Organizational Development

Organizational Development
CASE STUDY MODULE 17
ORGANIZATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
PQHRM/53–025 H E B MARASINGHE
Contents Acknowledgement3 Introduction to the case study4 Literature Review5 What is OD intervention ?5 Factors That Impact the Success of OD
Interventions can be listed under two main headings,5 Intervention Categories7 The process of Organizational Development9 Change management11
Report to be given to CEO of Nuran food products12 Implementing an effective and successful OD process12 Impact of Closing down of plant in
Kandy15 Recommendations16
Acknowledgement
I would like to thank all the lecturers at the Institute of Personnel Management, specially to all the tutors who guided and helped me to complete the
17th module ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The extent to which the OD intervention transfers change–management competence to organization members.
Factors That Impact the Success of OD Interventions can be listed under two main headings, 1. Factors relating to Change Situation: These relate to the
environment of the organization and include the physical and human environment. 2. Factors Related to the Target of Change: These relate to the
specific targets at which OD interventions are targeted. The targets of change can be different issues of the organization and at different levels
Factors relating to Change Situation I. Readiness for Change: Intervention success depends heavily on the organization being ready for planned change.
II. Capability to Change: Managing planned change requires particular knowledge and skills including the ability to motivate change, to lead change, to
develop political support, to manage transition, and to sustain momentum. III. Cultural Context: The national culture within which an organization is
embedded can exert a powerful influence on members' reactions to change, and so intervention design must account for the cultural values and
assumptions held by organization members. IV. Capabilities of the Change Agent (OD Consultant): The success of OD interventions depend to a great
extent on the expertise, experience and talents of the consultant.
Factors Related to the Target of Change: A. Organizational

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Human Development
HSV 504: Human Development–Early Memory Development
Dianne Wright
Post University
Introduction
Many human development specialists have examined memory loss of adults later in life. During the past fifty years, there have been many studies in
children's cognitive development and earlier childhood memory loss. Ernest G. Schachtel conducted studies on why people forget childhood
memories as they grow older. He described the processes that could be involved in early memory loss (Crain, 2005). He was influenced by Sigmund
Freud's cognitive theory (Crain, 2005). Lev S. Vygotsky, however, described children's early memory development as a holistic process that involved
society, physiological, cultural, and economical environments. (Vygotsky,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, he said that they are discouraged from that experience by their caregivers (Crain, 2005). It is considered rude in the west to discriminate
based on smell. To say someone's breath smells bad in public is not considered polite, so that sentiment is rarely spoken in public. Yet, body odor is
the primary smell that would intrigue a very young child, said Schachtel (Crain, 2005). Their parents tell them that it is not good and the child learns to
distance herself from that sensory pleasure. Schachtel also said that with passing of time the highly sensitive sensory experiences are lost to the
children because they are repressed (Crain, 2005).
Schachtel believed that adults are less sensitive to their earlier sensory perceptions due to socialization (Crain, 2005). The senses become defined as
either good or bad, and adults have extensive vocabulary labeling things they see, but not food that they taste or odors they smell (Crain, 2005).
Schachtel further explains the only adults that would still have their earlier perceptions intact after parental and peer socialization would be creative
individuals like writers and painters (Crain, 2005).
When a child gets older, many things that were accepted in infancy can become less intense because their orientation changes toward the outside senses,
sight and touch. Schachtel also said that babies enjoyed the warmth of protective environments (Crain, 2005). Crain (2005) added that Schachtel was a
pioneer in

The Development Of Childhood Development
Arguably, the most vital and significantly influential time in the development of a person's being is during their childhood years.
Childhood development is the organic, emotional and mental changes that take place from birth, in progression to a more independent existence (Kail,
2011).
The importance of this period is premised upon the notion that these first few years from birth , are instrumentally irreplaceable in introducing a child
to the first steps of developing into an independent individual, as well as commencing the length of developmental milestones that are to follow.
Foundations in trust, security and stability are all constructed in these crucial years, and nerve connections established now will last a lifetime. Jean
Piaget, a developmental psychologist who conducted extensive research in the field of childhood development, identified four stages in his theory of
cognitive development, the first of which takes place entirely in the first two years of a child's life and is known as the sensorimotor stage, where the
child learns about their world through movement and use of their five senses. This highlights the significance of this stage. Consequently, any factor
that inhibits the provision of the full, ideal nurturing environment , both internally and externally of the child, can prevent the child from flourishing in
the three domains of child development socially, physically and cognitively and have a fundamentally detrimental impact on the child's

Disadvantages Of Development
Development is a broad concept that includes social, economic, political and human aspects. Human development consists of the foundation on which
the first three aspects .According to Burkey (1993: 38), economic and political development should be translated into social development. As
development is a broad concept, it has been extensively explored with a view to realize that economic growth and social development. However, the
emphasis moved from industrial and economic development as the factors that determine societal transformations. Economic growth may bring
material gain to the people, but development is about enrichment of the lives of the people in the society Edwards (1993:80) this means that
development is much more important to a country than economic growth only because when people are not empowered and developed it takes us back
to the theory of development which explains that empowerment and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In addition, the policies have been criticized in terms of their effectiveness in meeting the narrow objectives set by the IMF. Under half those accepting
IMF loans achieve their balance of payments and inflation objectives, and only one–fifth achieve their growth targets, Hodd (1987:336) This
assessment of the financial institutions shows that they do assist in Africa with their balance of payments at that time but in the long run it causes
debts for the African states as they will have to pay the loan bank with interest. When the loan is paid with interest, it draws back the states and this
means that they will be focusing on paying the IMF loan instead of developing their countries and the problem is that the payment period for this loan
is very short which puts pressure for the states to pay back the

Lifespan Development And The Development Of Human And...
Lifespan is the period during which something is functional, so in humans, lifespan is the period from birth and death. As humans, we break it down
into different phases, this would include infants, toddlers, preschooler, school age, adolescents, early adulthood, middle adulthood, and late adulthood.
This shows that we are changing as we move as a society as the life expectancy increases and children are aging differently. Most known as human
development, which is the action of developing to maturity. Human development is the study of these changes related to the physical, emotional,
cognitive, and social domains of an individual. Similar to human development, there are three types of lifespan development, this including physical
development which involves growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills and health and wellness. Cognitive wellness which
involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, and creativity. And lastly, the psychological development which involves emotions,
personality, and social relationships (White 326–334). When thinking of development, individuals often consider the changes the human body goes
through as aging occurs. In the field of human services, it is important to recognize development throughout the lifespan and how an individual's
behavior can be impacted based on factors that occur from conception to death. It also supports developmental change being impacted by biological,
physiological, and social aspects. A

Development And Development: What Is Early Child Development?
В¬What is Early Child Development?
В¬
В¬
Early childhood is the most rapid period of development in a human life. Although individual children develop at their own pace, all children progress
through an identifiable sequence of physical, cognitive, and emotional growth and change. The Early Child Development (ECD) approach is based on
the proven fact that young children respond best when caregivers use specific techniques designed to encourage and stimulate progress to the next level
of development.
В¬The ultimate goal of Early Child Development (ECD) programs is to improve young children's capacity to develop and learn. A child who is ready
for school has a combination of positive characteristics: he or she is socially and emotionally healthy, confident, and friendly; has good peer
relationships; tackles challenging tasks and persists with them; has good language skills and communicates well; and listens to instructions and is ...
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In the Early Childhood Environment, educators use observation as a means of control of what each child does or says during a specific period of
time, in as much intention detail as possible. Observation is used to discuss and analysis with other classroom teachers to build on learning
experiences for children. Through observation Classroom teachers can identify early childhood children's interests. Knowing what a children or a
group of children like and respond to, can help teachers and children plan learning experience. For example, a group of children interested in animal
and other activities, might plan a walk to find them, reveal where they live and what they eat. A child might be interested in different activity.
Classroom teacher can chart the development of each child and for this classroom teacher should aware of the cognitive, physical, social and emotional
development of each

The Importance Of Technology And Development In Economic...
assistance to poorer countries and to help less developed nations progress
To build an infrastructure and promoting industrialization there are factors which are bound to be followed and they include; as much as there is
advancement in the manufacturing and employment, there is need to invest and develop infrastructure of the third world countries who are still in the
process of developing. This will ensure that the gross domestic product of the country (third world countries) will double by 2030.
–Such improvements include sustainable transport system which will create more job opportunities and the boosting of the economic development
(Griggs, D et.al. 2013). Manufacturing as a key factor in economic development, helps in creation of employment and social stability. Due to the
technological advancements, countries have adapted a more efficient and less energy consuming industries. This has greatly reduced the amount of
carbon dioxide gas been released to the air by old manufacturing companies hence leading to global warming and a significant share in the global
manufacturers.
–There have been a lot of researchers coming up with the aim of investing in the research and development. Recently, manufacturing has upgraded to a
more technological complex product. The medium and the high technological products achieve always been nominated the manufacturing production
in the industrialized economy. The invention of mobile phone has made it possible for the people who

Taking a Look at WESCAPE Development
The first subject that must be viewed before looking at the actual WESCAPE Development is the demographics of Cape Town and further the
Western Cape. The Western Cape is home to "5 822 734" million people; this would be approximately 11, 2 % (5 822 734 / 51 770 560) of the South
Africa's total population. Western Cape's population has grown from "3 956 875" in 2006 to "5 822 734" in 2011. From 2006 till 2011, it is estimated
that the Western Cape has received a net migration of "225 657" into the province.
It is also been identified according to many demographic statistics that the Western Cape is one of the main two provinces in which people move to.
This clearly indicates how there is an influx of people moving in to the Western Cape and how there is an increased demand of housing. It is also
presumed that the Western Cape will have a population growth rate of "2.6%".
In terms of the new WESCAPE Development, it must be asked if this project is another new type of racial separating schemes, similar to the ones found
in Apartheid. To determine the outcome of this statement, the makeup of the Western Cape's population must be looked at in finer detail.
2011BlackColouredIndian/AsainWhiteOther
Western Cape 32.9 %48.8 %1.0 %15.7 %1.6 %
As displayed in the table above, the majority of the Western Cape's population is made up of "Coloured" people. The reason we need to look at this
topic is so it can give necessary evidence showing if this new WESCAPE Development is

A Controversial View Of Development Discourse
The discussion topic is referring to a controversial view of development discourse. Development means what 'we' can do for 'them', here 'we' denotes
the first world countries or the west and 'them' refers to the developing countries. This essay will discuss the issue based on three different perspectives
of three well–known references– The End of Poverty: How we can make it happen in our lifetime by Sachs (Sachs, 2005); The Bottom Billion by
Collier (Collier, 2007) and Easterly's The White Man's Burden (Easterly, 2007). Each of these three writers has different notion regarding the view that
development of poor countries depends upon the western countries support.
Sachs supports the discussion topic that development of Third World countries is only possible if the developed countries provide financial support to
them. "Africa needs around $30 billion per year in aid in order to escape from poverty" (Sachs, 2005: 309). He believes that a society needs
external help to be in track when it falls into deep crisis (Sachs, 2005: 130). According to Jeffrey Sachs, foreign aid is the only solution for the poor
countries to eradicate extreme poverty and to break down the 'poverty trap' cycle (Sachs, 2005: 245). Sachs is very optimist about that, more aid,
forgiveness of debts, better trade terms policy and more access to technology from West can help to eradicate extreme poverty of rest by 2025. The aid
should be spent on infrastructure development, disease control and market reforms

Prenatal Development And Development Of A Fetus
Prenatal development, also known as antenatal development, is the process of the development of a human fetus during pregnancy, from fertilization of
the egg until the birth of the child. There are many factors that can contribute to the development of the fetus and many threats that can impact it. Most
prenatal development occurs in a normal manner, however; there are many things that can go wrong during this vulnerable time and usually are caused
by genetic or environmental factors. While the hazards that threaten the development of a fetus can be easily steered clear of, dangers do exist and
should be recognized to ensure the fetus undergoes complete and healthy maturation.
The growth of the fetus that takes place during the nine months of prenatal development is a very important and susceptible time. Anything the mother
is exposed or even ingests makes its way into the placenta and to the fetus. Some risk factors for prenatal development include the age and nutrition of
the mother, exercise, and stress levels. On behalf of environmental factors that can have a negative effect on growth and development of the fetus,
teratogens which are substances in the environment that can have a harmful effect on the development of the fetus (Stein, Kline & Kharrazi, 1984) are
the main environmental threats. The detrimental effects of teratogens depend on many different factors such as the amount of exposure that the fetus
is in contact with, heredity, and any other negative

International Bank For Reconstruction And Development
The World Bank was originally established in 1944 by 28 countries as the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development with the aim of
assisting and financing public development projects. In 2015 the World Bank Group is an umbrella organization of five parts with 187 member
countries. While the Bank remains the largest such institution in operation, there are now so many other similar institutions that there are four
subcategories to describe them: Multilateral Development Banks (used to describe the World Bank), Multilateral Financial Institutions, Sub–Regional
Banks, and Aid Coordination Groups. Partners (World Bank, 2016) The World Bank provides governments, based solely on economic rather than
political considerations, with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, the Niger Basin Water Resources Development and Sustainable Ecosystems Management Program (APL2A), for which the World Bank
is providing $55.2M of the $259.53M total is described as follows:
Sectors
Large Hydropower
80%
Public administration– Water, sanitation and flood protection
8%
Irrigation and drainage
5%
Other social services
5%

Agricultural extension and research
2%
Themes
Water resource management
30%
Regional integration
30%
Rural services and infrastructure
20%
Municipal governance and institution building
10%
Social Inclusion
10%
(World Bank, 2016)
A main part of this project is the construction of the Kandadji Dam on the Niger River, which will require the involuntary displacement of people
living in the dam 's footprint. Dam construction has been delayed but investment in the area and services for the local population are already
shrinking, making it harder for the local affected population to maintain their standard of living. But as dam construction has not yet started many
residents are not entitled to any assistance or relocation. This reveals the early stages of two problem areas, lack of understanding of the second and
third order effects projects will have on the local area and lack of follow through on the World Bank's own policy standards about minimizing the harm
for people affected by the projects it supports.

A more complete example of a World Bank project with

Development As Freedom Summary
Sen outlines two different approaches to development policies: the GNP/capital approach, which measures development through GNP and income
levels, and the capability approach, which focuses on development through the expansion of freedoms. Given that his book is titled "Development as
Freedom", he is clear proponent of the latter approach. He offers a critique of the former, both factually and normatively.
In his factual critique of policies that focus purely on GNP/human capital, he argues that capital is not an all–encompassing yardstick with which to
measure development. While capital and capabilities are closely linked, Sen believes that the capital approach focuses predominantly on human beings
and their ability to increase production ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He paraphrases Adam Smith in saying that "to see humans only in terms of their productive use is to slight the nature of humanity", a bold declaration
that humans are not just means of production but ends in themselves (296). Early in chapter twelve, he makes the argument that the basic concern in
assessing growth and development should be with the expansion of "our capability to lead the kind of lives we have reason to value" (285). This
means we ought to value to everything from the opportunity to find meaningful employment, to the opportunity to live in a safe, peaceful area. These
are clearly non–capital variables; while income is good measure of someone's capability to buy goods/services, it doesn't indicate their opportunity to
live a long, worthwhile life, which Sen proposes we should care about as much as, if not more than just economic growth. Finally, in what is his
strongest argument for focusing on freedoms instead of capital, Sen argues that capabilities have an intrinsic value, rather than just an instrumental
value (292). Where income and capital are resources that improve people's choices, they are a means to development, not an end; therefore, we ought to
value capabilities instrumentally and intrinsically, and use them as our yardstick for measuring

The Goals Of Sustainable Development : The Goal Of...
The goal of sustainable development is a generally agreed upon one, the Brundtland report's definition is the most commonly cited, that it is of to "meet
the needs and aspirations of the present without compromising the ability to meet those of the future" (Brundtland). However, with the growing
international concern of environmental issues it has become more difficult to find consensus on where the focus should be to best make an impact.
The Brundtland report is one of the primary sources on sustainability, but because of its wide scope the concerns are generalized. Those in poverty and
developing areas put a larger strain on the environment than those in developed countries, either because there is a need for basic survival or because
of the need to use raw materials to create the infrastructure needed to support growing populations (Brundtland). The number of people living in urban
populations has doubled in developed regions, however in developing countries its quadrupled. There are few cities in the developing world that have
the resources and infrastructure to handle their quickly growing population. While cities of the industrial world also have a huge impact on the
environment, most have both the means and resources to help manage their environmental impact and inner–city decay in a way that cities in developing
countries do not (Brundtland). Beyond the physical ability, in many developing countries the local government's institutional and legal structures are

The Effects Of Physical Development On Child Development
During childrenГўв‚¬TMs development from birth to 19 years old they will be following the sequence of development which will be in the same
ways for each child as they have to learn one skill before they can learn the next one but each child will progress at a different rate of development.
Each children with develop with in four areas which are Physical development, language development, social and emotional development and then
intellectual development.
Physical development
The physical development is the one that children will develop quicker in than any over development area. This will start with a few weeks of a
baby being born as a baby will start to smile and respond to familiar sounds and their surroundings. By the time a baby is 6 ... Show more content on
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Between 2–3 years old Marks on paper will now be forming into scribbles as they begin to use pencils. Balls will be starting to be kicked and thrown.
Brick towers will be getting larger than the ones they were building; also they will start to experiment with liquids in play by pouring.
At 3 years Children start to become more independent. Their moving and climbing skills will be coming stronger as they start to run, jump, catch,
walk up and down stairs etc. They will start to try and dress and undress themselves but may need some assistance.
At 4 years boys motor skills are more developed in areas such as throwing and aiming, building, climbing, pedalling, etc. Whereas a girls are more
develop within the finer motor skills such as the use of scissors, holding a pencil to draw and colour and also when threading small beads or sewing
stitches.
At 5 years Children with have more pencil control and will begin to copy letters and shapes and start to draw people. Ball games will develop with
more structure as they begin to kick with an aim. They will begin to learn to hop on one foot, then the other also to skip.
At 6 years dressing becomes independent as they learn to do buttons, laces, etc. writing becomes more fluent as copying letter shapes has progressed to
words and sentences with greater pencil control. AchildГўв‚¬TMs confidence would have increased when playing outside in climbing, jumping from
heights and riding a bike.

Child Development: Piaget's Cognitive Development
After having been granted permission from the parents of "Sophie," I was able to observe her while she interacted with her family, played, and
walked from one place to the next. Sophie is the three year old toddler of one of my family members.
Physical Development:
At Sophie's age it is common for toddlers to be agile; jumping, climbing, kicking, they are on constantly on the move. Movement is crucial for
strengthen the muscles in their body, in addition to enhancing a toddlers coordination, since they still tend to be a bit clumsy. With this in mind, I
noted several things as I observed Sophie. As she walked across the living room of her house, her steps were a bit clumsy.
Cognitive Development:
With regards to Piaget's developmental theory children around Sophie's; ages two to seven years are at the preoperational stage. During this stage
children are attempting to learn a language by representing objects by using images or words. Unfortunately, while I was observing Sophie, she would
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
At this time toddlers are beginning to understand how relationships work, along with being able to determine that other people have different feelings
than they do. In connection to Vygotsky's theory, it is common to see children observe and learn from their environment and from the people around
them, through communication. In Sophie's case, when her sister was watching television Sophie sat next to her and watched the program as well. She
would often point at an image she recognized on the screen and identify it by speaking its name. Her sister would agree with her, and praise Sofie
when she identified the object and pronounced the word correctly. And would often correct Sophie when she mispronounced a word. This action
exemplifies that Sophie is absorbing and learning from what she is seeing and hearing in her home. Indicating that she is actively learning from her

Is The Best Method For Development Sustainable Development...
Introduction
The main question to be addressed in this paper pertains to the notion that the best method for development is to set clear, measurable goals such as the
Millennium Development Goals. In particular, I will first discuss the arguments supporting and questioning this assertion from a number of authors. I
will then consider the question of whether or not this model should be replicated for the next generation of efforts, which are starting to become known
as the Sustainable Development Goals. Overall, I will argue that, while it is true that there are benefits to setting clear, measurable targets in terms of
engagement, there are significant costs associated with this model that must be considered, particularly going forward. This paper will proceed in three
sections. In the first, I will consider the arguments supporting the use of clear, measurable targets for development.. In the second, conversely, I will
consider the arguments questioning the utility of using such targets. In the third section, I will consider the question of how to proceed with the
Sustainable Development Goals that have been proposed as the next step.
Arguments Supporting the Use of Clear, Measurable Targets
The use of indicators to measure progress has been lauded as one of the key factors in the success of the Millennium Development Goals, both in terms
of the continued relevance of the project almost fifteen years after its inception and in terms of progress towards meeting the

The Development Process In Human Development
The development process in Human Development begins in before conception with heredity. The next important stage in development is prenatal
development. The is the stage of growth after conception and before birth. In this stage, there are many risk factors to consider that can affect the
development of an embryo either during the pregnancy or after the pregnancy. A very well known risk factor during this time is smoking, drink and the
use of drugs. Teratogen is the different agents such as, drug, alcohol, and tobacco that can cause different development problems at birth. I conducted a
research experiment to see how women felt about these activities they partake in, and if they know the danger it producing toward the normal
development of a fetus. In the following paragraphs, I will discuss how I conducted this experiment, and what my finding produced about the matter.
Process:
The first and hardest part of this experiment was finding women friend of mine that did not have children already and used drugs, alcohol, or tobacco.
I don't have many women friends that don't have kids or are into drugs/alcohol/tobacco. After going down my phone list I could not easily find 4
female friends who meet the qualification to participate in this research assignment. For the privacy of my friends, I will name each participant after
the first four letter of the alphabet (A, B, C, &D). When formulating the questions to gain the information needed upon this topic, I came up with 8
different

Essay on Language Development in Childhood Development
Everyday we are developing no matter our age, but it is how we develop children that will tell a tremendous amount an individual. How a child
developments is fundamentally important at a young age as it affects all aspect of their lives once the child matures. Throughout the class, we looked
at many theorists during the course of the semester as well as looked at many articles pertaining to the concepts of the development of children. The
theorists and articles opened up our minds to a world that we have never seen before and concepts about child development we have never been taught
but have seen in the practical work we do every week. What makes humans unique is the ability that we have to interpret the language being used, as
Lois Bloom... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Numerous studies have been done in this area as there are many children living in poverty in North America and all across the world. There are
roughly over one billion children living in poverty around the world (United Nations Children's Fund, 2010). The Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United describes poverty as "Lack of knowledge and good skills in herding was widely given as a main cause of poverty."
Living in poverty can seriously affect a child's life as the child would not be able to go to school or would do poorly because there was nothing to eat
at home so they would not be able concentrate. The child when old enough would have to work all day to make money for the family and many other
harsh realities throughout their lifetime. Throughout the course of this paper I will be explain how poverty effects language development of a child
because of the reasons of parental education and having a low socioeconomic status. In this paper, I do talk a lot about school statistics a number of
times but that is because I believe if one does not have their language skills fully developed the results will show in their work ethic and grades in
school. It is important to understand that poverty does not have a direct consequence to language development but it is things associated with poverty
such as parental education, health care, child care, low socioeconomic status and many other variables that play an influence in

International Economics And The Field Of International...
I would like to mention some courses that I have taken at Knox College that not only have encouraged me to take up the particular field of study as a
major, but have also fortified me to volunteer and intern in the field of international development. These courses are: International Economics (Manisha
Pradhananga, Professor), Business & Society (John Spittell, Professor) Environmental & Natural Resource Economics (Steve Cohn, Professor) and
Environmental Ethics (Bill Young, Professor). These particular courses had a great impact on my decision to pursue a major in Economics and a
double minor in International Relations & Business.
In International Economics, I had written a research paper on low–income nations and their dependence on primary commodities for exports and its
vulnerability to price shocks. I had carried out my research only keeping applied economics in perspective, therefore, I could not really understand as
to why these low–income countries, although having a wide variety of natural resources readily available for production and consumption, still
struggling to alleviate themselves from poverty and poor health. The reality and the real–life scenario of such situations was explained to me in the
Environmental Economics class by Professor Steve Cohn. Toward the end of the term, I was assigned to write another research paper on greenhouse
gas abatement options for third world nations. The ideal solution that came up while working on the project was developed

The Development Of A Child 's Development
As you begin this module, identify and write a short account of your aims and aspirations. Elaborate on the strengths and personal qualities, which you
bring to this module and outline those areas where you hope your learning and development will occur. (300 words)
As I begin studying the Professional Experience module, my aims and aspirations for this module are to develop knowledge and understanding on how
to carry out observations, as well as gaining more understanding of the role of observations in a child's development. I aim to gain more understanding
on how to use observations to evaluate the child's development, by linking theory to practice, and I aspire to develop my knowledge on the role of the
practitioner in the child's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I hope that my learning will develop through extensive reading about developmental norms, the theories of learning and play, as well as curricula
documents in evaluating the child's overall holistic development. I am intrigued to learn how to assess a child's development by carrying out
observations and evaluations during my placements. I hope that I will learn how to organize and implement activities with young children and learn
how to demonstrate the understanding of how a child acquires language, along with developing the strategies to support the child's development. I
have never had the opportunity to work with babies in a day care setting, and I'm really looking forward to finding out how this differs to my own
previous experience in a primary school.
Section 2
Select one observation from your observation journal following the recommended format. Referring to relevant reading and developmental guidelines,
evaluate the observation. From this evaluation reflect on how you could promote the child's development further. Elaborate on your role and discuss
the implications for future practice. (1000 words)
Name: Sam
Age: 3 years and 11 months
Sex: Male
Date of observation: 7/11/14
Starting time: 10.40
Finishing time: 10.50
No. of adults involved: 1
No. of children involved: 2

The Development Of The Millennium Development Goals
During the past one year and until now, there has been more than 14,000 people infected by Ebola Virus and about 5000 people died. Situations are still
not under control, though efforts have been made by countries and organizations. Today I called for your attention in this vulnerable but significant
issues: assure health and well–being lives for everyone around the world. I stand here represent my country's government and people to make the
commitment: we shall both improve the standard of living of people in China and exchange and aid other countries, in particular those least developed
countries.
We are gathered here today, just a few days before Thanksgiving and with lots of things we could be thankful for. We have to affirm, in terms of the
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), the progress we have accomplished, the lives we have helped and the dream we are reaching. There are
brave people remaining at their position fighting with Ebola, there are different government and non–government organizations providing aids focusing
on various diseases patients, there are significant decline in all index proposed in the MDGs.
But we cannot let progress turn to complacency.
800 women died every day from maternal causes.
18,000 children under 5 died every day, with incredible high rate in WHO African Region: 95 per 1000 live births.
About 3 million people died due to AIDs, tuberculosis, malaria and other communicable diseases, though we already got effective treatment or

Development Of A Child 's Development
Development from birth to 19 Introduction For each section of development it is crucial that there is a wide range of 'normal' as each child 's'
progress is individual. There can also be a delay in development due to constitutional or genetic diseases. There are many things that may influence a
child's development such as; parents, carers and the child's peer group. There are seven areas of child development : Physical
DevelopmentCommunicational Development Understanding The World Numeracy Literacy Personal, Social & Emotional Development(PSED)Art &
Design Physical Development 0–3 Years– A child's physical development follows the simple pattern that goes from simple to complex, for example;
crawling before standing. At this age a child also develops fine motor skills such as single limb movements and the use of hands. From birth a
child can not hold their head up alone therefore a parent or carer has to support it. At this point a child may be able to sit up for a short time without
support. Physical development is very important in a child 's early years as it enables them to feed themselves with help from a parent or carer.
Physical development also enables children to develop their muscles that they'll need later in life and learn independant skills. By age One children are
more under control of their movements. In their second year, children should have better ability to control their movement. During this time a child 's
fine motor skills develop at a

Essay on Development
Karina Marie Leal 11.26.09
Com31 DEV. COMM
Only now, did I have the chance to really reflect on why we develop and why do we not. Before and up to now I usually associate development with
technology, but at this very moment, I just contradicted myself. Although technology does play an important part in determining it, I don't think it's
enough to give justice to what development really is because technological development is just a part of the whole. Development takes different forms;
it could pertain to individualistic, universal, materialistic development and many others, so development itself is very broad ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
We don't see documents or pictures saying that our ancestors wakes up every morning with a frown on their faces because they have a big meeting
with the dealers of their company, nor do they seemed to have any problems with a cancelled flight or early morning stampede on shopping malls. All
are now living in a generation where people prefer seeing large buildings rather than large beautiful trees; or where people prefer to talk online rather
than meeting personally. It's funny how we contradict ourselves today; why we focus so much on the future that we let the present slip by. How much
we want to get older but the moment that we are old enough we come racing for our childhood to come back or how we work so hard for money
yet spend all of it for hospital bills. Although we now live in a world where large buildings and beautiful town houses signifies our development I
think its not enough basis to measure how developed we are because we also have to look at it in a fragmented manner, to look closely at the
individuals who makes up our society. Our individualistic perspective is slipping away due to our desires to have all that we think is the world's
greatest offer, I'm not an anti–thesis of these people because I am one of them, but this behavior is what hampers us to achieve development. We tend
to become too subjective with our lives that we often distort our reality and our ideas. We fail to really connect with one another without the notions on
widening our

Learning And Development Of A Child 's Development
Semester two RPP Assessment
Section 1
As you begin this module, identify and write a short account of your aims and aspirations. Elaborate on the strengths and personal qualities, which you
bring to this module and outline those areas where you hope your learning and development will occur. (300 words)
As I begin studying the Professional Experience module, my aims and aspirations for this module are to develop knowledge and understanding on how
to carry out observations, as well as gaining more understanding of the role of observations in a child's development. I aim to gain more
understanding on how to use observations to evaluate the child's development, by linking theory to practice, and I aspire to develop my knowledge on
the role of the practitioner in the child's development. From this module, I aspire to develop my understanding of the role of developmental norms,
theories of play and theories of learning, in evaluating the child's holistic development. From this module, I aim to develop an understanding of
working with babies, as I have no previous experience with working with children this young.
The strengths in which I bring to this module are that I feel that I am confident and a good self–evaluator and I have a great deal of experience working
with children, from carrying out work experience in key stages one and two. From this, I have a good understanding of play and observing children. I
also have experience with young children between the ages of 5–12

Development And Development Of Developing Nations
We Are The Change
The term "Development" have been intermittently used to describe the effort to lift up the developing nations out of poverty and improve their
livelihood. Development is a fondness for big goals and the big plans, however at the same time too rigid to predict what will work in the messy real
world. The problem is, many development initiatives have gone wrong, and continue to. In fact, people who work in the various sectors of
'development' admit that on a whole development is not working. The reasons for their failure are numerous, ranging from, history, cultural,
colonialists, religion, instability, corruption, racism, poor leadership, etc.
But who is responsible for our nation development and growth one may ask?
In this paper, I will be focusing on individuals of developing nations' role in development since they 're major contributors to growth and capable of
more than what we recognize.
What is growth?
We all are familiar with the term growth. Whether from the newspaper, TV. or from social media, usually involves GDP (gross domestic product) a
tool used to measure the growth of a country. It is a primary indicator used to gauge the health of a country 's economy. High GDP means low
unemployment and higher incomes as businesses demand labor to meet the growing economy, and that reflects on the development of the country,
leaving poverty and entering the growth phase (a constant rate of GDP).
With the lack of the necessary elements of growth comes

Role of Community Radio in Community Development
ROLE OF COMMUNITY RADIO IN COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
Aim:
To analyze how effectively the community radio can be used for the community development.
Objectives:
To identify how far the community radio has played its role in creating awareness about the local issues such as social, environment and economic.
To analyze the reach of community radio among public.
To identify what genre of program is attracted by the public in community radio.
To analyze how far the community radio has created a change among the community people.
To identify the techniques can be used to make people involve more in the community radio for their community development.
Need for the Study:
The Community Development Programme, which had its august ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
But to be useful, knowledge and information must be effectively communicated to people.
More than 850 million people in developing countries are excluded from a wide range of information and knowledge, with the rural poor in particular
remaining isolated from both traditional media and new information and communication technologies which would improve their livelihoods.
The report of "Ninth United Nations Communication for Development Roundtable" says
Communication for Development lies at the heart of the challenge to actively involve poor people in decision making procedures which affect their
lives and to enable them to manage communication processes and media. When successful, Communication for Development is a powerful tool to
mitigate poverty and hunger and to promote democratic processes and social change in many countries, especially in the agriculture and rural
development sectors.
Media and Community Radio
Michael Meadows (2009) in the article Electronic dreaming tracks: Indigenous community broadcasting in Australia published in Development in
Practice explains the power of media
The power and influence of mainstream media continues to transform the wider public sphere, compelling Indigenous people to seek access to their

Mind Development
The brain is the main psychomotor of every human activity; the brain controls everything that happens in the human system. It is very important to
maintain sound lifestyle if anyone is to enjoy a good successful life. There are quite a number of things that can have a positive or negative influence
on the mind development. Research has it that the mind learns and affects thoughts which are influenced by the surrounding setting an individual finds
himself in, this proven by the different personalities exuded by people in different stages of their lives. An individual who had an opportunity to good
upbringing while they were children more often than not have acceptable lifestyle as compared to those who had a bad upbringing, it is imperative for
parents to bring up children in settings which will help the child bear positive mind developments towards life. There is a lot of activities that happens
in the memory and the brain of an individual. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The overall systems in which neuron are harbored is called the nerve system. Each brain function in the nerve system brings alive the intangible state of
the brain which is called the mind; the mind process thoughts, emotions, feelings as these are the main language the brain understands.
The mind exists in two states namely the conscious and the subconscious mind; the conscious mind is often referred to as the aware state of the mind.
Research has it that the conscious mind processes 10 percent of an event whereas the remaining 90 percent processed in the subconscious mind; even
with this fact each mind is mutual to the other and none can function without the other. The conscious mind acts as a curtain to the subconscious mind,
this limited access to the subconscious mind acts as preventive measure to negative

Development of a Prenatal Baby
Shannon was born at 23 weeks gestation and weighed only 1 pound 7 oz. She was hospitalized for five month, and this experience itself is a concern
for developmental delays. She is now 12 months of age chronologically, and 9 months developmentally. Shannon's areas of concern are her visual
impairment as well as developmental delays in motor, cognitive, communication and social and emotional areas. Shannon appears to be in the neonate
stage of development regardless of her chronological and developmental age; due to her under developed respiratory system, digestive system,
cognitive, communication and motor system.
Regarding communication, receptive language is an area of concern; I would say Shannon although 9 months developmental age is functioning at a
developmental age of 3–5 months in this area: turning her head to sounds and watching faces of a speaker. Shannon has shown receptive
communication for example; the sound of a rattle which Beth places in her hand and helped shake. Evidence of developmental stage in the 3–5 month
range from the case study; "Shannon turned her head away from the window and toward Beth" and Shannon's attempt to maintain focus on Beth's face.
Second area of concern is fine motor; Shannon is at1–2 month developmental age evident through the fact that she can hold a grasp on an object, but
cannot release it voluntarily. In the gross motor category, Shannon is also at1–2 month developmental age. Shannon lacks postural controls, and has

Development Of A Sustainable Development Essay
Introduction
Sustainable development still continues to be the main concept around which environment and development are organised. In addition, sustainable
development is currently identified as a primary policy goal of many more institutions in development than at any previous time (Elliott, 2006). The
general interpretation of sustainability is that development policies must be controlled allowing natural resources to be sustained at their initial level.
The sustainability criteria ensures that future generations enjoy the same amount of resources that are undiminished relative to those of the present
(Quiggn, 1997:1). However the fundamental assumption presently is that people are over using resources consequently leaving future generations with
lesser and that are the cause of these depletions are market processes (Huggins, 2003: 57–71). There are two factors that need to be considered in
relation to sustainable development in order to measure and reduce the impacts of the issues facing sustainability. Discount rates are generally used to
calculate the future benefits that can be benefited today. Property rights are generally used as a tool to achieve sustainable development.
What is sustainable development?
Sustainable development is the theory of the relationship between the environment and economic growth (Asefa, 2005: 1–18). According to the
Brundtland Commission's report, sustainable development can be defined as the "ability to make development

The Development Of Rural Development
3.2 Rural Development
According to Oyeleye, D.A.(1987) he defines rural development as process in which development in social infrastructures such as better roads, water
supply, electricity, schools and hospitals spreads out from the urban centres or communities and moves into the rural villages and communities.
Abumere S.I. (2002) stated that if rural development is defined as a means to help improve the physical, cultural, social and economic status or life of
the rural people then that means that infrastructures such as roads, clean water, electricity, telecommunication and other facilities must be carefully
planned and delivered to the rural people in a consistent manner. It doesn't matter whether these infrastructures are built from the urban centres and
move into the rural areas or vice versa. The delivery mechanisms must be very consistent.
Inorder for any country to develope and progress both socially and economically, it must have the necessary infrastructures that are needed to facilitate
such development, in both urban and rural areas of the country.
However studies have shown that in most developing countries, rural areas/villages are mostly neglected therefore these rural areas don't have these
basic infrastructures that are needed for development. Therefore there is a huge demand for building infrastructures into rural areas.
That is very true for Papua New Guinea where the bulks of the population live in the rural areas. The Gena villagers are one of the

Psychosexual Development : Theolectual Development
Psychosexual development
Psychosexual development is one of the key concepts of Freud's psychodynamic theory, it implied that children began to develop their sexual maturity
as soon as they were born (Hough, 2006). The theory contained five main stages (Kahn, 2002).
The first stage is known as the oral stage and focuses on the intake of nourishment from birth to 18 months (Kahn, 2002).The intake of nourishment is
pleasurable to the child but if it becomes a traumatic or an overly comfortable experience then the child may develop oral fixation or unrealistic
beliefs in the future (Pressley & McCormick, 2006). For example John McLeod (2003) suggested that if a hungry baby cries and it's mother attends to
the crying with food immediately, then the baby may grow up to believe that it's needs will always be met without any demanding.
Oral fixation can also occur. This is when an individual has a desire to put, or have, something in their mouth (Pressley & McCormick, 2006). This
fixation stems from frustration or unchecked pleasure during feeding experiences, such as the hungry baby's crying being met immediately, or at a
delayed pace (McLeod, 2003). Eating disorders, addictions, and smoking are all long term effects of oral fixation (Hough, 2006).
The second stage is the anal stage which occurs between 18 months to three years of age (Kahn 2002). The anal stage caused the child to associate
elimination with pleasure (McLeod, 2003). The main aspect of the anal stage is potty

The Theory Of Human Development Essay
Human 'development' does not exist in stasis – it is constantly in flux. The outcomes of human development are intrinsically linked to overarching
power structures, and include psychological dimensions including social recognition. Thus, 'development' is dynamic and highly contextualised – it is
governed by socio–economic class, domestic politics, geographical location, and the wider institutional context. Working within a particular framework
requires acknowledging that concepts of human development are implicated in the power structures which govern policies. Yet, human development is
not fixed in numerical measures of development, but rather, the 'outcomes' of human capital are heavily influenced by the social context in which
'development' occurs. Brazil's economic growth and shifts in the wake of structural adjustment have coincided with the wider shifts in development
rhetoric which emphasize inclusive economic growth and human development. Yet, whether new social safety nets provide will eventually provide an
avenue for increased political participation and growing social mobility remains speculative. Distinguishing social welfare from human capital
accumulation, I will argue CCTs, as social safety–net policies emphasis on data collection constitutes a thin approach to welfare. Then I will propose
that the extension of service provision, CCT programmes could build human capital accumulation. However, due to the overarching political drivers of
statist and

International Bank For Reconstruction And Development
The World Bank was originally established in 1944 by 28 countries as the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development with the aim of
assisting and financing public development projects. In 2015 the World Bank Group is an umbrella organization of five parts with 187 member
countries. While the Bank remains the largest such institution in operation, there are now so many other similar institutions that there are four
subcategories to describe them: Multilateral Development Banks (used to describe the World Bank), Multilateral Financial Institutions, Sub–Regional
Banks, and Aid Coordination Groups. Partners (World Bank, 2016) The World Bank provides governments, based solely on economic rather than
political considerations, with access to capital for development projects as either the sole lender or to supplement other lenders. The World Bank also
seeks, through Technical Assistance Projects, to support the strengthening oflocal government's management and governance capacities. Capital and
support for the private sector in developing countries is provided by a second member of the World Bank Group that was founded in 1956, the
International Finance Corporation.
Currently the World Bank has 1,712 projects being run at 19,434 locations worldwide and for the governance and management the Bank views
codifies projects as being within one or more components of 10 Sector areas. Each project is then also categorized as addressing one or more

Three Ways To Facilitate A Child's Development In Child...
1)In class, we have discussed many ways in which children develop language skills. Give me THREE ways in which an adult can facilitate a child's
language acquisition (acquire new and increase language vocabulary).
There are many ways which an adult can facilitate a child's language acquisition (acquire new and increase language vocabulary). Here is some of them:
1. Engaging in conversations with children.
Communication is the first and most accessible way to facilitate child's language acquisition and increasing language vocabulary.
2. Reading books multiple times.
During the repeated reading, repetition and gradual memorization and mastering of the most important components of the language functions occur.
3. Giving descriptions of objects.
Explanations of words, activities or events. Open questions. All these ways are help to acquire new words and increase language vocabulary for the
children in everyday life.
2)Select ONE age group (infants, toddlers, pre–school). Give me ONE literacy activity and tell me WHY you believe it is developmentally appropriate.
I chose toddlers age (16–36 months). As one of the best literacy activity adults can use be rhymes and songs, and encourage the child about it (during
play, circle & transition times). I believe it is developmentally appropriate since children learn many sounds and words through songs and nursery
rhymes. Even if toddlers can't repeat some of the words, they remember them, which greatly expands their

Physical Development : Cognitive Development
Physical Development
1. Gross motor refers to a baby's use of larger muscles of the body to accomplish larger movements such as, crawling, walking, and jumping (Martin &
Fabes, 2009). When Carolina told her 38–month old son, Jake to 'walk over to Daddy'; Jake used his gross motor skills to lift himself from seating
position to standing, and taking big steps towards his dad.
2. According to Martin and Fabes (2009), fine motor skills allow children to manipulate and interact with objects. At nine–months, Francis already has
his fine motor skills activated and is able to grasp food from the table. This is a sign that he is ready to more eat grown up foods.
3. According to Martin and Fabes (2009), a pincer grasp is using the forefinger ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Two identical glasses with the same amount of water was placed in front of Michael. When one of the glasses was poured into a narrower and taller
glass, Michael was asked which glass has more water; Michael pointed out to the taller glass because he was centered by the obvious that a taller
container will have more capacity to hold water, and neglects other aspects of the situation.
4. Conservation Tasks are, "tasks used to asses children's use of operations, in which children must decide whether a transformed object is the same
as or different from what it was before (Martin & Fabes, 2009, p. 271). Jordan was given a conservation task in which he was shown ten pennies,
separated in five in two rows. The coins in one row were then separated far apart from one another. When Jordan was asked which row has more coins,
he recognizes that they have the same amount of coins, and that they only differ in special distance from one another.
5. Rote Counting is "a process that involves reciting numbers in order from memory" (Herr, 2000, p. 185). By 37 months, Lorenzo was able to rote
count from one through twenty.
6. Temporal Awareness refers to, "thechild's inner clock, a time structure that lets the child coordinate body parts" (Gordon& Browne, 2013, p. 345).
Because of her temporal awareness, Kaitlyn was able to time and follow the rhythmic beat of the music, allowing her

Development Of A Nation 's Development
By definition development means 'the act or process of developing; growth; or progression'. The world's nation–states are commonly categorized based
on their state of development; nations who have reached the end–state, that being developed, are colloquially termed as 'developed nations' or 'first
world nations'. In contrast, nations working towards this end–state are referred to as 'developing nations' or 'third world nations'. However obvious or
apparent these designations may seem, the constituents affecting the status of a respective nation's development is quite convoluted. What qualifications
do developed nations hold over developing nations; what does it mean exactly to be developed or developing. The process of development is dynamic,
and so is the system by which nations received their designation. A series of indicators, institutions and measures are used to assess the state of a
nation's development; historically, these indicators have varied throughout time and space.
Development theory has been largely presupposed to the fact that the only institutions of importance were those directly expediting market activity.
Directly following World War II, the health of a nation was predominately based off its gross domestic product (GDP). This view of the 'market as the
magic bullet' dominated the social construct of development; however, this paradigm began to shift come the late 1980s/early 1990s. This archaic way
of thinking has now expanded to explore new theories of

Lifespan Development And Communication : Development
Lifespan development and communication – 555101 Individual development narrative Rajbir Kaur 02/05/16 (1877) Introduction One way of looking
at human development is through domains of development and how they interrelate. Sigleman and Rider (2003) define development as the systematic
changes and continuities that occur between conception and death in an individual. One approach to examining human development is through an
individual narrative by integrating theories of development. In this paper, the aim is to discuss the processes of and influences on my personal
development from conception through to 18 years of age. Knowledge will be demonstrated relating to domains of development (physical, social,
cognitive and emotional) and how they interrelate. These domains will be explained throughout 5 stages of development: perinatal, infancy, early
childhood, school children and adolescence. Personal experiences will be linked to theories that have been formed by human development theorists.
The analysis of my personal experiences will show how I have developed from the time I was conceived up until 18 years of existence. It will also
include descriptions of my family, friends and how the environment and people outside my home have influenced the way I have developed. Perinatal
period Urie Bronfenbrenner's ecological system theory of human development clarifies that everything in a child's environment influences the way the
child grows and develops

Emerging Adulthood : Development And Development Of The...
Emerging adulthood is a phase of the life span between adolescence and full–fledged adulthood which encompasses late adolescence and early
adulthood. Jeffrey Arnett a Psychologist suggested a new period of life called Emerging adulthood. A time of the end of adolescence to young
responsible adults. As Arnett describes emerging adulthood with the age of identity exploration, age of instability, age of self–focus, age of feeling in
between, and age of possibilities. Age of identity exploration is when emerging adults decide who they are, where theywant to pursue an education, and
what they enjoy doing. Youneed to learn about your interests and be creative with your life. Learning enables us to survive have full life overcome
fear help us cope with change. To help us reach our full potential means we need to express our creativity our drive to bring something new into
being. Age of instability once you decide if you want to attend college or move in with family or friends. Age of self–focus when you no longer
depend on your parents deciding what talents you have that will help you choose a career. Talent is an ability or an aptitude that has value it is often
thought as a gift in the sense that a person seems to be born with. Age of feeling in between are starting to take responsibility for but do not feel like a
complete independent adult yet. Age of possibilities the feeling of being young and having free will to decide what you want to do with your life.
Free will is to do what you ought to do. So many entitled kids think a good paying job will just be handed to them and they don't have to work for
it. Many if you are lucky you are born into a family where you don't have to worry about money or getting a job but for most we need to work for
what we want. In this generation many need the motivation to work. Work will enable us to provide for our families and will occupy a large part of
our life. Work allows us to contribute to the building of the world and it provides us with a sense of dignity in life. This time is a critical development
that reflects how you are shaped by your family, experiences, and morals. This transition works to establish your identity. Sense of identity is an
individual understanding

Child Development Paper : Infant Development
Infant Development Paper
Denicia Bowers
OTA 1002 Human Occupation Through the Life Span
Summer 2017
Infant Development Paper
Infants go through different developmental stages. It is a part of the human life cycle. The beginning stages of an infant's life is the most developing
(Payne & Issacs, 2012). One of the stages that infant go through is the Late Infancy Stage. During the Late Infancy Stage, infants between 7–9 months
reach many different milestones. As the infant grows and becomes aware of their surrounding the more developed they become. Infants discover new
things daily and it is important to support their growth. Late Infancy stage involves the gross motor, fine motor, oral– motor, cognitive language,
personal and social ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Fine motor control allows infants to exercise their hand muscles which helps them to play with toys. Some atypical behaviors are keeping hands closed
without opening them and not grasping when objects are placed in the palm of the hand.
While infants have a growing interest in the world around them, putting things in the mouth is normal. Oral motor development is an important
milestone, many foods are introduced during this stage. Infant has more control over the tongue, lip, jaw, teeth, soft and hard palate, this permits
infant to eat soft and mashed up food like mashed potatoes and apple sauce. Mouth movement and coordination is significant when eating and
swallowing. A parent may give her infants a cookie and the infant will eat it, biting off small pieces at a time. When spoon fed an infant can eat from
a spoon and when drinking from a bottle the seal is stronger which prevents less spillage (Koontz –Lowman &Lane, 1999). Difficulty swallowing and
chewing food is a sign of atypical behavior.
During late infancy stage, an infant's abilities to process, understand and produce language is important and begins as soon as the child is born. Infants
recognize sounds in their environment, such as a mother's voice. Infants also become aware of their native language, those babbling sounds become
clear. "Ma–ma" or Da–da is usually heard and is often repeated. Babbling sounds may not refer to anything specific, "Ma–ma" can be signified as

Organizational Development

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