Research Paper On Female Infanticide

Research Paper On Female Infanticide
Index Topic
1) Rationale
2) Introduction
3) What is Female Infanticide/Gendercide?
4) Female Infanticide why does it happen?
5) Types of Female Infanticide
6) Origins of Female Infanticide
6) Female Infanticide around the World
7) Statistics
8) How is Female Infanticide being solved?
9) Possible Solution For Female Infanticide ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Global Perspective
All over the world Female Infanticide is a cruel and sinuous act. Every child deserves a chance to live and experience life. Female Infanticide also
goes against the women's right to freedom and gender equality. In a global view of Female Infanticide, Female Infanticide should be reduced before it
is too late.
National Perspective
Living in a country with very low or no Female Infanticide cases. There is not much public debate on this issue. Singapore focuses a lot on gender
equality and has strict laws against such issues. And if such issues occur in the future I hope it a solution is found for it immediately.
Local Perspective Our community thinks that Female Infanticide will be a massive problem in the future. If the right actions are taken now the right
solutions are provided it might decrease and Female Infanticide will and can be slowly avoided.
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Should Parents Be Legal?
Pregnancy can be one of the most life–changing and exciting experience a mother could ever have. When a woman is pregnant, one of the most
common questions that people will ask is, "Is the baby a boy or a girl?" Parents have the opportunity to find out the sex of the baby beforehand by
going through a procedure known as an ultrasound. An ultrasound relies on sound waves to create an image of the baby in the uterus. This safe and
painless procedure normally takes place between 18–20 weeks of pregnancy. Thanks to the advancement in our technology, parents have the ability to
determine the gender of their offspring. Gender selection is available all around the world but is illegal in certain countries such as China, India,
Australia, Canada, and the UK. As a result of the ban on gender selection in these countries, people who wish to go through with this procedure
must make a trip to the U.S where it is legal. This raises the question of whether parents should be allowed to choose the sex of their baby as well
as the pros and cons associated with this procedure. Everyone has different opinions on whether or not parents have the right to select the gender of
the offspring. Some may agree with it and some are against it because they feel like it is unethical and it goes against nature. However, at the end of
the day, it is up to the parents to make the decision, for it is freedom of choice. There is no reason as to why parents should not have the right to have
determined the

The Effects of Gender Roles on Chinese Natal Policies
The Effects of Gender Roles on Chinese Natal Policies
China is quickly becoming a very prosperous nation. There is one aspect, however, that threatens to derail its rise to prosperity, the exponentially high
birth rates. To combat China's growing population, government officials enforced an anti–natalist policy known as the One–Child Policy. Ultimately, the
policy "amounted to an assault on China's system of gender norms and roles" ("Family Planning"). With the implementation of China's One Child
Policy, sex preference among babies has become evident. Socially, it has been the duty of awoman to "obey her father as a child; her husband as a
married person; and her son as a widow" ("Confucianism: Woman's Way"). In regards to the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This notion exists because China is built on tradition. In Chinese tradition, women are solely homemakers and have no purpose outside the home. Thus,
men felt that if tradition was disrupted, chaos would be unleashed throughout China. Although these laws were created to prevent discrimination, they
were not enforced. As a result, discrimination continued. Experts say that "only few women dare to sue employers for unfair hiring practices,
dismissal on grounds of pregnancy or maternity leave, or sexual harassment" ("Equality Still a Dream"). Ultimately, women are able to work outside
the home in modern–day China; however, they are still hesitant to defend themselves out of fear of losing their jobs. Preference between males and
females still exists in the workforce due to the fact that males are not subject to paternity leaves or sexual harassment. Commonly, women are restricted
to behind–the–desk jobs such as secretaries, financial analysts, and librarians as that require very little labor. Indubitably, women also earn less than
men as "they must retire five years earlier than men who are in the same jobs" ("Equality Still a Dream"). Thus, a male is preferred as his role in the
workforce is considered to be more substantial than that of a woman, which further emphasizes a son–preference in China.
Not only are a woman's social status and contribution to the workforce causes of the One–Child Policy,

The Role Of Punishment Of Filicide In The Death Penalty
This is an annotated bibliography for research on why the punishment of Filicide should result in the Death Penalty. I am researching why the act of
killing ones child or your very own should result in the abolishment of your life as well.
"Filicide: The Unfathomable Crime." Officer.com (2015) ProQuest. Aug.2016. Web
In this article, the many different types of Filicide are defined and given examples to give you a better perspective on what they mean. Signs of what
to look for if this crime is happening is discussed and who is likely to commit these crimes as to who would be the victim. Such signs would be,
Altruistic filicide, Acute psychotic filicide, Accidental filicide, Unwanted child filicide, and Spousal revenge filicide. The methods... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Canning. "Ambivalence toward mothers who kill: An examination of 45 US cases of maternal neonaticide." Behavioral sciences & the law 28.6
(2010): 812–831. Shelton discussed different cases of Neonaticide in the article and observes the histories behind them all. He stated the age and race,
the occupational status, the household living arrangements, the legal outcomes and a lot of important information that the reader can take in about
these murders. Information like this is good because it helps the reader understand where these criminals came from and all of their background
information, especially the legal outcome because it states how the case ended. I am using this research in my paper to show the statistics of the
sentencing that these criminals got.
Chase, Meghan. "The Chivalry Hypothesis & Filicide: Are There Categorical Differences between Mothers and Fathers who kill their
Children?."Undergraduate Review 4.1 (2008):

Infanticide Is The Killing Of An Infant
This paper discusses whether it is ever permissible to commit infanticide or not. Infanticide is the killing of an infant or the practice of killing newborn
infants. It is a difficult subject to discuss since infanticide seems morally repugnant at first glimpse, though it becomes increasingly complicated as we
reflect on particular nuances in real world cases.
ROADMAP:
I argue that it is impermissible to commit infanticide under any circumstance since committing murder of a person under any circumstance is wrong.
Infanticide in simple words is the murder of a newborn infant. There is no difference between killing a newborn and a fully grown adult. Both of them
can be defined as persons since they both possess a human essence that makes ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hence, fully grown adults differ from infants due to the fact that they value life and have the capacity to retain their memories and personal identity.
They can engage in rational thought and appreciate their existence. Infants aren't even capable of grasping their existence, leave alone any memories.
Hence, they shouldn't even be considered to be persons.
However, this objection isn't valid since eventually even infants will develop the capability to think, retain memories and value life since abilities are
developmental in nature. Also, if rationality and self awareness define personhood and determine the moral significance of persons, then there are
many fully grown adults who can be disqualified as persons, for example an adult under coma. According to this argument, since comatose patients are
unconscious and can't rationally think at the time, killing them would be permissible too.
ARGUMENT
I argue that infanticide is impermissible under any circumstance. I will support my stance by arguing against Peter Singer's argument that supports the
infanticide of disabled infants. In "Taking Life: Humans," Singer states that if we can morally kill a disabled fetus that has no self–consciousness, it
follows that we can morally kill a disabled infant that has no self–consciousness. Take note that Singer argues in favor of committing infanticide of
only disabled infants if it serves the interests of the parents. He does not argue that it is right to

Female Selective Abortion And Infanticide
There is a crisis in Asia, a problem centuries old and still happening. This problem is missing girls, but not in a traditional sense. These girls either
never make it into the world or live horrible short lives before dying at the hands of their parents. This problem is female selective abortion and
infanticide. This problem has taken roots in the two largest countries on earth population wise, India and China. Many solutions to the problem
have been posed over the years and a few of them might work. India is one of the worst countries to live in as a woman. It is one of the strongest
male dominated societies. They rely on the patriarchy to support their way of life and rural women internalize their roles from birth and fear
having a daughter. There are many causes of infanticide in India, the three main causes are social, economic, and historical. The social causes
range from family pressure for a male offspring to the stigma against females in general. It is seen in all of the castes and in urban as well as rural
regions. On average female children are neglected more than their male counterparts. For example 71% of female toddlers are malnourished
compared to 28% of males. Also males go to the hospital twice as often as females ("Female Infanticide in India and China). A male infant will be
taken to the hospital for even just a cough, whereas a female will be left untreated with diseases such as pneumonia and tuberculosis for the reason that
women are expendable in

ChinaвЂ™s One Child Policy Essay
With more than 1.3 billion people, China has to think about a solution and find ways to deal with its population explosion. In order to have control over
population, in 1970, a policy named China's One Child Policy was introduced. Mingliang argues that, "China, through the one–child policy, has
instituted the most aggressive, comprehensive population policy in the world" (1). This policy limits all families in the Republic of China to have
only one child, regardless of the sex: however, within this policy there are some exceptions. It is possible to have two children only if the first child is
born with a disability, if parents work in a high risk job, if the couple lives in villages, or if the family is a non– Han, otherwise you are... Show more
As Mingliang states, "the Chinese preference for at least one son is well documented" (3). Having two sons in a family is very unusual in China. Due
to the preferences of having sons, the abortion rates have increased. Abortion is well known in China, as is the "missing girls" phenomenon. Shaou,
Dodge, and Suter argue that, "of the seven million abortions annually in China, the International Planned Parenthood Federation indicates that more
than 70 percent are female unborn children"(4). This is a big percentage, and the number of girls in this country is decreasing every year. People are
using different ways to limit the number of girls. Moreover, if a woman does not want to abort, she is forced to do so. Bluett argues that, "abortions are
performed throughout the entire nine–month period, even up to the point of childbirth" (3), simply saying the increase in sex ration is caused mainly
by son preference, which is as a tradition in China. It is significant to mention that because of the gender imbalance, younger generations are facing
other problems. According to Bluett, "many males are left without a wife, which leads to an increase in human trafficking" (5). The one child policy
is causing a lot of troubles and China has to make sure to reduce the negative effects of this policy. However, China's one child policy has been
effective in some ways. Although, it is true that the

An Indian Crisis
An Indian Crisis Homo sapien sapiens are a breed unlike any other. These beings create complex tools, produce diverse languages, and develop the
ability to laugh and smile in the womb (What Makes Us Human? 208). Although they lack the scaly defenses of reptiles and the sheer size of the
dinosaurs which came before them, humans have survived for over two hundred thousand years (Howell 1). The reason they were able to survive
stems largely from their evolved forms of communication and tools which elevated them to the top of the food chain. The only predator to the human
became other humans. This became increasingly apparent after World War II and arguably the largest crime against humanity, the Holocaust. Humans
created a set of rules to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Humans massacred fellow humans. In an effort to prevent a crime on such a scale ever again a group known as the United Nations created a document,
"Universal Declaration of Human Rights". The rights set forth in this document attempt to protect all human beings. This declaration has provided a
basis for what is ethical treatment of humans. All humans use these rights to determine if a person or group of persons is being mistreated. Among
the first, and most basic, rights is the right to life, in which all people are given the right to live and not have the opportunity seized from them
("Universal Declaration of Human Rights" 11). Despite this being a normality in our culture, in India females are being killed solely based on their
gender.
In India it is a societal normality to routinely kill newborn daughters by drowning them, suffocating them, or neglecting to feed them (It 's a Girl).
One mother states in an interview that she has killed eight daughters in this manner (It 's a Girl). Despite being more apt to survive in an environment
when given equal resources as a male child, the female survival rate is rapidly declining in India (Srinivasan 5). The reason for this mass gendercide
lies in the bases of Indian culture, specifically the Hindu faith (Female Infanticide 46–47). Women are not expected, or often times allowed, to work in

Infanticide Essay
In the Merriam Webster dictionary, infanticide is a term described as the act of killing an infant. Other sources describe it as the act of killing one's
own child, or killing of a child less than 12 months old. Female infanticide is more common than the killing of male offspring. More often than not, it
is the mother who does the killing.
Infanticide has been recorded as far back as the ancient world, where they would abandon the infant by leaving it die to die of hunger, thirst, animal
attack, or hypothermia. In some cultures they would drown the infants, and some used infants as sacrifices. Carthagians would sacrifice their infants to
gods. Charred remains have been found in Charthagian archeological sites. Approximately 20,000 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Infanticide was rare and not socially accepted by the Jews.
Some early Christians practiced infanticide by exposing unwanted female infants. Church fathers warned against this because they believed that
children that were exposed were more likely to be victims of incest and/or become prostitutes. In turn, they warned against having sex with prostitutes
because they believed that it may result in a father having sex with one of his own children. However for Christians, as with the Jews, it was
considered a criminal act.
Female infanticide has been accepted for centuries in many countries, and is more prominent in India and China than in any other countries around
the world. It is illegal in India, however it is reported by Unicef that up to 50 million girls and women are "missing" in India as a result of systemic sex
discrimination.
Infanticide occurs mostly in the poor, rural populations of India. Males are considered to be a source of income, and daughters are believed to cause
economic burdens because of the high cost of weddings and dowries. Weddings can be very cost prohibitive in India. The average income is
approximately $3500 per year–in U.S. dollars, and the average wedding costs on average is $35,000 (U.S. dollars). More and more common are the
murders of women due to the fact that their dowry has not been paid.
In India, the use of ultrasound during pregnancy has

China's One Child Policy Essay
According to the U.S. Census Bureau the world's population consists, of more than 7 billion people. China resides as the world's leading populated
country with more than 1.3 billion people. Because, of this over population it maintained fears of their food, resources, and living spaces (International
Data Base). The Chinese government then implemented the one–child policy to slow their growing population. The one–child policy has prevailed
effectively in slowing down the population growth, but it has caused great anguish among Chinese families.
Matt Rosenberg explains how one of the problems facing China in recent years is overpopulation. The Chinese government needed to make a policy to
cope with the growing numbers of Chinese citizens. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Their taxes become raised and they no longer receive free health care. The parents who do not pay their fines Family Planning would confiscate their
pigs, cattle, ransack their homes and even seize their children (Hays). "We were always terrified of them," one villager told the Los Angeles Times. If
I lived in china I would be terrified of the Family Planning officers. Parents who abide with the one–child Policy receive money from the government
and also free healthcare. To be eligible to have a child couples must have a marriage certificates and have their residency permits in order. Women must
be at least twenty and men twenty–four years old (Hays). Women sometimes are forced to have abortions or inhumane acts are being forced upon them.
Approximately, 500 women in china a day commit suicide, which is three times higher than the rate among men. It subsists the highest rate of suicide
of woman in the world (One–Child Policy).
The one–child policy has caused females to abort, neglect, abandonment, and even infanticide (Impact of One Child Policy of China). Often times
abandoned children, and women, who became pregnant were being forced to go into hiding so that the family planning officers wouldn't find them
(Impact of One Child Policy of China). Chinas one–child policies are also forcing many parents to put their daughters up for adoption. The reason
because parents want a son to

Ethics Of Designer Babies
Parents are given the option to modify their baby's genes through the technique of designer babies. However, there are ethical concerns about whether
the practice of designer babies will be used for the intended purpose. Since the parents are the ones deciding their baby's genes, they are able to
choose according to their preferences. Therefore, it gives parents the option to decide their babies' appearance and personality. Thus, it leads to the
controversial aspect of gender selection through the technology of designer baby as "the sex of a child at birth can be prearranged by choosing
embryos for a specific sexual trait" (Verlinsky, 2005, p. 24). Parents can now easily select the sex of their baby through this technology. In addition,
parents' ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, the concept of designer babies is still relatively new; thus, it raise concerns about the safety of this technique. Also, the process of
designer babies has only been experimented on rabbits and rats, so it has yet to be tested on humans. Therefore, there could be hidden risks and
side effects for humans that have yet to be discovered until after the procedure is completed. The issue of competence emerges because "patients
must understand the treatment involved and the potential side effects, as well as the probability of possible outcomes" (Morrison and Furlong,
2014, p. 262). The editing of the genome is still a mystery as there could be unexplored territories. There could be the possibility of cleaving the
wrong genes and as a result serious side effects may occur when necessary genes are sliced. In addition, unpredictable consequences may occur in
future generations, so prospective problems may not always appear until the birth of the baby (Pang and Ho, 2016). Thus, it raises the risk of the
emergence of new types of diseases or disabilities if genes are edited. It will be difficult to tell when problems arise during the process and it may
eventually show up only once the irreversible procedure is completed. Furthermore, "the success rate of impregnation is lower than most would like,
harvesting eggs from the woman–a procedure not without burdens–may have to be done multiple times" (Suter, 2007, p. 930). Women will have to
undergo the risk of implantation even though it is not guaranteed that she will become pregnant as a result. The cost of this procedure is quite
significant, but there is still a chance that the process may not work or is ineffective. Therefore, it is not possible to know the potential risks until it
emerges, so it questions the safety of designer babies because there is still more to learn about the technique since it is still

Infanticide In The Woman Warrior
A horrific taboo occurs twice in the novel The Woman Warrior: Memoirs of a Girlhood Among Ghosts by Maxine Hong Kingston, infanticide.
Infanticide is the act of murdering an infant, specifically the person's own child. When this situation occurs in the writing, there is a different
significance to Chinese culture than the other. What is the context behind this cruel act in Kingston's book about tieing ancient Chinese tales with her
own life? Both times infanticide is brought up a powerful emotion develops in the reader, such as grief or anger. The main purpose of infanticide in the
novel is to force the reader to think what is right and wrong. The first time infanticide appears is in the first section of the book titled No Name
Woman. Kingston's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The section titled Shamen is about Brave Orchid's journey to become a midwife and her very different life in China. She once mentioned to Kingston
the story of one particular baby that was born with something missing, "One child born without an anus was left in the outhouse so that the family
would not have to hear it cry" (101). This is a case of infanticide that could not be stopped. A baby born without an anus, especially in the 1930s,
generally has no hope of surviving. The parents left it in the outhouse so they would not have to hear it crying and suffering. Nonetheless, it is said
that the baby lasted a long time, breathing as if it was trying to defecate for almost a week. While this infant was doomed from the second it was born,
it fought to survive and lasted much longer than what the family and Brave Orchid expected. The substance behind this infanticide is to demonstrate
that even the ill–fated are still able to fight for survival. The baby beat the odds of living only a day, much like how females in China, such as the
warrior Mu Lan can prove that they can do more than cook and clean. Although, maybe the parents should have tried to help the infant instead of leave
it outside and soothe it through it's

Andrea Yates : Mother Or Monster Essay
Andrea Yates: Mother or Monster Mothers have always been thought of as nurturing care givers. Caregivers who have always done and thought of what
is best for their children. But what happens when the nurturing mother becomes the monster? What causes them to undergo such a drastic change. Let's
take a look at Andrea Yates. In Houston, Texas Andrea Yates was born on July 2, 1964 and raised as a devout Roman Catholic. Montaldo (2016)
reports that Andrea Yates graduated fromMilby High School in 1982 with high honors. Yates was involved in extracurricular activities like captain of
her swim team and an officer in the national honor society (p. 1). The mother turned monster then enrolled in the two–year pre–nursing program and
graduated in 1986. From there Andrea Yates went to work as a registered nurse at the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer (1986
–1994). With a
well–educated background and a well earning and respectable career, what was it that pushed Yates to do what she did? Was it her own personal life
or her marital life? Montaldo (2016) writes, "Andrea and her future husband, Rusty Yates met each other in their Houston apartment complex. Much of
their time involved revolved around religious studies and prayers. They were happily married on April 17, 1993 and later raised five children. The
Yates couple's first–born Noah was born on (2/26/1994), John (12/12/1995), Paul (9/13/1997), Luke (2/15/1999), and Mary (11/30/2000)" (p. 1). Any
regular mother

Persuasive Essay On Gender Selection
Technology's changes and developments over the course of history provide today's generation with many exquisite tools and resources. Due to
technological developments such as ultrasounds, parents are now able to know the gender of their baby months before he or she is born. However,
recent advancements have provided parents with another opportunity: gender selection. It is now possible for people to select what gender their child
will be. Though there may be some instances in which gender selection seems reasonable, altering the gender of a baby can begin a dangerous pathway
for discrimination, gender imbalance, and parental acceptance. Gender selection is essentially made possible by the separation of male–producing sperm
and female–producing sperm. "Gender Selection," provided by Infobase Learning and Jackson State Community College, states that Ronald Ericsson
discovered that Y–chromosome sperm swim faster than X–chromosome sperm. By separating the sperm based upon how fast they swam within test
tubes, Ericsson could inseminate the desired sex–producing sperm (2). However, this method is only 50% effective. Flow cytometry, another
technique that uses fluorescent dye to differentiate the sperm, began being used in 1995. "Because of differences in the amount of DNA contained in
the two types of sperm, the dye glows more brightly on X sperm than on Y sperm, allowing equipment to separate them based on their level of
fluorescence" ("Gender Selection" 3). Though this

Infanticide Essay
In Warren's article concerning infanticide and her view on the issue, she makes it clear to make a distinct separation from her stance regarding abortion
since people have thought that her article on abortion led to a similar belief about infanticide. Because abortion and infanticide are so closely related,
Warren wanted to discuss how they should be treated as morally different situations. She explains that infanticide is not the same asabortion, since the
fetus has already been born. Thus, once the infant is born, it no longer is violating any rights against the mother since she does not have the physical
connection to the baby as she did when it was inside of her. The baby would not technically need its birth–mother to survive if she ... Show more
In the online story, the issue of apathy regarding abortion is focused on by the author, saying that too many people lack sympathy for both
"survivors" of abortion, botched abortions, as well as the fetuses that are aborted and have had their organs "harvested" and sold. The article includes
quotes from two women that survived attempted abortion procedures, which incline readers to sympathize with them as well as be more open to their
beliefs regarding abortion since they have a direct connection to it. This emotional draw is used with seemingly true facts plus a religious push that
together make a compelling reason to believe abortion is immoral. Throughout the article, it mentions the "harvesting" and selling of fetal organs, in
this case a brain, but the author makes it seem like centers that perform abortion, such as Planned Parenthood, do so in order to only make simply
make a profit in order to benefit themselves – however, this is not the case as I learned by researching the topic. Planned Parenthood states that they
only extract fetal tissue "with full, appropriate consent from patients and under the highest ethical and legal standards. There is no financial benefit for
tissue donation for either the patient or for Planned Parenthood" (Levitan, 2015). They do not sell fetal organs in order to make money, if that were
true, surely

Female Issues Affecting The Indian Society Essay
Abstract
The age old problem of female related issues affecting the Indian society adversely continues to exist today in the 21st century. The advancement of
new age, technology, scientific inventions, standard of life, and change in life style has failed to bring– in change of the mindset. The problem of female
infanticide in India seems to be persistent. The alarming records collected by local, regional, national and international bodies only reflect the drastic
decline in the male– female ratio. The matter is of serious concern and what is required is not only law but the change that each one has to bring– in
understanding that when Nature was impartial in evolving man and woman, why has the society then brought about gender discrimination.
This paper is an attempt to discuss the present and future repercussions faced due to female infanticide. Since the society is reflected through literature,
art and fiction, the writer has made an attempt to make a journey of today's reality through Sujata Bhatt's poem 'Voice of the Unwanted Girl' and
Manish Jha's motion picture, 'Matrubhoomi: A Nation Without Women' that is set in the 2050s.
..."missing" women "tell(s) us, quietly, a terrible story of inequality and neglect leading to the excess morality of women" . Though this statement
seems to be "almost universal" according to Barbara Miller the problem holds immediate attention in the Indian context. Different types of problems
heard unheard have been constantly making

China's One-Child Policy Essay
"Thousands of women are being dragged out of their homes, thrown into 'family planning' cells, strapped to tables, and forced to abort pregnancies,
even up to the ninth month. Forced abortion and sterilization are China's war on women" ("The Reality of China's" 1). This was said by Reggie
Littlejohn, the president of Women's Rights Without Frontiers. Due to the rising population and theone–child policy, there are many human rights
violations; however there are organizations, such as Women's Rights Without Frontiers, which are helping to stop the problem.
Due to the one–child policy there are many serious human rights infractions. Since the policy has been in effect, there have been more than 400 million
prevented births ("China: ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Her husband, Luo Yan Qua, was explaining what happened to her when he said, "There were many people surrounding my wife. They held her
arms behind her back, pushed her head against the wall, kicked her stomach, and I don't know if they were trying to give her a miscarriage." The
unborn baby was then given a lethal injection, and she was filmed waiting to deliver the dead child. The video can now be seen on the internet ("The
Reality of China's" 1). These are all examples of violations of the human rights and are demoralizing to the women.
Government officials destroy a family's house and property, heavily fine them, and detain family members if they disobey the policy. In some cases,
bureaucrats use sledgehammers to put holes in a family's house that are not paying fines for having too many children ("China's One–Child Policy"2).
Officials also set fires and destroy and/or confiscate property ("Peasants Fight China's" 1).Some fines are as high as eight times the annual income for
the family ("U.S. Groups Hit China's" 4). Another example is children that aren't an only–child have higher tuition fees than an ("U.S. Groups Hit
China's" 5). In some situations, people are detained because a member of their family is not obeying the policy. Individuals can also be obtained in
order to obtain information about other family members ("U.S. Groups Hit China's" 4). These penalties are leaving families without homes and giving
the families a bigger problem.
There are

Infanticide: Cross Cultural Analysis of the Causes of...
Infanticide is not unique to humans. It is practiced by many mammals including some primates. The main difference between human and animal
infanticide is that infanticide in humans is performed by the parent(s) of the child while in the case of animals it is usually a male suitor (Caldwell
and Caldwell, 2005, p. 208). In pre–modern societies infanticide was done instead of abortions as it allowed for sexual selection, it was much more
effective than pre–modern contraception, and it did not require any special skills or esoteric knowledge (Caldwell and Caldwell,2005, p. 205).
Infanticide has a history as a method of population control. It is more frequent to throw away girl babies. This may be because of dowries or other
cultural reasons. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
101). In one study by D'Orban, it was shown that 26% of 89 infanticide cases involved mental illness. (Porter and Gavin, 2010, p. 101). Other reasons
for infanticide include an unwanted infant, revenge against the father, and financial reasons. Culture is a foremost determinant of resource availability
which has a direct effect on infanticide numbers. Cultural factors play a role in isolation and lack of kin support, relationship difficulties and a lack
of paternal support and a lack of resources (Kunst and Reed, 1999, p. 154). Infanticide is higher when women do not have economic resources or the
support of the father. Evolutionary theories propose that when resources are limited, the parents and other children are more likely to survive without
the newborn infant. A young mother has potential to replace this infant at more economically convenient time (Friedman et al, 2012, p. 591). A
common reason given for infanticide in Bolivia is that there is "not enough land" or that the mother has "too many children" (C. de Hilari et al, 2009,
p. 356). Studies have shown women who kill their newborns are usually under 25, immature, unmarried and often uninvolved with the father, and either
unemployed or in school (Porter & Gavin, 2010, p. 100). The burden of an infant may be too much when the woman does not have financial support or
financial independence. In cultures where women

Infanticide Is Ever Permissible Or Not?
This paper discusses whether infanticide is ever permissible or not. Infanticide is the killing of an infant or the practice of killing newborn infants. It is
a difficult subject to discuss since infanticide seems morally repugnant at first glimpse, though it becomes increasingly complicated as we reflect on
particular nuances in real world cases.
ROADMAP:
I argue that infanticide is impermissible under any circumstance since there is no difference between killing a newborn infant and a fully grown adult.
They both possess a human essence that makes the development of certain abilities possible and allows him to retain his personal identity throughout
his life. It is the underlying essence of a person and not his functional abilities or ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
ARGUMENT:
I do not agree that infanticide is permissible under any circumstance. I will support my stance by arguing against Peter Singer's argument that supports
Infanticide of disabled infants. In "Taking Life: Humans," Singer states that if we can morally kill a disabled fetus that has no self–consciousness, it
follows that we can morally kill a disabled infant that has no self–consciousness. Take note that he does not think it is right to kill a disabled infant or a
perfectly healthy infant against the parent's wishes. However, he does argue that it is not wrong to kill a disabled infant if it serves the preferences
of the parents. He supports this statement by arguing that no newborn human being should be considered to be a person until at least after thirty days
of its birth since newborn babies aren't self aware or self conscious or capable of grasping the fact that they exist. He declares that rationality and
self–consciousness are what define the moral significance of a person. Presumably, according to Singer, a person's right to live depends upon how
intelligent that person is (Singer).
I do not agree that one's right to live depends on how intelligent you are or that rationality and self–consciousness defines how morally significant a
person is. One may say that critical thinking distinguishes us as human persons. However, if Singer is correct in saying that rationality and
self–consciousness define how morally significant a person is, then that

Andrea Yates : Mother Or Monster
Andrea Yates: Mother or Monster Mothers are nurturing caregivers. Caregivers who have always done and thought of what is best for their children.
Nevertheless, what happens when the nurturing mother becomes the monster? What causes them to undergo such a drastic transformation? Let us look
at Andrea Yates. In Houston, TexasAndrea Yateswas born on July 2, 1964, and raised as a devout Roman Catholic. Montaldo (2016) reports that
Andrea Yates graduated fromMilby High School in 1982 with high honors. Yates was involved in extracurricular activities like being a captain of her
swim team and an officer in the national honor society (p. 1). The mother turned monster then enrolled in the two–year pre–nursing program and
graduated in 1986. From there Andrea Yates went to work as a registered nurse at the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer (1986
–1994). With a
well–educated background and a well earning and respectable career, what was it that pushed Yates to do what she did? Was it her personal life or her
marital life? Montaldo (2016) writes, "Andrea and her future husband, Rusty Yates met each other in their Houston apartment complex. Much of their
time revolved around religious studies and prayers. They married on April 17, 1993. Andrea Yates gave birth to five children. The Yates couple's
first–born Noah was born on (2/26/1994), John (12/12/1995), Paul (9/13/1997), Luke (2/15/1999), and Mary (11/30/2000)" (p. 1). Any natural mother
giving birth to the

The Role Of Abolishing The One Child Policy In China
"Historically, societies in which men substantially outnumber women...Often they are unstable. Sometimes they are violent "(Last). In China, over the
past thirty years, gendercide, resulting from the one child policy, along with other factors,caused the deaths of millions girls, until 2014 when the
policy was abolished. Gendercide, has left China with an unbalanced gender population favoring males. Rather than instituting a single gender policy,
the population could have been managed with financial incentives
The gendercide in China was caused, first by the institution of the one child policy, and second the strong patriarchal history and society of China.
The one child policy was created in 1979 to fix the economy and ever–growing population ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
An alternative solution to the two child policy is,"A financial incentive for parents to keep girls...Son to have a worth of about 1.85 years of income,
while the first–born girl held a value of only about 0.43 years of income"(Gendercide | All Girls Allowed). A financial incentive for parents to keep
girls would help close the large income gap between first–born boys and first–born girls. This alternative solution would allow for parents to keep girls
and have the income that is often secured by first–born boy. This solution would also benefit families that have two children that are both boys and
girls,"she hoped she would become a doctor, but her family only had enough money to send her brother to school; as a man, he had a more likely
chance of making money to support their family"(Hayoun 2). Many families may not have money to send both their children to school or college, so,
sons are sent to school because they are seen to have more opportunities and a higher income. The alternative solution will help end gendercide and
allow for girls to get a higher education. Overall, a financial incentive is a more positive alternative solution rather than a child limiting policy due to
the embracing of girls to end

Chinas One-Child Policy Essay
China's One–Child Policy
In our society, the United States, children are seen potentially as the as the future. Whether they are male or female, they have the power to be
something when they grow up. But if their life is cut short, the opportunity to do so is taken away. In 1976, China implemented what is known as the
"One–Child Policy" in order to try and solve their problem of overpopulation (McDonald, 1996). Although the policy may seem as though
it is a good idea in solving the problem, the consequences of this policy has lead to female infanticide.
Throughout centuries, China has been battling with overpopulation, one of the biggest issues that the nation has ... Show more content on
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First of all, are they willing to keep the child since it is the only one they can legally keep? If the couple decides that the child they want is a male, they
must decide on what to do with this child. What happens to the child ranges from giving them up to state orphanages to murder. Due to the enforcement
of the one–child policy, many female children end up in orphanages (Beijing Review, 1997). Being put into an orphanage in our society would give
the child a chance to live and maybe even be adopted by another family. In China, the conditions in the orphanages are so filthy that the neglect that
they would have at home if the couple decided to keep the female would be better than the maltreatment they would receive.
Many female children end up in orphanages in China rarely having males occupy them unless there was something wrong with the child. Each month
90 percent from 50 to 60 baby girls arrive in one of the many orphanages and end their lives their (Choe, 1995). The children sit on bamboo benches
with their hands and feet tied to the armrests and legs of the chair. Below them are buckets that are placed under the holes in the seats to catch their
excretions. When it is time for bed, the children are taken out of the seats and tied to their beds (Geographical Magazine, 1996). This is the treatment
that that the children face everyday and the Chinese do not see a problem with such harsh

Female Infanticide and Foeticide Essay
Female Infanticide and Foeticide
It is regrettable that female infanticide and foeticide are rapidly decreasing the female population throughout India. The main factors that is responsible
for the increase in the incidence of female infanticide and foeticide is the low status of women, son preference, and the practice of dowry across all
casts groups.
The low status of women and girls is due to cultural beliefs and the material cost they represent to their families. Vanaja Dhruvarajan says that there is
a belief regarding the nature of men and women: "Men are ritually pure, physically strong, and emotionally mature; women, on the other hand, are
ritually pollutable, physically weak, and lack strong willpower" (30). Because of these ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Overall, girls get poorer education than boys, and become less aware of the world around them. Therefore, they become dependent on men, whether it
is the father, the husband or the son.
The preference for male children is due to three major reasons. One is the economic value of having sons. Sons are more likely than daughters to
provide family labour on the farm or in a family business, earn wages, and support their parents during old age. Upon marriage, a son brings a
daughter–in–law into his family, and she provides additional help around the house as well as she brings riches in the form of dowry payments.
Another important advantage of having sons is their social cultural utility. In India patriarchal family system, having one son is essential for the
continuation of the family line, and many sons provide high status to the family. Vanaja Dhruvarajan says, "When a women becomes a mother,
especially the mother of a son, her status goes up in her new home for having helped perpetuate the family" (87) Finally, the utility of having sons
comes from the important religious functions that only sons can provide. In Hindu tradition, sons are needed to do the funeral of their deceased parents
and to help in the salvation of their souls.
Daughters are considered to be an economic problem to her parents mainly because of the heavy dowry payment demanded by the groom's family, as
well as the high cost of the wedding,

Female Infanticide
Imagine a world with no women. There as no wives, no sisters, no daughters, and no mothers. Unfortunately this world is on the brink of becoming a
scary reality for Asian countries such as China and India. Due to attempts to control population and the low value associated with females in these
societies historically and culturally, both China and India are now facing a serious gender imbalance. Female infanticide and sex–selective abortion are
responsible for this gender imbalance. The two atrocious practices have led to problems such as elevated rates in female kidnapping and slave trade,
as well as forced marriages. This paper will focus on the roots of female infanticide and sex–selective abortions as well as the problems these ... Show
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In the countryside, less than half a million out of a total rural population of eight hundred million were receiving pensions in 1981. Individuals and
families who live in rural areas rely on their off spring to be part of their working staff. If such families are only allowed to have one child, they
much prefer to have males because they believe they are of more use for jobs that require physical labor. (Hong, 1987) If a Chinese family who is
not secure financially does indeed have a daughter than she will most likely not marry, Hong explains. "For economic reasons, families with
daughters are unlikely to let them go to grooms villages to live because they will be needed not only for the parents old age security but also to boost
the life– long earning potential of the household." (Hong 1987 pg. 320)
In Chinese culture, it is said, "a woman's greatest duty is to have a son." If a woman does not give birth to a son, her husband will often take
another wife in hopes of another woman carrying his heir (Hvistendahl 2008). Women are viewed as so inferior, that often, poor families would sell
their daughters as servants to rich families. Despite the egalitarian nature of Chinese society, many parents believe that having a son is a vital element
of providing for their old age. When a daughter is married off, she is no longer

Should Sex Be Ethical? Essay
Selecting sex to reduce the risk or prevent the inheritance of a sex–linked genetic disease in predisposed families or for other medical reason is
justifiable. Sex linked genetic disorders are diseases that arise when an X or Y chromosome carries on a defective gene to its offspring via germ cells.
In the case of X–linked genetic disease, if the mother is a carrier for a certain genetic disorder, then the son has a 50% chance of expressing the genetic
disease as the mother's X chromosome is always passed onto the son (Germain 2006). Genetic diseases like haemophilia, Autism, Fragile X syndrome
and Muscular Dystrophy, which all have the potential to significantly change child's health and lifestyle, can be prevented (Hart 2005). Allowing
parents to prevent a certain genetic disease, by choosing the sex of their child, will allow carriers to have children without abolishing the possibility of
parenthood or creating doubts about their capabilities of handling a child with a certain disease.
This however raises the argument that sex selection is not ethical as it can exacerbate the current stigma that surrounds certain diseases. It entails a
sense of discrimination to people already living with that disease as it reinforces that the trait as undesirable by selecting against it.
To be ethically justifiable only genetic diseases that significantly alter the child's way of living, manifests in childhood, lacks treatment or is rendered
incurable should be selected against.

China's One Child Policy Essay
One Child Policy
Over population has been a global issue for decades. Medical advances have made it possible for people to live longer and have multiple births, which
are just some of the factors contributing to this social problem. Many countries have attempted to battle this issue, but none as intensely as China.
China allows the government to have full control over family planning to help reduce the population. In 1979 China created a policy called the "One
Child Law" which limits couples to only one child. Although the Chinese government hopes to curb the population boom and benefit society, the One
Child Policy has morally questionable results, negative impacts on Chinese society, which should be changed.
China originally created ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Between 1982 and 1983 women who already had one child were compelled by the government to use birth control. Women who were pregnant and the
government did not authorize it had to sustain an abortion. By 1982, charges of coercion against couples who had an unauthorized birth and a second
child were heard, and punishment rather than incentives were being used to enforce the policy (Guo).
However, China's efforts at population control have met with some success. The policy has been in effect for nearly thirty years. In that time, China
has been able to successfully reduce the population rate; even though they are still the most populated country on the earth. Without the policy,
officials estimate a population of 1.2 billion by 1986 and 1.5 billion by 1994 (Guo). Earlier this year studies show, China's population erratically
increased in city parts of China where most civilians reside. The One Child Policy benefits society by reducing the chances of poverty rates and
famine. It also enables families to fully concentrate on spending their resources on one child, such as furthering their education and ensuring health
benefits (Milwertz 34). The policy also helps women concentrate on their education as well as careers, avoiding emphasis on staying home with their
kids (Milwertz 34). Although the policy was a success for some time, the One Child Policy has many negative effects on Chinese society.
The One Child Policy creates many social problems. Gender imbalance is

Analysis Of Gilman 's ' A Mountain Path ' As ' Road '
"Charlotte Perkins Gilman" was an American writer of diminutive stories, poems, and nonfiction. She was a utopian feminist as well as a socialist
who served as a paradigm for future generations of feminists. "An Obstacle" is one of the optimum workings of her during her life span. In her
poem, Gilman explained women's struggle to accomplish egalitarianism with men in a very vivid illustration. Gilman referred 'a mountain path' as
'road' which a woman has to surpass in array to reach equality, as it takes additional endeavor to climb a mountain then walking on a plane path. It
signifies that the mode to reach the destination of impartiality is certainly not a piece of cake for women especially in this form of civilization where
women are considered inferior to men. "When we (Women) are burdened with many things to do, important business of my own, and other people's
too" signifies the quantity of effort they are exerting in their day to day life. Women saunter through the hard way, bringing with her many things, not
only for herself but for others also. Her expedition was going well but not for long. A Prejudice thwarts her endeavor. Prejudice here refers to
patriarchal society (both men and women) who believe that women are the subsequent sex. Second verse strengthens the first, that Gilman's attempt to
attain equality was not a simple thing to do with her limit time and vigor. Prejudice made her struggle harder coz it hindered her journey. In Third and
fourth stanza

The One Child Policy Restricted Citizens Of China
The one–child policy restricted citizens of China to one child per family. This family–planning policy was created in 1980 to help a growing
population. The effects of this policy included millions of forced abortions and sterilizations (Wong 2). In 2013, the policy was relaxed because the
drop in population created an age gap in China. Also the ratio of males to females became unequal. There were up to 116.9 boys for every 100 girls
in China (Luo 2). The old continuity was a one–child policy put into place for over thirty years. Change occurred when the policy was relaxed in 2013
to allow more families the opportunity to have more than one child. The new continuity is a small, but helpful increase in population, as more families
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"At its peak in the 1960s, the fertility rate was 5.8 babies for each woman of childbearing age thanks to Mao Zedong 's promotion of large families for
the sake of the nation. It soon plummeted to 2.9 when his successors made contraceptives and abortion widely available." (Branigan 2). The population
ending up exploding and in 1982, a census revealed that the population passed 1 billion. Article 25 of the Constitution of 1982 was formulated to state,
"The state promotes family planning so that population growth may fit the plans for economic and social development." (China 1). The government in
China used this Article to create the family–planning policy in order to and fix the sudden population boost. The one child policy restricted families
in urban areas to one child and families in rural and pastoral areas to a maximum of two kids. A government issued report from 2001 states that
"the policy had effectively curbed the rapidly growing population" (Luo 1). The government also stated that without the enforcement of this policy
the population would have had an extra 330 million people in 2001. To keep this policy in tact over the years, a financial punishment of heavy fines
up to $300 were set in place. Although this policy helped stop the population explosion, it created a new crisis: in 15 years "more than 400 million
[people] over the age of 60" will make a large gap in age groups in China (McKenzie 2). Another effect of the one–child policy was

Female Infanticide Should Not Be Legal
Female infanticide is the killing of a female baby out of the womb. In the past they would strangle the infant girls after birth. It is not justifiable for
mothers to have to make the decision to kill their kid. Female Infanticide should not be legal due to the fact that innocent children lose their lives, the
family loses their child, the ratio of girls to boys is unequal – ethically it is not right!
A "person" is a living entity with the inherent, internal capacity to develop reason and choice. Biologically, there is only one generic class of human
beings: everyone from conception until death. If human beings are persons then, prima facie, all human beings, born and preborn are persons too. If the
purely biological fact of birth is what transforms non persons into person, then what about nonhuman mammals? No one pretends that their mere birth
transforms them into persons. Being human is what makes you a person (McElroy – page 1).
Female infanticide is not easily talked about. Female infanticide and sex–selective abortion in India have been the subject of much attention in recent
years. Many people believe that in ancient Indian traditions, female infanticide is to

Medea Infanticide
The text "The Infanticide in Euripides' Medea" by P.E. Easterling summarizes the events in the play focusing on how the betrayed love for Jason turned
Medea's expertise and intellectual power into a destructive power, thus killing her own children.
The article's main focus is on how Euripides has both justified and the reprimanded murder of children by Medea. Beginning the article by describing
that only a madwomen would commit such a crime, the writer moves on to somewhat justify Medea's actions later on. It also talks about the fact that
Medea is the granddaughter has no theological significance but only symbolizes her heroic identity and also motivates the final scene. This article also
talks about how Euripides manipulates the story to take Medea seriously despite of her monstrous criminal record. In ... Show more content on
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All of the past acts of betrayal that Medea did was in the cause of Jason but he chooses to betray her from the dearly–bought oaths. Jason status–seeking
self no longer wants to be with his barbarian wife but he says that he still cares about the welfare of the children. None of that changed the Medea's
mind away from revenge. No matter how unholy it maybe, Medea still wants to give Jason a penalty which will cost him more than his death– no
children to continue his heritage. This article helps me understand more clearly about how Medea was convinced to do such a crime. She knew that
if she had to take her children with her during her exile, they had slim probability of survival. Also, if she left them behind, they would not be safe as
the royal family wouldn't like them after the death of princess. Even if they were safe, they would be helping Jason grow his lineage through them.
With them being alive and in the care of Jason, she could still be laughed at through her children. With all of these reasons, she convinced herself that
the children would in their own interests be better

Utilitarianism : The Moral Theory
Utilitarianism is the moral theory that emphasizes "the greatest happiness for the greatest number" (Clark, Poortenga, 2003). John Stuart Mill was a
philosopher who believed in the principles of utilitarianism. He believed that humans desire for happiness and pleasure; therefore humans would be
motivated to act morally in order to obtain that happiness (Clark, Poortenga, 2003). Mill's approach has strengths, weaknesses, and is not fully
equipped to hold true for all circumstances. Mill's approach to utilitarianism has much strength. It views happiness as intrinsically good that comes
as a result of acting morally (Wilkens, 2011). Humans want to feel happiness or pleasure and are motivated to be morally good in order to achieve
those feelings. Humans do not desire feelings of unhappiness and pain so they would not lean towards evil acts, which bring those feelings.
Utilitarianism joins together doing good with the result of happiness (Wilkens, 2011). Another strength is that this moral theory emphasizes the
importance of other people's happiness just as much as our own (Wilkens, 2011). It is concerned with the happiness of the greatest amount of people
(Clark, Poortenga, 2003). When making a moral decision a person would not only take into account the happiness that would result for them
individually, but for others that may be affected by that decision as well. Utilitarianism looks for observable, concrete results that everyone can see and
experience (Wilkens, 2011). Other

Morrison's Infanticide
Yet another example of Sethe's dependence on her own strength is the account of Sethe's own escape from "the grips of slavery in order to protect
her children from what Morrison describes as School teacher's brutal empire".(196) Sethe is married by fourteen and is a mother by fifteen; but she is
older and pregnant with her last child before she has to become superior protector of her children. Twenty–eight days after being a free woman, Sethe is
forced to make the ultimate sacrifice as a mother. Although she is jailed as a murderer, her attempt to kill her four children is done so that her
children would never know the life of a slave, so they would never be acquainted with "what Baby Suggs died of, what Ella knew, what Stamp saw and
what ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is left to the readers to analyze her decision. Infanticide was condemned by the society but Sethe is forgiven in the end by the same society. Since
solidarity is the proposed solution to the humiliations suffered by the blacks, therefore, the crime of Sethe cannot be viewed as an isolated decision.
The community is also directly and indirectly involved in the execution of the infanticide. That is why the community also shares the burden of guilt
along with Sethe. But it is not forgetting of the past that the author propagates it is actually living the past to overcome it.
Sethe's consciousness is always working, always a part of her decisions affect her children, the best things in her life. She is indeed, ambivalent too
what would destroy her mothering. As strong as Sethe is, she cannot stop her children from leaving; and her strength is what scares some of them. In
the following passage, Nancy Jesser's in African American Review words express the future repercussions of one's negative choices , which
characterize the motives for and results of the acts committed by Sethe, acts carried out in the interest of mothering, but also in the interest of living as
women:
We are bound, to some degree, to act and make rough choices within

China's One-Child Policy Analysis
"A greater population means greater manpower" (Mao qtd. in Fitzpatrick). Mao highlights the importance of childbearing during his infamous reign
over the Communist Party in China. The Great Leap Forward in 1958 was Mao's plan to make China great again. However, his plan leads the country
in turmoil because a famine fell upon the country due to overpopulation and citizens were dying daily in the countryside. His encouraging quote, "Of
all things in the world, people are the most precious," became a meaningless statement when China's One–Child Policy was implemented in 1980 to
control the population (Mao qtd. in Fitzpatrick).
The government began spreading propaganda about the advantages the economy and women will have with the restriction on ... Show more content on
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Parents hold low expectations for their daughters and teach them to to be obedient at a young age because sons were seen as a greater asset. Filial
piety, "the important virtue and primary duty of respect, obedience, and care for one's parents and elderly family members," plays a key role in a
parent's preference for males (Dictionary.com). Daughters are usually married off, whereas sons not only carry on the family's household name, but
are expected to take care of their parents in the future. It is a repaid debt for the amount of work parents put into providing food, shelter, clothes, and
education. Although, it is expected of parents to care for their children, China only allows one child per family –– unless the parents are granted a
permit. Therefore, parents continue to exercise sex–selective abortion because of filial piety and the mindset that sons dominate over daughters. In
Chinese, filial piety is expressed by the character еќ (pinyin: xiГ o). The character xiao is made up of an upper and a lower part. The first part is
derived from the character lao (иЂЃ,pinyin: lЗЋo), which means 'old'. The second part is the character еђ (pinyin: zi), which means 'son'" (Teon,
China–journal). The favoritism of males over females is rooted back to the term itself; hence why parents believe that the amount of time and money
spent, should be invested on a

Skewed Sex Ratio in India: Stopping Female Foeticide Essay
BSTRACT:
Through this paper, I would like to address the heinous act of female foeticide practiced at an alarming rate in various Indian states. I would like to
focus on how the phenomenon of selectively eliminating female foetus is not dying away, but rather is emerging as a new disturbing trend. I even wish
to highlight how with rapid advancement, technologies such as ultrasound and pre–natal diagnosis are being misused in order to find the gender of the
infant.
What I wish to mainly examine is the failure of implementation of the PNDT Act. Along with it, I critically wish to analyze why despite awareness
being created against such crime there hasn't been much substantial reduction achieved in this matter.
I plan to structure the paper ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They always seem to be confronted with innumerable obstacles. But the most disturbing form of gender segregation can be seen in terms of denying a
girl child her basic fundamental right i.e. 'right to life'! The practice of killing the 'unwanted' girl child or FEMALE INFANTICIDE is not new as this
tradition has been surviving from past several generations.
Before moving ahead, I would like to demarcate female foeticide from female infanticide.
Female infanticide is the traditional method used for getting rid of undesired girl child. "They employ various ways such as either poisoning her or
choking her or by crushing her skull under a charpoy."1 Female foeticide on the other hand uses sophisticated techniques to get rid of the foetus before
it is even born! It uses technologies like ultrasound scan and amniocentesis to determine the gender of the foetus during pregnancy.
Since I have provided a brief explanation as to what female foeticide refers to, I would like to highlight how this act has, over the years, turned out to
be seen as a grave threat.
FEMALE FOETICIDE : A STARK REALITY:
Censuses of 1991 and 2001 have revealed contradictory trends i.e. Census of 1991 highlighted both overall sex ratio as well as child sex ratio declining
whereas Census of 2001 projected an increase in overall sex ratio but a decline in child sex ratio. How can such a phenomenon be explained?
To trace an answer to this we ought to look upon prior Censuses. To begin with, the Census of

Essay on Chinese Women and the Impact of the One-Child...
When one thinks of China it is common to conjure up images of rice fields and of the great wall, but also of crowded cities teeming with people and
bicycles and cars. One rarely thinks of a nation populated mostly by men and boys, with a noticeable yet surreal absence of women. While this is a
bit of an exaggeration, it has been noted over the past several decades that there is an alarmingly imbalanced sex–ratio. The policy has clearly
contributed to the nation's unnatural gender imbalance, as couples use legal and illegal means to ensure that their only child is a son. There are 117
men to each 100 women in China (Goodkind, 2004). In the 1979, when the one–child policy was enacted, the intention was not to create this imbalance,
but to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Overall this movement was successful and China's population growth decreased from 1970 to 1976 (Fitzpatrick, 2009). Eventually this decrease slowed,
and leveled off, prompting the government to take further action to slow the booming population. In 1979 a policy, known internationally as the
one–child policy but more delicately called the "policy of birth planning", was introduced requiring couples from China's ethnic majority to have only
one child (Cai & Lavely, 2003).
While it seems somewhat reasonable for a government to encourage family planning, and to provide the population with access to birth control, it
seems a bit out of line for them to ask a family to have only one child. The pressure of only having one child, in combination with a cultural favoritism
toward males is what makes the one–child policy so gravely concerning. It is clear that the excess female infant mortality is directly attributable to the
birth–control policy, which caused the pre–existing prevalence of son preference to escalate. In China, son preference is the product of ingrained
social norms. Girls and women still occupy a lower social status in society (Zilberberg, 2007). The one–child policy requires authorization for each
birth– children are required to be reported to receive documentation that allows them to be part of society– to attend school, to hold a job in adulthood,
and to marry. Women are consistently

The Vile Practice Of Sex Selection Abortion
Globally, there are over 200,000,000 missing females in this world (It's a Girl). The number of females missing is so massive that this genocide is
now dubbed the gendercide. 80 percent of the 200 million missing females are from two countries, one of them being China (Lee 20). For centuries
parents have been trying to choose the sex of their children but the world had never seen anything quite like this genocide ever before. (Sandel 127).
This epidemic is so astounding and so large that "For each decade in the past century, more girls were killed than the sum total of all those who died in
genocides of the entire century" (Lee 19). The large sum of Chinese females missing is likely due to the traditions of Chinese culture, ultrasound...
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This put immense pressure on females to give birth to males as their social statuses depended on it. Males are also known to be the preferred sex
because they have a higher wage earning capacity especially since 80% of China's population live in rural areas. Males also continue patriarchal
lines and they have the responsibility of caring for their elderly parents. Many females still face scrutiny and pressure from relatives and neighbors
especially in rural communities where traditions are followed more strictly. All of these cultural beliefs have contributed to the reason why sex
selection is still a problem today. The spark to this modern gendercide was the accessibility of ultrasound technology. Ultrasound technology was
originally for the use of identifying genetic abnormalities but was discovered that it could be used to detect the sex of a fetus (Sandel 127). This
technology became available in the mid 1980's just after the implementation of the one–child rule in China. This new technology meant that people
could determine the sex of the baby before giving birth giving rise to sex selection abortions in China. This has ultimately caused the extreme skew in
the ratio of males to females in Chinese population. The more available ultrasound technology became, the more people found out they were having
girls instead of boys. Therefore, those having females aborted their fetuses while those who were carrying males had their babies. China is now

Infanticide Policy Report
Amendment
Another option is to amend the current infanticide provision so that it no longer reads as a mental illness caused by the pregnancy/childbirth or
lactation. Instead, a mental illness that appears "post childbirth" would incorporate men and remove pathologised ideas about women and their biology
that predetermines them to be mentally ill and kill. Factors could be added to recognise that socio–economic deprivation acts as a catalyst for
infanticide (Lambie, 2001). Such an amendment would retain the benefits the New Zealand provision has over the British legislation while
demedicalising the offence.
Further considerations
It is important to keep in mind that the above changes are in the search for equality between both genders in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Arising to combat the social disadvantages that women face, the law attempts to mitigate their culpability. However, treating men and women
differently for infanticide has led to the pathologising of women. Though gendered justice in the current law has some benefits, it is still tied to
traditional ideas of biology predisposing women to kill. It removes their personal autonomy and ignores that these laws exist in a patriarchal society
that only favours gender complaint women, and doubly punishes women who do not fit the norm. Thus, legislative changes such as abolishment have
been analysed. Yet, shortcomings are still present as abolishment risks a greater rate of convictions due to the difficult law on insanity. If amendment is
pursued, what the law is amended to also presents issues, as equal application of the defence to men and women risks entrenching further gender
inequalities. Consequently, for gendered justice, there may need to be a judgment call on whether men are included or not, as the reality that women
do the most of child–caring in society will need to be recognised. How the law currently sits practically reduces the severity of sentences for some
women, yet future reform is

Treating or Terminating: The Dilemma of Impaired Infants...
Aiding the death of infants is a much disputed controversy in healthcare. H. Tristram Engelhardt Jr. provides an ethical view that there is a moral
duty not to treat an impaired infant when this will only prolong a painful life or would only lead to a painful death. It is these individuals, like
Engelhardt, who must defend this position against groups who consider that we have the ability to prolong the lives of impaired infants, thus we are
obligated to do so.
Infanticide is associated with aiding the death of an infant and infant euthanasia. Jim Holt, contributing author for the New York Times, writes that,
"Infanticide is the deliberate killing of newborns with the consent of the parents and society. This concept has been common ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Approximately 1 in 68,000 births result in anencephaly annually. About 25% of anencephalic babies die at birth; those who survive have a life
expectancy of a few hours or days (Jaquier 2006).
There are methods in the justification of aiding in the death of an impaired infant. Engelhardt outlines that there is a distinction between aiding the
death of adult and children. The question of status is also explored to determine that children are neither self–possessed nor responsible. The concept of
Injury of Continued Existence is given to look at the potential person the infant might become if allowed to exist. These examples are provided to give
a thorough evaluation of a child before the decision is made whether or not to prolong life.
Is there a difference when evaluating the life of a child versus an adult when considering aiding in their death? Engelhardt determines that yes, there is a
distinction. He convincingly notes that "the difference lies in the somewhat obvious fact that infants and young children are not able to decide about
their own futures and this are not persons in the same sense that normal adults are." (646). The rights of children are determined through the status of
the parent's rights, the obligations of adults to prevent suffering, and the potential societal effects through the allowance of death of an impaired infant.
The differences between adult and child euthanasia are considered when

Essay The Ethics of Sonography and Gendercide
The constantly growing field of medical technology has raised many questions especially pertaining to ethics. The mapping of the human genome,
cloning technologies, stem cell research, and of course reproductive technology has caused some very real dilemmas over the role of the human
decision in the creation and orientation of new life. Humans are able to accomplish amazing things in science, but at what cost? The ubiquitous nature
of reproductive technology has caused a new discipline of reproductive ethics. One such dilemma is that of selective abortion due to sex preference. In
this paper I will discuss the ethics of gendercide and sonography's affect on this practice
Sex–selective abortion is the practice of terminating a pregnancy ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These technologies changed everything. Previously, parents would resort to infanticide to be sure they could have a boy. Now parents who wanted a
son, but balked at killing baby daughters were able to choose abortion instead. Even today, there are no proven practices that allow gender detection
during the first trimester, and ultrasound is fairly unreliable until approximately the 20th week of pregnancy. Consequently, sex selection often requires
late term abortion of a fetus.
This practice not only affects the family but the society as a whole. It has caused an increase in the imbalances between sex ratios. Boys are
slightly more likely to die in infancy than girls. To compensate, more boys are born than girls so there will be equal numbers of young men and
women at puberty. In all societies that record births, between 103 and 106 boys are normally born for every 100 girls. The ratio has been so stable
over generations that it appears to be the usual order of things. That order has changed drastically in the last 25 years. According to research the ratio
today is 123 boys per 100 girls. These rates are not possible without human intervention.
There are many reasons as to why this practice has become so popular in many countries around the world. It is said that by having a one–child policy,
China has increased the rate of abortion of female fetuses. As most Chinese families are given incentives to have only one child, and would

Research Paper On Female Infanticide

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