catholic states formed the
Catholic union in 1609 led by Bavaria. The Austrian Habsburgs wanted to completely eradicate
Protestantism that was threatening the stability of their Empire. The tension between these two sides
was what caused war to break out when the

The Role Of The Habsburg Monarchy
(1) Introduction
Modern Europe is a peaceful co–existence of sovereign countries, of which most of them are part of
the European Union. Until this stage many centuries of state and nation formation have passed.
Those centuries were shaped by fragmentation in the form of republics and foreign intervention. In
all of these aspects the Habsburg Monarchy played a crucial role. To understand the particular
process of state– and nation building throughout the history of Europe, more specifically, in the
Habsburg Empire the terms nation and state in the modern notion have to be defined.
First, Roberts provides a definition of state that claims to be:
presence of a supreme authority, ruling over a defined territory, who is recognized as having the ...
19). Over the next decades, until her death in 1780, her determination to modernize and consolidate
the different realms for the future was remarkable.
Born on May 13, 1717 she was the oldest daughter of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI. The
death of his only son prompted Charles to promulgate the Pragmatic Sanction, an agreement, that
was recognized by most European powers by which a female was entitled to succeed the Habsburg
Empire.
Although the Pragmatic Sanction became the legal basis for a unified Habsburg State, Maria
Theresa immediately saw herself under attack. Bavaria, the Saxons and a part of the Bohemian
nobility protested against the succession to the throne and demanded parts of the Habsburg Dynasty.
As a result, Frederick II of Prussia invaded the rich province of Silesia, belonging to the kingdom of
Bohemia, a satellite kingdom of the Habsburg Empire (Palmer et al., 2014, p. 295). As a young
queen, she confronted the Hungarian assembled nobles to show her absolute power for the first time,
asking for their support in war. Following this, the war ended in 1748 with Maria Theresa loosing
Silesia to Prussia whereupon she was recognized by all former adversaries as the Monarch of the
remaining Habsburg realms (Heimann, 2001,

Maria Theresa Research Paper

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

More from Jessica Tanner

More from Jessica Tanner (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Maria Theresa Research Paper