The Change To Trade Routes Over Time

The Change to Trade Routes Over Time
In 300 C.E., trade routes were primarily between Europe and North Africa. The way that they
changed by 1450 C.E. was that they expanded southward and westward. By 1450, these trade routes
went all the way through West Africa, sub–Saharan Africa, and the Indian Ocean. One factor that
was unchanged during this time period was that the northern coast of Africa was always involved in
the trade between Africa and the rest of Eurasia. The trade networks between African and Eurasia
remained very important during this time period by means of the trade networks contributions to the
Afro–Eurasian world. The ebb and flow of trade between Africa and Eurasia during the period 300
to 1450 C.E really reflects the struggles and fortunes of the three dominant religions in the area;
Christianity, Buddhism and an upstart known as Islam. Although Christianity and Buddhism were
well established by this time, the growth of Islam was a catalyst to many of the changes about to
occur, such as new trade partners. Christianity and Buddhism were continuities, whereas a new
religion called Islam was an example of change.
In 622 C.E., Islam was founded which helped flourish trade. The founding of Islam amplified trade
because Islam linked Swahili city–states to the larger Indian Ocean which was an important part of
the trade routes between Africa and Eurasia. In the Southern ends of the Swahili world the birth of
Islam extended the impact of the Indian Ocean trade well into the African interior.
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The A Salami Cutter, The Rivals Of The Rga
L ike a salami cutter, the rivals of the RGA continued cutting away at its holdings outside of the
Children's Paradise, thin slice by thin slice. The regular crews and groups it had, in addition to the
recently formed Volksbesatzung and friendly BUG crews, could not stem the rising tide. For the
average RGA crew found itself going up against anywhere between five or six different factions at
once. This resulted in the RGA to being completed outnumbered. Yet despite being outnumbered,
coupled with critical shortages of vital resources continuing to hamper the RGA's defensive
measures by the end of October, it became apparent that something had to be done about the
shortages. Meanwhile, during the early weeks of the 2015–2016 school year, ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
In fact, some of their transactions were being made to factions who were hostile to the RGA, like the
Underground and the Ostracized. This was possible, due to the WC's trading houses intention of
making huge profits off of the other factions' individual plans to drive out the RGA, before making a
subsequent intrusion into the heart of the Children's Paradise. Whereas her cousin was under the
spell of a Union medium, her cousin's friends being forced to contend with the being beset upon by
all sides, Brenda and her boyfriend were living in absolute comfort, even without being under the
guidance of the RGA or the Nebraskan Dutchman. The events of the School Year of the Steamroller
were just a distant concept, compared to the Great Leaps Westward.
But after being contacted by Adelburgers Voss and Schäffer about the possibility of doing a favor to
her cousin, Brenda convinced her boyfriend to reconsider their stance during the events of the
School Year of the Steamroller. She argued to him that their rise to power in the Jackbooter trade in
Lincoln, Nebraska was only because of their collaboration with the RGA, and that to knowingly do
business with the other factions–at the RGA's detriment–was a contradiction to the last piece of
advice the Nebraskan Dutchman gave them. Siegfried eventually agreed with Brenda; albeit
gradually, of course.

Main Reasons For European Exploration In The 15th And 16th...
The Main Cause of European Exploration The European economic motivation was the main cause
of European exploration in the 15th and 16th centuries. New trade, and the search for gold and
spices were the three main motives behind Europe's thirst for exploration and discovery. Trade with
Asia and Africa was shrinking, Europe's gold supply was drained, and spices were growing in
demand, forcing Europe to send explorers in search of new resources and trade. Trade was the first
motive for European exploration. During the 15th and 16th centuries, the Italians and Muslims had
control of the Mediterranean. Because of this, countries such as Portugal lacked access to Asian
trade routes, since they lacked the resources to break through "the Italian dominated trade of the
Mediterranean" (Arnold 4) Such countries were forced to explore and expand in order to find new
routes around the world to reach Asia, causing them to search for goods and trade beyond their
borders, acquiring land and resources along the way, which in turn expanded European trade and
economy. Another factor was Europe's search for new trade. European merchants discovered that
they could no longer sell their merchandise in Asia and Africa, as many of their products were
deemed inferior to their African and Asian counterparts. They attempted to sell "crude woollen cloth
in Asian markets accustomed to fine silks and calicoes" (Arnold 3) The Europeans needed a new
market, motivating them to send explorers such as

Chemical Substances And Its Effects On The Skin Essay
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Based on United State Pharmacopeia, pastes are defined as semisolid dosage forms that contain one
or more drug substances intended for topical application. (Pharmaceutical Dosage Form, 2009)
Pastes are also intended for application to oral cavity or mucous membranes besides the skin. Pastes
are usually prepared from fats, fatty oils, petrolatum, paraffin, waxes, glycerin or water by mixing
homogeneously powdered drug with the foregoing materials as bases. (General Requirements for
Pharmaceutical Preparation) There are two classes of paste which are fatty pastes and non–greasy
pastes which is made from single phase aqueous gel.
Although the preparations of pastes are similar to ointment, there are still having differences
between paste and ointment. Compared to ointments and gels, pastes contain a high proportion of
finely powdered medicaments. Pastes are generally composed of ointment bases that contain a high
concentration (frequently 50%w/w) of dispersed drug. Hence, the viscosity of pastes is higher than
that of pharmaceutical ointment. The base for pastes may be anhydrous (liquid or soft paraffin) or
water soluble (glycerol or mucilage). (Prashant, 2010)
Furthermore, pastes take some advantages over the ointments. Pastes are more often used for
protective action compared to ointments. This is because pastes ordinarily do not flow at body
temperature so it can serve as protective coatings. Fatty pastes that have a high proportion of
hydrophilic solids

European Trade Routes 1100-1500 Essay
If there was ever an important period historians, and people could put a finger on, this would be it.
This is the important period where the world's countries, kingdoms, and dynasties established trade
routes. This is the period where countries were made and countries were destroyed because of the
importance of trade and the importance of building a fundamental, religious, and economical way of
life. This paper will discuss the goals and functions of trades, and traders, and a historical analysis of
world trade. This paper will also get into world trade patterns, of The Americas, Sub–Saharan
Africa, The Indian Ocean, The Silk routes, China and The South China Sea, Europe and The
Mediterranean, and The Atlantic Exploration. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"Karl Polanyi, a historical anthropologist at Comlumbia University, argued that market economies,
private profit seeking, and capitalism were a peculiar and unnatural way of structuring an economy."
(The Worlds History, Spodek, ch.12, p.375) Polanyi also discussed how back in ancient times,
trading was meant to provide and benefit the whole society, not personal benefit like the free market
economy was. Another historian, Philip Curtin, agreed with Polanyi is many ways; except that there
was historical proof there was individual, personal trading going on in ports and throughout long
distance routes back in the earliest times. (The Worlds History, Spodek, 2001, Ch. 12)
Trade patterns in The South Americas included the Andes Mountains. When The Incas controlled
the land in the early 15th century, the people generated extensive trade throughout the hundreds of
miles north and south linking together a total of 32 million people. With so many mountains and
zones to deal with, many products came out of this to trade, including potatoes, maize, chili peppers,
squash, beans and others. Trade between these zones of the north and south, were controlled by
semi–divine state rulers. In the Yucatan of Central and South America the Mayan people blossomed
from 200–900 B.C.E. By the time The Spanish came in the 1520's the Yucatan

Asm 34 answers
ASM34 1.1
Legislation – The Medicines Act, Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH)
Regulations, The Health and Safety at Work Act, The Misuse of Drugs Act, The Misuse of Drugs
(Safe Custody) Regulations, Health and Social Care Act
The Medication Policy and procedure and Mars Handbook covers assessment of individuals' needs,
administering, storage, recording and disposal of medicines including their effects and potential side
effects
ASM34 2.1
Common Types of Medication, Effects, Potential Side Effects
Analgesics e.g. paracetamol
Analgesics are used to relieve pain such as headaches.
Addiction to these can happen if taken over a long period of time. Also, irritation of the stomach,
liver damage and sleep disturbances as some ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Oral
This is medication that is taken via the mouth. This can be in the form of tablets and capsules. If an
individual finds it difficult to swallow tablets oral medication is also available in liquids,
suspensions and syrups. Sublingual medications are for example when tablets are placed under the
tongue to dissolve quickly.
Transdermal
Transdermal medications come in the form of patches that are applied to the skin normally to the
chest or upper arm. They work by allowing the medication to be released slowly and then absorbed.
For example, Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) patches and nicotine patches.
Topical
Topical medications come in the form of creams and gels and are applied directly to the skin surface
usually to treat skin conditions.
Instillation
Instillation medications come in the form of drops or ointments and can be instilled via the eyes,
nose or ears. Drops can be used for ear or eye infections. Nose sprays are used for treating for
example hay fever.
Intravenous
Intravenous medication enters directly into the veins and absorbed quickly.
Rectal/Vaginal
Rectal medications are absorbed very quickly. Suppositories are available and are given into the
rectum. Pessaries are given into the vagina.

Subcutaneous
Subcutaneous medications are injected just beneath the skin i.e. insulin is

European Trade Routes 1100-1500
If there was ever an important period historians, and people could put a finger on, this would be it.
This is the important period where the world's countries, kingdoms, and dynasties established trade
routes. This is the period where countries were made and countries were destroyed because of the
importance of trade and the importance of building a fundamental, religious, and economical way of
life. This paper will discuss the goals and functions of trades, and traders, and a historical analysis of
world trade. This paper will also get into world trade patterns, of The Americas, Sub–Saharan
Africa, The Indian Ocean, The Silk routes, China and The South China Sea, Europe and The
Mediterranean, and The Atlantic Exploration. The goals ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A big trade group, spreading across the Americas, was called The Pochteca. They were long distance
traders who traveled in packs, had their own settlement, with government, temples, schools and
courts, and also had the protection of royal guards. Their main god was Yicatecutli. (The Worlds
History, Spodek, 2001, Ch. 12) In The Sub–Saharan Africa came the first introduction of the camel.
The first time period, seen by written records, was the arrival of The Islam's in the 8th century.
Three empires were ruling at this time, Ghana, about 700 to around 1100; Mali, about 1100 to
around 1400; and Songhay, about 1300–1600. All three kept trade routes open, which in turn gave
them more power. "Gold, slaves, cloth, ivory, ebony, pepper, and kola nuts moved north across the
Sahara; salt, dates, horses, brass, copper, glassware, beads, leather, textiles, clothing, and foodstuffs
moved south." (The Worlds History, Spodek, 2001, Ch. 12, p.379) In East Africa trade went through
the Indian Ocean through voyages of The Arabs. The first major port was Manda, but had been
succeeded by Kilwa in the 13th century. They traded gold, ivory, horns, skins, tortoiseshell, and
slaves for spices, pottery, glass beads, and cloth from India. (The Worlds History, Spodek, 2001, Ch.
12) The Indian Ocean four of Abu–Lughod's routes included Indian Ocean ports. Janet Abu–Lughod
was a historical sociologist, who had similar arguments to Curtins, and had eight interlocking trade
circuits

Taking a Look at DaunoXome
Lipid depot in cerebrospinal fluid Depocyt Cytosine arabinocide Ovarian cancer, AIDS–related
Kaposi.s sarcoma
Injectable polymer rod Zoladex luteinizing hormone releasing hormone agonist Prostrate cancer
Polymer microsphere Lypron depot luteinizing hormone releasing hormone agonist Prostrate cancer
Implantable water Gliadel Carmustine Gliomas–malignant
Polymer microsphere Decapeptyl luteinizing hormone releasing hormone agonist Prostrate cancer
Transdermal patch Duragesic Fentanyl Pain management
PEGylated drug Oncaspar L–Asparaginase Acute lymphoblastic leukomia
PEGylated drug Neulasta granulocyte–colony stimulating factor Prevention of neutropenia
associated with cancer chemotherapy Transdermal patch Prostep Nicotine cancer prevention –
Smoking cessation.
Transdermal patch Nicoderm Nicotine cancer prevention –Smoking cessation.
Transdermal patch Habitrol Nicotine cancer prevention –Smoking cessation.
Polymer based Zinostatin (stimalmer) polymer conjugated to the anticancer protein
neocarzinostatin–SMNACS Hepatocellular carcinoma
Liposome Daunoxome Daunorubicin AIDS–related Kaposi.s
1. Controlled drug release
Many molecules, particularly peptides and polypeptides are physically embedded in polymers to
create a complex network of interconnecting pores through which the drug could subsequently
diffuse. The pore structure and polymer composition is controlled in order to design systems that
release the drug at nearly any rate and for nearly

The Silk Road : Routes Of Trade Across The World
The Silk Roads are routes of trade that are across land and sea in Eurasia, which today is the
continents of Asia and Europe. Silk and many other goods were traded among people from across
the world. The man who is usually associated with founding the Silk Roads is General Zhang Qian,
who opened the first route from China to the West. He was actually traveling for diplomatic reasons
instead of for trade. Although the Silk Roads were primarily known for the exchanging of goods, the
combination and flow of populations brought transportation of beliefs, knowledge, cultures, and
ideas. Travelers were attracted to the trade, cultural and intellectual exchange, which developed
many cities along the Silk Roads into hubs of learning and culture. Literature, science, arts, and
crafts were shared and dispersed into the communities in the area. For most of history the ancient
trade routes had no name, until the mid–nineteenth century when a German geologist named Baron
Ferdinand von Ricthofen named the network Die Seidenstrasse, meaning the Silk Road. The trade
routes originally started by trade of silk between China and its immediate neighbors. A part in
Northwestern China has a history of more than two thousand years. The silk was also sold further
abroad and became one of China's main exports at the time. Chinese clothes have been found in
northern Mongolia, Egypt and other places as well. The silk trade expanded at some point in the first
century to the Roman Empire, and later to

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Autoinjectors
1. Introduction
Mass casualty situations are common with most of the natural disasters like earth quake, tsunami,
flood, avalanche, explosion, accidents, building collapse, military operations and terrorism. Injuries
and wound infections are very common in such disasters that need immediate management;
otherwise it may lead to morbidity and mortality. Medical management is very difficult at that
situation as the access to hospital sector would be either not possible or difficult. Autoinjectors are
very much useful in emergency situations as it can make self administration possible. It can be used
to deliver drug either by intramuscular or subcutaneous injection. Autoinjector has got many
advantages. It delivers the drug fast and gives better bioavailability as it deliver the drug with a
spray effect during administration. It is convenient and since the needle is inside the vial itself, the
needle phobia can be avoided.
1.1 Natural disasters and infections
Natural disasters like tropical cyclones, geophysical disasters (earth quakes) and geomorphic
disasters (avalanches and landslides) all these could lead to outbreaks of infectious disease. There
would be an increase in death which is directly associated with trauma, burn and crush – related ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Aminoglycosides are used for serious infections due to gram negative bacilli. Structurally they have
two aminosugars linked to hexose nucleus through glycosidic linkage. Aminoglycosides are
obtained from Streptomyces or Micromonospora species. Aminoglycosides are highly polar and
hence are not absorbed by oral route. All aminoglycosides resemble in their pharmacokinetic
properties. They will not penetrate into the central nervous system and normally administered
topically, intravenously, intramuscularly or intrathecally. Most of the parenteral aminoglycosides are
excreted as such in urine. Aminoglycosides may cause ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity and
neuromuscular blockade on long term

The Slave Trade Route between Africa and North America Essay
The slave trade route between Africa and North America was known as the Middle Passage. From
the early 1500s to the mid–1900s Africans were treated poorly and had suffered greatly from the
journey of the Middle Passage. The Middle Passage first started out by shipping four hundred fifty
thousand people to the New World and then extended to almost thirteen million Africans. Africans
were boarded onto ships to the New World in two major locations in Africa in which are Angola and
Gabon. An outrageous number of Africans were taken to the new World from Angola. Five hundred
million and four hundred ninety thousand kidnapped Africans from Angola were on ships traveling
to North America and parts of the Caribbean's in which then were sold as ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Each ship was to carry a maximum of four hundred and fifty one Africans but the Americans had fit
six hundred people. Buckets were scattered around the ships that had suffocated many children.
Many of the Africans that were in these ships were primarily boys. Girls that were boarded were
between the ages of 15 and older. Equiano who was an enslaved African describes his experience
with the Americans when he first entered the ship. When Equiano first entered the ship his strength
was tested by the Americans by being poked very hardly which conveyed the profits that the
Americans would make when selling him in the American slave markets. The Middle Passage was a
successful and prosperous journey for the Americans because the selling of slaves brought big
profits and it had increased the wealth for many Americans; it became the foundation for the
American colonies. Once Africans were enslaved they were quickly brought to plantations by their
slave owners to cultivate farmlands and clear out land that slave owners were in need of. Many
slaves became sick and had passed away shorty after being taken by their slave owners. Some
Africans made it through the harsh journey of the Middle Passage but because they were not
accustomed to the weather in North America and in the Caribbean's they became very ill. The
Americans became responsible for the deaths

Notes On Price Mechanisms That We Have Today, Like The...
price mechanisms that we have today, like the spice and silk trade routes, but they were peripheral.
These markets were usually only used for luxury goods or things that could not be gotten from
within the community and society could operate without them (Flomenhof 99). So without
principals of supply and demand to dictate price points of goods, economic stability and unity was
sustained through the three principals: reciprocity, redistribution, and householding. In his book he
explains these principles based off the exchange systems in the Trobriand Islands of Western
Melanesia (Polanyi 47). Reciprocity, Polanyi explains, was a system in which the exchange of goods
is based on the social conventional that if you give to someone else they will eventually give back,
thus the exchange is reciprocal (45). This required a certain degree of economic symmetry which
Polanyi explains in terms of husband wife relations. There was a division of labour between the
husband and wife in Trobriand Islands, "the male provides for his sister and family by delivering the
finest specimen of his crop" (Polanyi, 48) thus in exchange he is rewarded by his wife in her support
of the home and child rearing. In this exchange there is equal value placed on both relationships and
they work in symmetry. On a macro level reciprocity works in that a community would work to
produce something to then be gifted to other groups (Polanyi 55). In order for this to properly
function however the principle of

New Resources Discoveries And Changes Of Bulk Trade Routes
New Resource Discoveries And Changes To Bulk Trade Routes Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction 2
1.1 What is gas and how is it formed? 2 1.2 The leviathan field 2 2.0 Main Findings 3 2.1 The
explorations 3 2.2 Geological details 3 2.3 Maritime boarder dispute 3 2.4 World wide gas reserves
4 2.6 tonnage availability 6 3.0 Conclusions 7 4.0 References 8 1.0 Introduction 1.1 What is gas and
how is it formed? Gas is an air–like fluid substance which expands freely to fill any space available,
irrespective of its quantity. Gas is formed by microscopic plants and animals living in the ocean
millions of years ago. Throughout their life they absorbed energy from the sun, which was stored as
carbon molecules. As soon as these plant and animals died, they sank to the bottom of the sea. Over
millions if years, after many of layers of sediment and other plants and bacteria were formed. As
they were buried deeper, heat and pressure increased and gas was formed. After gas was formed,
they migrated through tiny pores in the surrounding rock. 1.2 The leviathan field This report is about
the newly discovered source of gas, located between Cyprus and Israel, called the Leviathan Gas
Field. The Leviathan gas field is one of the largest offshore gas discoveries of the decade, it is
located 29 miles South–West of the Tamar gas field, in depth of 4,900 ft in the Levantine basin. This
report will examine how this new discovery will effect the current major trade route for gas

The Trans Saharan Trade Routes
During the eighth century throughout the late sixteenth century, one trade route entranced everyone
involved from the Mediterranean to the Africa's. The Trans – Saharan Trade was an important trade
route that ran across the Sahara between the Mediterranean countries and West Africa. In the
beginning stages of the Trans– Saharan trade many small trade routes were being used throughout
the period. this is because travelling across the Sahara before the domestication of the camel was
difficult. The Trans–Saharan trade route did more than attract traders. This route was an economical
boost for many and also connected the West African people with the Mediterranean people.
Trade across the Sahara existed for many eras before the Common Era but it was periodic,
incidental, modest, and much unorganized. During this time, the trade goods were carried on the
backs of cattle known as pack–oxen. "The pack–oxen became accustomed to desert conditions
allowing them to travels days without water as they traveled from one water source to the other."
The problem with the oxen was that they were unable to travel without rest and water which was
hard to come by. Because of the time dependency of the oxen travel across the Sahara was very
dangerous. It took ages for the merchandise to reach its attended destination. The trade remained
unorganized until around the 5th century when the domestication of the camel revolutionized desert
travel.
Camels were preferred method of travel due to the fact

Naloxone Essay
To help with the quick admission, intranasal administration is a convenience to those who have to
administer Naloxone because intranasal Naloxone has a preset dosage. While intranasal Naloxone is
easier to administer, intravenous and intramuscular Naloxone administrators have a choice on the
dose to give. Advanced EMTs have enough knowledge to choose the dose of Naloxone to give the
patient to keep the patient alive. Intranasal was not approved until November of 2015 when the FDA
approved a highly concentrated spray form of Naloxone (Strang et al. 576). Intranasal
administration only allows one dose to be given compared to Intravenous administration which
allows a more adjusted dosage of Naloxone to be given. According to Ott, an ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Intravenous Naloxone reaches the brain two minutes faster than intranasal Naloxone, which could
be the difference between life or death. However, through an I.V., 100% of Naloxone reaches the
brain. On the other hand, Strang, McDonald, Tas, and Day discovered that when intranasal
Naloxone is not administered at a 90 degree angle or the nasal cavity is blocked with vomit,
Naloxone gathers at the back of the throat and is swallowed by the Naloxone recipient (576). This
means that when intranasal Naloxone is administered, Naloxone has to be administered repeatedly
to fully reverse opioid overdose. Often times, intranasal Naloxone is followed by administration of
intravenous or intramuscular Naloxone. While using intravenous and intramuscular administration,
there is no way to slow the absorption of Naloxone.
Nevertheless, several studies have shown that intranasal Naloxone absorbs in the same amount of
time as intravenous Naloxone when the administrator accounts for the time Naloxone takes for an
I.V. to be placed. Granted the absorption rate is slower for intranasal admission versus intravenous,
the nasal route still has a valuable blood supply allowing Naloxone to be absorbed efficiently
(Robison and Wermeling 2131). Intranasal administration is effective enough to reverse drug
overdose. Intranasal administration can be repeated every three minutes and last for 180 minutes
while intravenous Naloxone

Trade Routes Dbq
Trade has been an important commodity since the settlement of mankind. Trade routes as the Silk
Road, Turquoise Road, and Gold Road have connected communities and countries throughout the
continents. Trading doesn't always involve commodities; trading can include technology, disease,
and religion. Early global trade experienced wealth and prosperity because of the demand for goods,
knowledge of the sellers, and expanding trade routes. When it comes to trading, supply and demand
are a key factor, as seen in Document 1, trade routes reach worldwide. Traders travel from place to
place buying and selling their goods to take to new markets as seen in Document 4. Like in the Silk
Road, the demand of silk from the west encourage trade between China

The Iraqi Dry Canal Profile
1.2 Iraqi Dry Canal Profile
Iraqi leaders have a larger vision called "The Dry Canal project" to transport goods between the
North and South of the world quickly, safely and inexpensively. Road and rail schemes should be
planned to run this project in Iraq could change the ordinary shape on the regional trade. In short:
Shipments (Cargo) coming across the Gulf will be loaded in trains and trucks from the Iraqi Grand
port of Al–Faw Southern of the country, and then will travel across the country to Turkey and then
to Europe. This would give shippers companies an alternative to traditional but no longer route
around the Arabian Peninsula, up through the Suez Canal of Egypt.
Iraq is a very rich country and has a lot of potential and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is not enough, especially with respect to rural roads. In accordance with international standards,
and require every 100 people in the km need 1 km of public roads in this area; Road 's density in
Iraq stands at 0.18 km sq.km "currently, it 's impossible to know exactly how many kilometers of
roads that will be built under the new planned master plan, Amer A.Saeed, President of the project
management (Ministry of construction and housing) says; "It depends on the output of the study we
will finance the project accordingly". Estimating the scope of the rehabilitation of the road also
depends on the results of the study. What is clear is that the initial efforts would focus on improving
the situation of the existing roads network. Authorities will consider that the expansion of services
for the new roads is the first step in the project, including highways and bypass roads, finally,
linking new urban centers in the country and reducing congestion in large cities [2].
In 2020, it could be a challenge in the case of the Suez Canal, the busiest trade connection with
more roads in the region, a series of regional rail line connects to Europe via ancient trade routes
through Iraq to Turkey and Syria. With the improvement of the security situation in Iraq, Baghdad
city is beginning to formulate a new long–term development plans in the

Experimental Oral Controlled Release And Site Specific...
ABSTRACT Oral controlled release and site specific drug delivery system has been of great interest
in pharmaceutical field to achieve improved therapeutic advantage. Drug absorption in the
gastrointestinal tract is a highly variable procedure and prolonging gastric retention of the dosage
form extends the time for drug absorption. Gastro retentive drug delivery system is one of such
novel approaches to prolong gastric residence time, thereby targeting site specific drug release in the
stomach for local or systemic effects. This approach is useful particularly for the drugs which have
narrow absorption window in the upper part of gastro intestinal tract. Various approaches of gastro
retentive drug delivery system, such as floating and non–floating, have been discussed in this
review. This review also gives an overview of merits, demerits and evaluation parameters of gastro
retentive system.
Key words: Gastro retentive drug delivery system, non–floating system, floating system, evaluation
parameters
INTRODUCTION: Despite the tremendous advancement in drug delivery, oral route is the most
preferred route to the systemic circulation due to the ease of administration, low cost of drug, patient
compliance and flexibility in formulation. About 90% of all drugs used to produce systemic effects
are administered by oral route. Of the drugs that are administered orally, solid oral dosage forms
represent the preferred class of products. Tablets are the most common type of

The Trans-Atlantic Trade Routes
As the British North American colonies began to develop, the Trans–Atlantic trade route started to
thrive. The small farmers in the West Indies, and the southern colonies began cultivating the land
and growing newly found crops. These new crops were in high demand in Europe as they seen as
luxury items. The small farmers could not meet the demands for the crops, causing a change in the
labor systems. This change introduced the use of indentured servitude and slavery to the American
colonies. During the 1620s, England sent a small group of colonist to settle the West Indies. These
colonists were originally given land to farm cotton and tobacco and export goods to Europe.
However, the small farmers were unprofitable because they could not compete

The World War II Disrupted Trade Routes
Glycine max, more commonly known as soybeans, are part of the legume family and grown in
various climates. The history of the plant, production worldwide, types, nutrition information,
products from soybeans, pests, beneficial insects, and diseases are important to the present day
growth of soybeans.
They were originally grown in Southeast Asia in around 1100 B.C. The Asian countries kept this
crop to themselves until the Europeans noticed them in the early seventeen hundreds. European
nations began to plant them in 1740. Eventually, soybeans were introduced into the American
colonies in 1765, where they called them "Chinese Vetches". The soybean plants were observed to
flourish in the Pennsylvania soil and climate. Soybeans became ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The main difference is when they harvest them, so all edamame are soybeans but the same cannot be
said in reverse. Edamame are large, green, sweet soybeans, that are harvested before maturity. A
small window is available for this product, as it needs to be young and soft rather than dry and
mature as the other soybeans. When harvesting this crop, a special combine is used to not rip the
beans out of the pod. After harvest, the beans are taken to a plant to market. Arkansas is currently
the only state in the United States to grow edamame commercially. Other countries such as
Thailand, China, and Japan make up the bulk of production. Asian markets usually carry these
soybeans for various reasons. The largest consumers of these beans are the China, Japan, and the
United States. Mature, or normal soybeans are grown all over the world and are the demand for the
soy products only increases the popularity of the crop. They are considered the normal soybean and
harvested dry without a special combine. Generally speaking, edamame is healthier than normal
soybeans. It has a lower amount of calories, less fat content, and fewer carbohydrates. Although
normal soybeans have more protein, more calcium, and more dietary fiber per serving. Both kinds of
soybeans are low in sodium and are considered to be a valuable addition to daily nourishment.
Edamame is usually eaten for a snack or with other dishes such as soups, salads,

Triangular Trade Route And The Middle Passage Essay
Triangular Trade Research Paper The triangular Trade Route was a system of transferring goods,
imports, and people throughout three different ports. Items were transported between the West
Indies, Africa, and New England. The most known case of the Triangular Trade Route was in the
17th and 18th century when North American colonies would trade specific goods, like rum, in return
for African slaves. The transfer of the slaves was referred to as the middle passage. The middle
passage was a harsh and aggressive way of trading African slaves for economic use. The use of
African slaves may have been a short term success for the American people however, the long term
effect was horrific. Slave trade dates back to Ancient Europe, so the Middle passage shouldn't be
anything different from the norm. However, this was a harsh and gruesome way of trading slaves.
Many Africans were taken from their homes by Europeans. The Europeans would pack the slaves
into small crevices on a boat and shackle them down. Since the slaves were so close together they
were prone to getting disease, which would then lead to death. A famous African American, Olauda
Equiano, wrote a book about his experience during the Middle Passage. Equiano wrote "The
closeness of the place and the heat of the climate, added to the number of the ship, which was so
crowded that each had scarcely room to turn himself, almost suffocated us" (Equiano). Many slaves
were beaten severely and some even jumped overboard. Death

The Trade Routes And The Spread Of Islam
The Malian Trade Routes and the Impact on West Africa Through the Spread of Islam Along These
Routes The trade routes of Mali are not as well known as others like the Silk Road, but they were
influential in the trade of North Africa and forever influenced history. These trade routes conveyed
gold, salt, and, to a lesser extent, copper to empires in the Middle East and Mediterranean. However,
the most influential effect of these trade routes was the spread of Islam throughout West and Central
Africa. The empire of Mali rose in the early 13th century and soon expanded. The empire controlled
all of the main trade routes throughout West Africa, which are collectively referred to as the Malian
trade routes. These trade routes were vital to most of the world. Berber traders from northern Africa
came along these routes to get gold and salt, vital for the flavoring and more importantly the
preservation of food, to trade to the Middle Eastern and Mediterranean empires. In addition, traders
from northwestern Africa brought salt along these routes to major trading cities in Mali, to trade to
the Berber traders and merchants from Central Africa. Mali had so much gold and the trade of gold
was so important to the rest of the world that maps of the ancient world depicted Mali with a gold
nugget or with a man wearing a gold crown sitting on a gold throne and holding a gold spear in one
hand and a gold coin the size of his head in his other hand. The salt trade was also very

The Silk Road : The Road In The Road, And Trade Routes
The Silk and Sea Roads were the most important and efficient trade routes in all of history. They
brought wealth and access to foreign products to many places. All while also making the cost of
long distance trade reduce. They also enabled people to concentrate and participate in economic
activities. They facilitated the spread of religious traditions beyond their original homeland. While
they created much good, they also made some bad things happen that changed history forever. They
built economic systems, spread religions, reduced costs of trade, and did many other great things,
but also generated some not so great events and troubles. The Silk Roads were prized trade routes
that ran from Chang'an, China to Rome. They were active from 220 B.C.E. to around 1453 C.E. An
abundance of empires and cities contributed to the large mass of trade that occurred across the
routes. Regions that supplied items were the Roman Empire, China, Siberia and Central Asia, India,
Middle East, and the Mediterranean. Elements provided through trade were glassware, jewelry,
artistic items, perfumes, oils, spices, metals, and of course, silk. Material items were not the only
thing traded, religions were also made extremely easy to spread since there was such easy access to
people. It was very easy to spread religions along the Silk Road. Some of the religions that
circulated through the routes were Buddhism, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Islam, and more. One of the
largest, most well known

Cream Vs Ointment
WEEK 1
What is the meaning of sustained release on medication bottle?
Oxford University Press Dictionary tells us that sustained release means denoting a drug preparation
in a capsule containing numerous tiny pellets with different coatings that release their contents
steadily over a long period.(OxfordLivingDictionary,2017)
What is the difference between a cream and an ointment?
A cream is a semisolid and comes in both aqueous and oily bases. It absorbs into the skin. An
example would be benzoyl perioxide. The ointment is similar to a cream, but it does absorb into the
skin it protects it locally. It can have soothing, astringent, or systemic effects. An example of an
ointment would be neosporin.
Explain the purposes, advantages, and disadvantages ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Disadvantages are takes longer to absorb, might taste bad, and less medicine gets to the target tissue.
2.) Sublingual– placing the tablet under the tounge or between the cheeks(buccal route) should be
small and lipid sloubile
Advantages are fast absorbing, less first pass effect, and drug no longer has any effect when spit out.
Disadvantages are inconvenient, unpleasant taste, or patient might swallow it.
Rectal Route– drug is given directly into the anus comes in solid form(suppositories) or liquid
form(enema) used a lot in older patients can have a local or systemic action after it's absorbed
Advantages are avoids nausea or vomiting, preferred for irritating drugs, and preferred if patient is
unconscious or uncooperative.
Disadvantages are patients don't accept it easily, has 50% first pass metabolism, and diagnostic test
for finding the pathology of lower intestines.
Intravenous Route– these drugs are injected
Advantages are immediate action, no waiting for absorption, and large amounts of fluids can

Social Aspects And Roles Of Medieval Merchants In The...
Merchants in the middle ages were business people who participated in retail and trade. The term
"merchant" comes from the Latin term "mercer" which means trafficking and from the French term
"mercies" which means wares. Thus, the medieval merchant was seen as both a trader and trafficker
of wares across countries. The middle ages merchant sourced for his products during his travels and
would then sell them in markets and shops or at fairs.
Medieval society divided itself between three societal categories that included the clergy, the
peasants and the fighters. Merchants were not considered as part of these three categorizations and
were largely discriminated against. The clergy, the peasants and the nobility considered the
merchant as one who was seeking to enrich himself at the expense of society. Meanwhile this same
society increasingly depended on merchants for the distribution of much needed goods.
In the early emergence of the merchant class, the clergy was vehemently opposed to merchant
activities such as banking and trading. The clergy convinced the community that these activities
were evil and against God's will. As such, people would blame the merchants for natural
catastrophes including disease, floods or famine as a punishment to the community from God.
Notably, the nobility were particularly disdainful of the merchants who, in the eyes of the nobility,
were perceived as misers. The nobility's behavior was in contrast to that of the merchants; the
noblemen

Trade Routes In Ancient China
Throughout ancient China and Japan, many people would assume that monsoon Asia was isolated
with no connections with Europe. However, even though China and Japan are known for their own
independent and distinct culture from being isolated from foreign countries, trade routes spread the
Chinese and Japanese cultures with European countries and the Roman Empire through the Silk
Road and coastal sea ports. Some of the effects of trade with Europe can be seen in some modern
day instances in Japan and England. Therefore, monsoon Asia was an isolated region in respect to
Asian culture, but was still connected to outside countries through commerce. The isolation of
ancient China was in part because of their geography, but it allowed the Chinese to ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, they were more influenced by China and Japan than they had anticipated. England's tea
culture started from Chinese tea ceremonies and became a part of everyday life to modern times.
The Romans relied heavily on silk for clothing and were willing to pay hefty prices for it, fueling
China's economy in gold and silver. The European advance in China was not particularly successful
but remnants of Catholicism can still be seen in modern day Japan. As a result, even though Europe
and the Roman Empire had traded goods and services through the Silk Road, China and Japan
managed to preserve their culture and isolate themselves from outside

Afro-Eurasian Trade Routes
Although Afro–Eurasian trade routes continuously were the method of transit for many luxury
goods and religions; the importance of these routes, the people that controlled them, and the diseases
and ideas that were spread across these routes changed tremendously throughout the period from
300 CE to 1450 CE. Throughout the time period of 300–1450 there were four main trade routes that
connected each part of the Afro–Eurasian landmass to form one large interconnected system of
commerce. These routes were the Mediterranean Sea route, the Trans–Saharan route, the Indian
Ocean trade route, and the Silk Road. Each of these trade routes served as a method of transport for
luxury goods, such as; silk, porcelain, spices, etc.; continuously throughout ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
During the reign of the Roman Empire, the trade networks that connected Africa, Europe, and Asia
flourished, however, after the fall of the Romans these trade routes saw a period of decline. This
period of decline, especially on the Silk Road, was due mainly to the fact that there was no longer a
regulatory body, such as the Roman Empire, to create a safe environment for merchants. However,
in the 600 when the Muslim religion began to form and grow, their empire was able to provide some
stability for the trade routes in Africa and Europe, as well as the most western parts of the Silk Road.
The Muslim tradition of the Hajj, a trip that fulfills one of the five pillars of Islam, was able to
increase trade in Saudi Arabia especially. Stability, and thus an increase in importance, was not truly
achieved for the Silk Road until 1200 when the Mongols were able to conquer most of Asia. The
Mongols were strong believers in the merchant system that worked along the Silk Road, therefore
they put in place strict safeguards for the merchants on that route. By the year 1200 most areas of
the Afro–Eurasian trade routes were safe and therefore highly important once

Niosomes are Carier Systems that can Deliver Hydrophilic...
Niosomes are the novel carrier systems which have the bilayer structure. Niosomes can deliver both
hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs. But niosomes are unstable. There will be the aggregation, leakage,
storage and stability problems. Proniosomes are the versatile preparations which are stable. These
are the dried forms of niosomes. Zidovudine proniosomal gel was prepared of different formulation.
The permeation studies were carried using rat abdominal skin. Higher percentage release was
achieved using the Span 20 i.e., 97.55%±1.1. Effect of lecithin and effect of non–ionic surfactants
was carried out. The higher percent entrapment efficiency was achieved to F1 formulation of about
74.70%. There was no effect of cholesterol concentration. As the lecithin concentration was
increased the percent drug release also increase but only at a certain extend. At the certain limit
surfactant concentration also increases the drug release. By using the proniosomes as carries the
bioavailability of Zidovudine increases to 97%. The proniosomes after hydration was characterized
using the light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Proniosomes are suitable delivery
systems for many of the hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs. Key words: Zidovudine, Proniosomes,
Lecithin, Surfactant, Stability, Bioavailability. INTRODUCTION Transdermal drug delivery
systems are the advantageous over the conventional drug delivery systems. This bypasses the
hepatic first pass effect. It is very convenient

Trade in the Iron Age Essay
Distinguishing between the many diverse archaeological periods is typically done in two ways. The
first way to differentiate between two periods is to notice if there is a clear boundary or separation
among the archaeological remains. The second way is by looking at the periods from a historical
standpoint, and noting any major historical event that led to a significant social and/or political
change. Though there are other ways to do this, these are the two most common and useful methods.
Both of these techniques make it possible to recognize the differences in archaeological time
periods.
In Palestine, the transition from the Late Bronze to the Iron I period is marked by a noticeable
"widespread destruction of the Canaanite city–states ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Iron Age was heavily influenced by the cultures of Egypt, which was seen through the pottery
and building styles found during that time. Egyptian culture and Canaanite culture played a large
role in the creation of pottery and architecture, as well as the formation of cities, during the Iron Age
and beyond.
The area now known as the Levant is a region consisting of Canaan, Transjordan, and Syria–
Lebanon. International routes connecting Mesopotamia, Egypt, Asia Minor, and the Aegean ran
straight through this area. As a result of the ideal geographic location, the Levant served as a
crossroads for trade and exchange throughout a great deal of antiquity. This area was repeatedly
under the control of hostile dictators, and it played host to foreign merchants as well as "giving birth
to native traders who journeyed to far–flung destination and returned with exotic goods" (Cline
360). Although international exchanges of everyday and exotic materials had been going on for
hundreds of years before the reign of King Solomon, the most well known period of trade and
exchange is the period during the time of his reign. These international exchanges continued for
more than a millennium after his reign as well (Cline 360).
Really significant international relations between the Levant and the outside world began in the
second millennium BCE. Some epigraphic and textual documentation exists that complements the
material goods and evidence from this period.

Compare And Contrast The Silk Roads And The World Trade...
Between 500–1500 CE, four major trade routes were developed; the Silk Roads, Sea Roads, Sand
Roads, and the American Web. The Silk Roads linked China to the west and led to the intense spread
of religions and ideas, and the Sea Roads connected the Eastern Hemisphere and improved long
distance trade. The Silk Roads and the Sea Roads were similar in that they both assisted the spread
of disease and the spread of cultural traditions, but different in what goods were traded along the
routes. Before all the cross–cultural interaction on the trade routes, people had only been introduced
to the diseases that developed in their area, which led to the development of immunity. This is
because they were only communicating with people within their civilizations, rather than traveling
across the continent to experience different environments and bacteria. But, due to the Silk Roads
and the Sea Roads, new diseases (such as the measles and smallpox) were presented to them, which
had many consequences. For one, since so many people were dying, it led to economic stagnation.
This means that there were fewer people producing goods and making money for the states and
empires which led to the fall of some civilizations because there weren't enough funds to sustain
them. A solution to this problem would be to demand higher wages. Another effect was that the
power of elites was weakened. This was because the people who supported them were getting
infected. Diseases, such as the Black Death and the Bubonic Plague, introduced a new way of
fighting. The Mongols used the plagues to their advantage by taking the dead bodies and throwing
them into enemy territory. This was known as biological warfare. While the diseases had a big
impact on societies, they weren't the only thing being spread. Cultural traditions and religions were
shared along the Silk Roads and Sea Roads as well. Buddhism and Islam played a big part in
changing societies, but they weren't the only ones that spread. Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and
Manichaeism were also connecting to different parts of the world. These religions were used to
comfort those in the time of need due to the fact that they allowed them to develop a routine that
they believed would lead to

Non-Adherence To Organ Transplantation
Background
Organ transplantation is a surgical procedure of replacing a failing or diseased organ with a healthier
donor organ. In 2011, nearly 80% of 4500 Canadians needing an organ transplant are waiting for a
donor. Of which, 35% died while waiting for an organ. In 2014, 2356 organs were transplanted and
over 4500 patients were still waiting for the donor. The statistics prove that organ transplantation is
critical and the transplanted organ must stay healthy for the rest of the recipient's life. The immune
system of the transplant patient can recognize the antigens on the transplant organ as foreign bodies
and attacks. To prevent this reaction, transplant patients are prescribed immunosuppressive drugs.
Organ rejection is crucial because ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The size of the NPs prepared was in–between 100–150nm. The NPs prepared were found to have
sustained drug release properties (Mittal et al. 2007).
Example–2: Nelfinavir–PLGA NPs were prepared by nanoprecipitation method. Drug:polymer
weight ratio was varied from 1:1 to 1:5 and particle size, encapsulation efficiency and drug loading
were measured. Among the drug:polymer weight ratios prepared, 1:4 ratio was chosen as optimal.
NPs found to exhibit sustained drug release up to 24 h and there was a 4.94–fold increase in relative
bioavailability compared to pure drug (Venkatesh et al. 2015). Some of the key characteristics of
PLGA loaded NPs are as follows. NPs prepared with PLGA are known for high encapsulation
efficiency but drug loading is comparatively low which might be a problem with certain drugs
(Mirakabad et al. 2014). Delivery of a pH–sensitive drug might not be feasible as degradation of
PLGA forms acids. In the case of oral PLGA NPs drug absorption takes place via M cells present on
the Peyer's patches and isolated follicles of GALT there by avoiding first pass metabolism (Jain et
al. 2011). The surface charge of PLGA NPs is negative which may reduce the bioavailability as they
repel GI mucosal membrane (Zhang et al.

Mat 540 Quiz 3
Quiz #1:
What are the ways in which we can keep a check on the number of duplicate packets generated due
to the Flooding Routing technique?.
Answers;
Techniques used to avoid flood duplication.
1. Include HOP COUNTER in the header packet which decrement at each hop along the path
2. Keep tracking of packed that have been flooded, to avoid sending them a second time. Where
Source Router puts a sequence number in each packet it receives from its hosts.
3. Use selective flooding. In selective flooding the routers do not send every incoming packet out on
every output line. Instead packet is sent only on those lines which are approximately going in the
right direction
Also in some books are highlighted as
Use of Hop Counter or Time to live (TTL) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What is it? Answer:
Store–and–Forward: Store–and–Forward switching will wait until the entire frame has arrived prior
to forwarding it. This method stores the entire frame in memory. Once the frame is in memory, the
switch checks the destination address, source address, and the CRC. If no errors are present, the
frame is forwarded to the appropriate port. This process ensures that corrupted or truncated frames
do not affect the destination network. While
Cut–Through: Cut–Through switching will begin forwarding the frame as soon as the destination
address is identified. The difference between this and Store–and–Forward is that Store–and–
Forward receives the whole frame before forwarding. Since frame errors cannot be detected by
reading only the destination address, Cut–Through may impact network performance by forwarding
corrupted or truncated frames.
These bad frames can create broadcast storms where in several devices on the network respond to
the corrupted frames simultaneously.
Quiz #4:
Very briefly explain the Optimality Principle and the use of Spanning Trees in routing schemes
Answer:
Spanning Tree: The packet is sent only on those links that lead to the destination

Big Geography and the Peopling of the Earth Essay
Midterm Review
1.1 Big Geography and the Peopling of the Earth
1. Archeologists believe that the decisive differentiation between humans and apes occurred from 6
to 8 million years ago.
2. They have interpreted to different DNA analysis of bone fragments to show bipedalism. From the
creature Ardepithecus ramidus, many different species of humans have developed from there.
3. Humans first appear on Earth in the Paleolithic Age where they inhabited all continents except for
Antarctica. Homo sapiens had forelimbs freed from walking and opposable thumbs and also the
development of the large brain.
4. The tools were created from wood, bone, and stone. They were created by breaking off the edges
of stone cores to cr3eate points or cutting ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There were many domesticated crops such as corn, rice, potatoes, squash and peppers. As for
animals there are animals such as goats, sheep, cows, water buffalo, chickens, camels, horses and
pigs are just some of them.
13. They had to work cooperatively to create space and create water control systems to grow crops
in those empty lands.
14. They impacted environmental diversity and domesticating numerous amounts of animals on
grasslands which lead to erosion.
15. They lead to more reliable and abundant amount of food supplies which helped increase the
population.
16. Social effects that occurred is surpluses of food and other goods led to the specialization of labor
or division of labor, that also included different classes of artisans and warriors and also the
development of the elites.
17. Pottery, plows, woven textiles, metallurgy, wheels and vehicles with wheels are some
technological innovations that helped in the growth of agriculture.
1.3 The Development and Interactions of Early Agricultural, Pastoral, and Urban Societies
18. To be a civilization, it need to have generation of reliable surpluses, highly specialized
occupations, clear social class distinctions, growth of cities, complex and formal governments,
long–distance trade, and lastly organized writing systems. A civilization is used to describe the idea
of developing an understanding of the changing nature of early human social organization.
19. They had more of a demand for

Development of a Polymer-Based Matrix Tablet
In the present study development of a polymer–based matrix tablet was undertaken to produce a
sustained–release dosage form of Acebrophylline, since this dosage forms is relatively simple and
cheap to produce when compared to other. Different batches of drug Acebrophylline tablets were
manufactured by wet granulation technique, and evaluated for Pharmacopoeial and non–
Pharmacopoeial specifications. Dissolution testing was undertaken using USP Apparatus 2 (Paddle
Type), which allowed for a more realistic assessment and prediction of in vitro drug release rates.
Samples were analysed using a high performance liquid chromatographic method (HPLC).
Formulation F5 shows optimum drug release. Drug and rate retarding polymers ratio used in this
formulation were Methocel K100 LV (14.86% w/w) and Methocel K4M (10.14%w/w), in ratio
(5.4:1.34:1). The results of in vitro drug release studies were treated with zero order, first order
kinetics, Higuchi, Hixon–Crowell and Korsemeyer‐Peppas model. In our experiments, the in‐vitro
release profiles of drug from all the formulations could be best expressed by Higuchi's equation, as
the plots showed high linearity (r2= 0.972 to 0.999 ) to confirm the diffusion mechanism. The data
were fitted into Korsemeyer‐Peppas model. All formulations F1 to F6 showed high linearity (r2=
0.969 to 0.998), with slope (n) values ranging from 0.383 to 0.683. This indicates that F1,F2 and F3
shows purely diffusion and F4, F5 and F6 shows coupling of diffusion and

The Post Classical Era
During the Post Classical Era, from 600 CE to 1450 CE, new empires rose through the combination
of aspects such as social structure and religion from the classical era and globalization as well as
expansion of religious and technological ideas from the modern era in order to form the Post
Classical Era. Trade took on new roles through connecting areas and spreading goods, ideas, and
disease. Ideas that were often spread was religion, such as Islam and Buddhism, thus leading to
global awareness and conflict. Though Post Classical Mesoamerica was not included in the global
trade route linking Eurasia and Africa, Mesoamerica still enjoyed its own advances during this time
period. Through the Post Classical Era, Mesoamerica continued to celebrate religion because of its
combination with everyday life, however they began trading because of the introduction of
conquest, and developed farming techniques that played roles in trade and religion.
During the Post Classical Era, civilizations in Mesoamerica continued to practice polytheism
because of its connection with everyday life. In contrast to the monotheistic gods of Eurasia and
Africa, Mesoamerica continued to worship multiple gods that represented natural phenomena
because of their lack of need for reform. Religion in Mesoamerica Empires such as the Inca, Aztec,
Mayan, Olmec, etc grew with the empires, and therefore was born in a time where order and peace
was already achieved, unlike that of Islam or Buddhism, where their

Analyze Similarities And Differences Between The...
Jessica Sham
Mr. Reynolds
Period 3
08/02/15
Similarities & Differences Between the Trans–Saharan and Silk Road Trade Routes
During the time period 600 C.E. to 1450 C.E., trade networks were relied upon to transfer goods,
ideas, and services. Both the Trans–Saharan and Silk Road trade routes depended on animals, luxury
goods, and economic growth. However, the trade routes differed in animals, types of luxury goods,
and success of economic growth.
Animals caused a noticeable increase in the use of trade routes. In the same way, both trade routes
used animals as a link to international relations and transportation. For instance, Trans–Saharan
animals opened up the chance for Berber traders to increase contact with Muslims, connecting West
Africa with the rest of the Muslim believers. At the same time, the Silk Road animals allowed
Southeast Asia to perfect cavalry warfare. However, each trade route had access to different animals.
The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Similarly both trade routes had access to salt. Nevertheless, the Trans–Saharan trade route also was
able to obtain gold, ivory, metal ware, textiles, pepper, dates, beads, and leather. Consequently the
quantity of goods led to an increase in wealth for Ghana. The Trans–Saharan trade route was able to
exchange their luxury goods for pottery, glassware, and textiles from Persia, India, and China.
Additionally during the 900's the kings converted to Islam causing wealthy merchants to also
convert. On the other hand, overland trade on the Silk Road produced silk, spices, and precious
stones. Meanwhile sea–lanes on the Silk Road were capable of carrying bulkier items such as steel,
stone, coral, and building materials. Because China was the only country that had cultivators and
weavers with an outstanding knowledge of developing techniques, they were able to produce high–
quality silk fabrics in classical

Phoenician Trade Routes
After reading and learning about the Phoenician people I was amazed. The Phoenician people are
the ones that started a foundation for 21 century that are a part of. It is outstanding to find out that
these are people that started something every single person in the world knows and uses. They
started the alphabet which was based on what sound they make. The alphabet that we use today is
based on what they started, and without it I don't know where we would be. Another great thing that
these people did was build trade routes. Trade routes are very resourceful; they make business easier
and provide a wide range of area for business to be done. We still use trade routes for business now
a day. While the Phoenician people did many trades

Essay DMD Case Analysis
1 General Information 15.060: Data, Models, and Decisions Professors Vivek Farias, Robert Freund,
and Cynthia Rudin Fall 2012 Description 01 2 Many managerial decisions–regardless of their
functional orientation–are increasingly based on analysis using quantitative models from the
discipline of management science. Management science tools, techniques and concepts (e.g., data,
models, and software programs) have dramatically changed the way businesses operate in
manufacturing, service operations, marketing, transportation, and finance. This subject is designed
to introduce first–year Sloan students to the fundamental techniques of using data to make informed
management decisions. In particular, we will focus on ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Because mastery of the basic mechanics is necessary for effective and discerning usage of the
concepts, we require that you do the homework assignments individually. In addition to their value
as learning exercises, doing a careful and thorough job on the homework assignments is the best
preparation for the final examination of the course. There are three types of assignments: Read,
Prepare and Hand In. Read: When the assignment is to Read some material, this reading is an
important introduction to the topics to be discussed in class. We will proceed on the assumption that
you have done the reading before class and have understood much (but not necessarily all) of it.
When the assignment is to Read a problem, that problem will often be used in class to introduce new
concepts. You should be familiar with the problem, but you will not be expected to have fully
analyzed it before the discussion in class. Prepare: Fully analyze the problem. Be ready to discuss it
in class, with model equations formulated, the numbers computed, etc. We will cold–call on people,
so please be ready. 15.060 Data, Models, and Decisions Professors Farias, Freund, Rudin General
Information/Syllabus Fall 2012 3 Hand In: The same as Prepare, but you must turn in your
analysis. All written assignments must be

Spices And Porcelain Essay
In today's world black pepper and porcelain are common items that can be seen in almost all
households, but during the Age of commerce it was a status symbol in Europe. So what made spices
and porcelain so valuable in Europe? Spices and porcelain are very different products but they were
valued for different reasons and the method of importing it was also different. Spices were primarily
used to make food taste better, and to preserve food, so was widely craved by the rich and powerful.
Black Pepper in particular was very popular among the spices leading many European countries
going to war over the control of spices. Chinese porcelain on the other hand was widely desire due
its exoticness as most Europeans have never seen Chinese porcelain, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The Portuguese found another path towards Asia by traveling around the southern most tip of Africa,
Cape of Good Hope. Later the Dutch would settle on these lands, establishing the Cape of Good
Hope as a Dutch colony in Africa. The Portuguese were able to import Porcelain from the Ming
Dynasty, and spices from the Malaysia though the new trade route. They would later expand their
influence over the nations by building forts to protect their trading routes. However, due to their
long trading route around the Africa and growing competition from other European nations, meant
that their influence would not last. Through series of wars with the Dutch and the English, the
Portuguese were removed as a major trading power in Asia, allowing the Dutch to monopolize the
spice trade, but the Dutch would eventually be replaced by the British.
To allow the spice trade to occur, they needed to find a new trade route to Asia, then travel between
the two continent with 16th century naval technology then come back to Europe safely. So when the
consumers were buying spices, they also had to pay for all the exploration needed for the new trade
route, wars with other European nations, and all the dangers that the sailors had to go thorough such
as bad weather, diseases, and pirates. This meant that the spice trade would remain a lucrative trade
for Europe for many

The Change To Trade Routes Over Time

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