Struggle for Peace and Equality

Running head: STRUGGLE FOR EQUALITY AND PEACE
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STRUGGLE FOR EQUALITY AND PEACE
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Fight for Equality and Peace
Jegede Oluwaseun Comfort
Contemporary History
Chamberlain University
Fight for Equality and Peace
Title slide
The struggle for peace and equality, especially from the
oppressors, is a hard task and may not be as easy as it may
sound. The reason that makes it hard to attain is that the
oppressors will also be struggling to continue oppressing the
vulnerable and remaining at the top while subjecting the
vulnerable to hard conditions. Various undertakings have to be
involved and from various sections of individuals, especially
the youths in the fight to attain this peace and equality for all
the individuals and those that are oppressed by the oppressors.

Numerous processes also have to be undertaken in the missions
of struggling for peace and equality for all. As a result, it
becomes important to look at various aspects that are related to
the struggle for peace and equality.
Youths and fight for peace and equality: The role they play in
peace-building and struggle for equality.
The youths have an essential role to play in the fight for
equality and peace, and they are deemed to be at the forefront of
this struggle. Specifically, according to Felice, (2016), the
youths play the role of supporting advocacy for both peace-
building missions and creating meaningful lives. The other
essential role that the youth play in the search for peace and
equality for all is that they develop essential approaches that are
meant for advancing the political input of all the persons and
developing essential efforts destined for making the above
political participation be sustainable and even prevail for long.
The youths are also integrated into the civil structures aimed at
ensuring peace as well as equality for everyone prevails as the
failure to integrate them may lead to the entire failure of such
peace-finding missions and corporations, (Kemper, 2005).
However, despite the essential roles played by the youths, other
sections of the community may fail to appreciate them and their
efforts, especially when dealing with issues related to peace-
missions.
Struggle for peace and equality: Anti-war movements in
America
The anti-war movements are among the major strategies of
fighting for peace and also ensuring that equality prevails for
every individual in any society. Specifically, the contest for
peace in American communities involved the use of forces and
anti-war movements during the periods that the United States
was involved in numerous war crisis that hindered the
prevalence of peace in this nation, (Gottfried, 2014). The
colonial agents were highly concerned in fighting and also
prosecuting the people that led such movements, which included
the Mennonites, the Brethren, and the Quakers as they failed to

struggle for the revolution of America and instead were focused
on fighting for the creation and availing peace in America.
Individuals like Henry David and Senator Robert Byrd and other
important organizations were mainly involved in missions that
were meant to ensure that peace prevails, and no individual
would deter the presence of this peace. There also existed the
Hague Peace Conferences and the unveiling of the international
peace and equality missions, which were destined for prevailing
peace and also equality for every person.
Religions and fight for peace and equality: Non-violence and
peace-building in Islam
Just like the youths, religions also have an essential role to
undertake in ensuring that peace and equality for all prevails
and that there is no violation of the essential desire for this
peace for all the individuals. The above situation has been
revealed by the Islamic religion that has been viewed to play a
significant role in the search for peace and also equality for all
individuals. In such a case and according to the Islamic religion
and culture, the practitioners of this religion are trying as much
as possible so that they may overcome the negative images and
perceptions that the Western Individuals have portrayed them to
be, (Abu-Nimer, 2003). The Islamists are also trying as much as
possible to move away from the negative perception that this
religion has been associated with, especially where they have
been portrayed as being violent and not practicing equality. In
doing so, they are playing an essential role in ensuring that
peace, as well as equality, prevail for all and that all the
individuals are struggling to make ensure that peace is availed
for all the individuals despite the various disparities between
the people.
Parenting and fight for peace and equality: parenting for a
peaceful world
The other important idea discovered in relation to the instance
of the struggle for peace and also equality is that essential
parenting tips are important for making sure that peace and also
equality prevail for everyone. Social and psychological issues,

as well as the instances of cultural aspects, have to be dealt
with so that equality and peace for all may prevail (Grille,
2005). Ensuring that peace and equality prevail for all mainly
relies on the essential parenting tips where parents play an
important role in educating their children regarding the need for
embracing peace at all times. Whenever essential parenting tips
are embraced, then it becomes a promise that that peace will
prevail for ourselves, our families, and finally, the entire world
(Nagler, 2004). The hunt for a non-violent future implies
exploring the non-violent ways of healing and humanization of
the modern Universe that is highly violent.
The road to transcend as they search for peace
In the above situation, it is perceived that peace will prevail
naturally between races and genders, and even for all
generations whenever there is an instance of unification. In such
a case, states, classes, and even the nations will serve as a basis
of cultural violence, which will have to be dealt away with
before peace can prevail. The existence of peace, in this case,
will only prevail after doing away with the seven faults of
humanity, which include instances of race and classes, genders
as well as generations, exclusions and discrimination, and
subduing of others (Galtung, 2002). Therefore, people have to
align all of the above seven faults and considerations as a way
of making sure that peace prevails and that conflicts have been
avoided at all the costs. The alignment will also be an important
way of looking for peace and avoiding conflicts, especially in
the divided societies where peace is absent in most cases,
(Oberschall, 2007). Aspects of insecurities also have to be dealt
with by embracing political reforms and ensuring that truth and
justice prevail at all times.
Conclusion
Individuals may not live effectively in a society where peace
and equality do not prevail. It is important for all individuals
living in a certain society too, first of all, to ensure that peace
and equality prevail as this will aid in living together
harmoniously. Peace and equality are also the leading factors

for the mutual existence of all individuals. However, the above
peace and equality may not prevail naturally as they have to be
sought through various means like anti-war movements and
organizations that will make sure this peace prevails. Ensuring
that peace and equality prevails is also a hard task and bears
with it a lot of costs that people have to bear to ensure that the
peace prevails.
References
Abu-Nimer, M. (2003). Non-violence and peacebuilding in
Islam: Theory and practice. Gainesville, Fla: University Press
of Florida.
Celina Del Felice & Helene Ruud. (20th November 2016). The
role the youth plays in peace-building and fighting for equality.
Galtung J., Jacobsen C. G. & Brand-Johnson K. F. (2002).
Searching for peace: The road to Transcend. London; Sterling,
Va; Pluto Press in association with Transcend.
Gottfried, T. (2014). The fight for peace: A history of anti-war
movements in America. Minneapolis: 21st Century Books.
Grille, R. (2005). Parenting for a peaceful world. Alexandria,
New South Wales: Longueville Media.
Kemper Y. (2005). Youths in approaches to war-to-peace
transitions. International organizations Berghof report. Centre
for Constructive Conflict Management.
Nagler M. N. (2004). The search for a non-violent future: A
promise of peace for ourselves, our families, and even our
world. Maui, HI: Inner Ocean Publishing.
Oberschall, A. (2007). Conflict and peace-building in divided
communities. London and New
York: Routledge.
HISTORY PPT/FDR AS COMM CHIEF .pptx

WWII and FDR as Commander in Chief
HIST 1321 Presidents at War
Atomic Bomb Memo
Due Friday, March 6, 2020.
In no more than 1,000 words, and no less than 900, prepare a
memorandum for President Harry S. Truman, dated August 1,
1945, advising him to deploy or withhold the atomic bomb in
the war against Japan. Take into account your strategic
assessment of the war at that juncture and the future
international consequences of your advice.
I am available for office hours. Please email to arrange a
day/time.
Submit via Canvas AND as an email to me (Word document).
Memorandum from Henry Stimson to Harry truman
Take a few minutes and review Secretary of War Henry
Stimson’s memo to President Truman dated April 12, 1945
(p.154-155).
Stimson authored the memo in hopes of arranging a meeting
with the president.
1) What is the topic of the memo?
2) How does Stimson present his case regarding the urgency of
atomic power?
3) What is the tone/style/format of the memo?
4) Your memo will reach President Truman’s desk roughly three
months after Stimson’s. What can you draw from this example
to aid you in drafting your Atomic Bomb Memo? (Due next
Friday).
Today’s Readings
John Dower. War Without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific
War.

Engel, et al. America in the World, 131-156.
War Without mercy: Race and power in the pacific
Why did race become such a prominent issue in World War II
propaganda?
Why did race matter more in the Pacific than in the Atlantic
Theater?
How did Japanese and American officials ”use” history in their
propaganda campaigns?
What are the effects of this highly racialized warfare?
What can you draw from Dower’s War Without Mercy that
might help you in drafting your Atomic Bomb Memo?
“Patterns of a race war’
Governments on all sides of World War II presented ”the
conflict as a holy war for national survival and glory, a mission
to defend and propagate the finest values of their state and
culture.”
For Asian nations, “the global war became entangled with the
legacies of Western imperialism and colonialism in a manner
that proved explosive…”
Unpack this statement.
What are the legacies of Western imperialism and colonialism”
to which Dower is referring?
How did the Japanese deploy race in the Pacific?
How did the Japanese exploit the history of strained race
relations in the United States?
“Patterns of a race war”

What was the “Greater Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere?”
How was it both an imperial project? And a response to
imperialism?
As Dower demonstrates, “There was no Japanese counterpart to
the ‘good German’ in the popular consciousness of the Western
Allies.”
How is this a departure from previous U.S.-involved conflicts?
How were the Japanese depicted in U.S. propaganda?
What is a stereotype?
Living and dying in wartime
However different the Japanese and Americans may have
presented themselves, they in fact shared many of the same
cultural values regarding conduct in wartime.
Dower points out similarities in attitudes toward life and death
between Japanese and American military cultures (p.11).
What are some of these similarities? How were these
similarities downplayed in the propaganda campaigns of both
nations?
“Know Your enemy”
In the 1940s, the U.S. military commissioned Hollywood
director Frank Capra to produce films glorifying the Allied war
effort.
These films were intended to combat the isolationist sentiment
lingering in the U.S. prior to the Japanese attack on Pearl
Harbor.
Multi-part Why We Fight collection, shown in theaters across
the United States during 1940s.

How did the advent of professional moviemaking transform
propaganda?
Know Your enemy – japan (1945)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xr7TsPIhjl4
Directed by Frank Capra, produced by U.S. War Department.
How is the average Japanese soldier depicted?
If you were an American moviegoer in 1945, what impression
would you have of Japan and the Japanese people?
“Know Your enemy”
“Let the enemy prove to our soldiers the enormity of his
cause— and the justness of ours. Let our boys hear the Nazis
and the Japs shout their own claims of master-race crud, and our
fighting men will know why they are in uniform” - Frank Capra.
The theme, at the heart of American propaganda, was that two
worlds were locked in moral combat, the free world and the
slave.
How did Capra bring the ”two worlds” to life on the screen?
Why would this be an effective way of framing WWII?
The script for Why We Fight- Japan took three years develop
(1942-1945). What reasons does Dower cite for the delay? What
can we read into this? (p. 18).
The Way of the subject and read this and the war is won
Like its U.S. counterpart, Japanese propaganda articulated the
idealized values of the Japanese citizen and soldier.
Take a few minutes and review Dower p. 24-27.
How did The Way of the Subject critique Western
culture/values?
What is the significance of South Asia to the Japanese
government and military? How does Read this and the War is

Won present the Japanese role in the region?
Dower: “…a classical ideological manifesto such as The Way of
the Subject is especially interesting because it so clearly reveals
the class aspect of Japanese war rhetoric.”
What does Dower mean here?
Why does class matter?
War Without mercy and the Atomic Bomb Memo
Why did race become such a prominent issue in World War II
propaganda?
Why did race matter more in the Pacific than in the Atlantic
Theater?
How did Japanese and American officials ”use” history in their
propaganda campaigns?
What are the effects of this highly racialized warfare?
What can you draw from Dower’s War Without Mercy that
might help you in drafting your Atomic Bomb Memo?
HISTORY PPT/HARRY TRUMAN ATOMIC BOMB.pptx
Harry Truman and the atomic bomb
Atomic Bomb Memo
Due March 6th by 5:00pm.
In no more that 1,000 words, and no less than 900, prepare a
Submit via Canvas and as a Word document emailed to me.

Word document only. No PDFs.
Atomic Bomb Memo
Take 10 minutes to read your partner’s memo.
In no more that 1,000 words, and no less than 900, prepare a
Peer Review
1. What is your partner’s argument? Why do they think we
should use/withhold the atomic bomb?
2. Referring back to the prompt: What is their “strategic
assessment of the war” as of August 1, 1945?
3. What evidence do they provide in support of their argument?
Do they effectively use their evidence to prove their argument?
4. Can you offer any counter-arguments which may challenge
the conclusions your partner reaches in their memo?
5. Referring back to the prompt: What does your partner argue
are “the future international consequences” of their decision to
use/withhold the bomb?
6. Evaluate your partner’s memo for clarity and organization.
What needs to be improved?
7. Check for spelling, grammar, etc.
HISTORY PPT/HIST 1321 INTRO.pptx

Spring 2020
Teaching Assistant: Kevin Briceland
Presidential Power – U.S. Global Power
William Appleman Williams punctured a number of myths about
how Americans perceived their nation’s role in world affairs.
1) Americans thought about foreign policy.
2) The United States operated in self-interest.
3) Economic motivations superseded all else.
Williams’ argument leads us to consider the actions that
policymakers take in times of crises and the consequences
(intended, or otherwise) produced by these actions.
Five Takeaway Points
The modern presidency is pre-eminent. Earlier presidencies
were restrained by comparison.
Presidential power has grown in proportion to U.S. global
power.
Presidential power has grown disproportionate to Congress and
the Judiciary.
Presidency has grown out of opportunities.
Power grows during war/crises.
Frederick Jackson Turner and the ”Closing” of the American
Frontier.
Take five minutes and review Turner’s essay (p. 17).
Who was Frederick Jackson Turner?
What is this document responding to?
What are the implications of the “closing of the frontier” on
U.S. society and institutions?
How does the notion of the “frontier” inform how we think
about the U.S. West?
Where do we go now?

William McKinley
POTUS 1897-1901
Who Was McKinley?
Civil War veteran, lawyer, Ohio politician…
Why does a President’s biography matter?
McKinley is the first modern chief executive.
Both in his administrative style and the techniques and
technologies available to him during his tenure.
Ascends to the presidency as a growing disturbance develops on
the island of Cuba.
First test of McKinley’s diplomatic strategy…
On the Ground in Cuba
Beginning in the mid 1890s, Cuban revolutionaries undertook
sustained efforts to oust the Spanish Empire from the island
nation.
General Valeriano Wyler leads Spanish forces in brutally
cracking down on Cuban insurgents.
Due in part to U.S. private interest in the Cuban economy and
the emergence of a sensationalistic U.S. “yellow press,” the
Cuban crisis is big news for Americans.
So what is the U.S.’s role here?

“Shall Cuba Be Taken for Christ?”
Take a few minutes and read “Shall Cuba Be Taken for Christ?”
(p. 41).
What bias might the author of this document hold?
What is the issue being addressed?
What is the recommendation?
How are racial characteristics read into this document?
Any connections to Turner’s frontier?
Opposition to U.S. Expansion?
“A Critique from the Heartland”
Take a few moments and read “A Critique from the Heartland”
(p. 44).
What rhetorical devices is Bryan using in his critique of U.S.
overseas expansion?
What does Bryan fear regarding U.S. expansion?
What would it have been like to have been an opponent to U.S.
expansion in 1899?
HISTORY PPT/MCKINLEY TO FDR.pptx
Presidents At War Review

Three Aspects of Every Presidency
1) Biographical/historical context.
2) Goals, strategy, and implementation.
3) Effect and effectiveness.
William McKinley
President during Spanish American War (1897-1901).
Fought in Cuba and the Philippines.
Revolutions on the ground in both countries.
U.S. anxieties over the “closing” of the frontier.
Annexation of Hawaii.
Rapid industrialization, access to new markets overseas.
Theodore Roosevelt
Served from 1901-1909.
Foreign policy centered on Latin America.
U.S. acquires the Panama Canal.
Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine.
U.S. was not hungry for territory.
U.S. responsible for the welfare of the Western Hemisphere.
Keep order and the U.S. will not intervene.
Enlarges U.S. navy, Panama Canal facilitates access to overseas
markets.
William Howard Taft
Roosevelt’s hand-picked successor.
Foreign policy interests center on Latin America.
Institutes policy of ”Dollar Diplomacy.”
Believes U.S. investment in nations indebted to European

powers will help strengthen connections and foster peace in the
Western Hemisphere.
Draws ire of Roosevelt, who ultimately weakens Taft’s chances
for re-election by running as an independent.
Woodrow Wilson
Sweeps to victory in 1912.
Chiefly interested in domestic affairs.
“New Freedom”
Worker’s comp, child labor laws, 8-hour workday…
WWI intervenes.
Wilson at War
Four phases of Wilson
1) Strict Neutrality (1914)
2) Hope for Advantage and American Leadership (1915)
3) “He Kept Us Out of War” (1916)
4) Safe for Democracy (1917)
Wilson beloved across Europe, subjected to intense political
scrutiny on the homefront.
Defeat of League of Nations.
Warren G. Harding/Calvin Coolidge
“Return to Normalcy”
1921-1929
“Progressive Pacifism”
Cheaper
Better use of funds
Promotes peace
Washington Naval Conference
Kellogg-Briand Pact
Nye Commission
What is going on in Europe?

Herbert Hoover
President during onset of Great Depression…
Franklin Roosevelt
What should be here?
1) Biographical/historical context.
2) Goals, strategy, and implementation.
3) Effect and effectiveness.
Take five minutes and brainstorm.
Power of the Presidency
How did the presidency change in first half the 20th century?
1900-1945.
How did U.S. global power evolve?
In your opinion, which president was the MOST influential?
HISTORY PPT/REAGAN BUSH COLD WAR END.pptx
Reagan, bush, and the end of the cold war
HIST 1321 – Presidents at war
Next Written assignment…
Book review of Billy Lynn’s Long Halftime Walk.
Due Monday, May 4th at 5:00pm CST.
“In no more than 1500 words, and no less than 1250, review
Billy Lynn’s Long Halftime Walk for its depiction of mass
media and war.”

How do we understand the prompt?
How do you anticipate approaching this assignment?
What historical examples might you draw on to illustrate
connections between mass media and depictions of warfare?
How will you use the book content to draw out these
connections?
Do you need an argument?
How will you organize your essay?
2
Reagan, Bush, and the end of the cold war
Reagan’s first term in office was marked by a series of close
calls with the Soviet Union.
Able Archer
“Evil Empire”
Soviet colonel radar station
Strategic Missile Defense Initiative
What was the sum effect of these experiences on Reagan as a
policymaker and negotiator with the Soviet Union?
What’s going on with Soviet leadership pre-Gorbachev?
Who is Mikhail Gorbachev? What effect does his rise to power
have on U.S.-Soviet relations?
Reagan, Bush, and the end of the cold war
After 1984, Reagan changes tact with the Soviets, becoming
more open to cooperation and de-escalation.
Gorbachev and Reagan are well-suited to one another.
What are some of the issues they hope to address?

How do they plan to address these issues?
What problems arise?
By then end of Reagan’s presidency in 1988, what is the general
state of the Cold War?
Where has there been progress?
Any skeptics?
4
Key Takeaways From Reagan
1) Solidified Conservatism within national political debate.
2) Record of domestic achievement pales next to a) changed
national political debate and b) the reassertion of American
national pride.
3) Found a willing partner to begin the end of the Cold War.
George H.W. Bush
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4TNMpFKm19E
Who was George H.W. Bush?
How did his attitudes on the Soviet Union differ from his
predecessor?
What is the state of global communism going into the late
1980s?
Provide examples…
November 9, 1989…
Francis Fukuyama and the Post-cold world war

What is Fukuyama responding to in this essay?
“Triumph of the West is seen as the exhaustion of systematic
alternatives to Western liberalism…”
Collapse of the Soviet Union constitutes collapse of the last real
challenger to Western liberalism.
Seen in high politics as well as in consumer culture, pop
culture.
History = evolutionary process.
When does the “end” of history arrive, according to Fukuyama?
Ideological concerns de-emphasized; material
concerns/connections emphasized.
Was Fukuyama correct in his projection? Is the world more
united or divided than it was immediately after the Cold War?
Document 14.1 ”A New World Order?” P. 332-334
What opportunity does the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait provide
Bush and U.S. policymakers?
What is the tone of Bush’s address? What is his stance toward
U.S./Soviet cooperation in the Middle East?
What is the “New World Order?”
What do we see that’s ”new” here?
What do we see that’s familiar?
Document 14.4 “From Containment to Enlargement” P. 337-341
1993 address by President Clinton’s National Security adviser
Tony Lake.
“The successor to a doctrine of containment must be a strategy
of enlargement— enlargement of the world’s free community of
market democracies…”
Lake proposes four facts about the “new era” in which the U.S.
now finds itself.
What are they?
What do they illustrate about U.S. global power?

Lake proposes four components of the new enlargement policy.
What are they?
Is this a departure from previous forms of U.S. foreign policy?
What connections to Fukuyama do we see in Lake’s proposal?
Document 14.11 “The Rise of Al qaeda P. 351-353
After the First Gulf War, what grievances does Al Qaeda
leadership hold against the U.S. and the West?
What is the link between Al Qaeda and the Cold War?
How is the threat posed by global terrorism similar to/different
than the threat of global communism during the Cold War?
How does the rise of global terrorism challenge Fukuyama’s
“End of History?”
Is the world more united or divided since the end of the Cold
War?
Next Written assignment…
Book review of Billy Lynn’s Long Halftime Walk.
Due Monday, May 4th at 5:00pm CST.
That’s a week from this Monday…
11
HISTORY PPT/TR, LODGE, EMPIRE.pptx
“Henry Cabot lodge and the new American empire”
HIST 1321
Presidents at War

Henry Cabot Lodge
Born 1850 in Beverly, Massachusetts.
Product of prominent and wealthy Massachusetts family.
Attended Harvard University, earning Ph.D. in History and
Government in addition to a law degree.
What was Henry Cabot Lodge’s view of American history?
What events were most influential?
Who were his heroes?
How did he use history?
New American Empire
“Vigorous, powerful, rich and masters of the continent… We
have built up an empire so great that, whether for evil or good,
it is a chief factor in the affairs of civilized mankind and of the
world.” – Henry Cabot Lodge, 1879.
Visions of pacific empire
Lodge’s belief in international power was rooted in his
“romantic belief in America’s destiny, which he saw
foreshadowed by the great figures of its past.”
1893: Lodge elected to the U.S. Senate from Massachusetts. His
role in shaping U.S. foreign policy begins to emerge during the
mid to late 1890s.
Situation in Hawaii beginning to boil over just as Lodge takes
his seat in the U.S. Senate.
What is the United States economic relationship to Hawaii in
1893?
Why does President Cleveland reject the Hawaii annexation
treaty?

Lodge’s Response
Senator Lodge is horrified by President Cleveland’s retreat in
Hawaii.
Argues Queen Liliuokalani and Hawaiian people “semi-
barbarous,” “grotesque and miserable.”
Lodge does not refute anti-expansionist arguments, but rather
argues for U.S. military and national security.
“Once hoisted, the flag can’t be taken down…”
Based on the ”Reasons for Annexation” outlined in lecture,
what reasons does Lodge prioritize in U.S. foreign policy?
Reasons for annexation throughout history
1) Commercial
2) Strategic
3) Honor
4) Religion
5) Duty
Imperial influences
Two key developments directly influence Lodge’s thought
process regarding American imperialism.
1) Relationship with Alfred Thayer Mahan.
2) 1895: Crisis in Venezuela.
“The political culture of 1895 mandated that the U.S. not
remain a bystander.”
How do we read this quote as it relates to U.S. global power at
the turn of the century?
Course concept: President’s power has grown in proportion to
U.S global power.
Course concept: Presidential power accumulates during
moments of crisis/opportunity. This power generally does not

recede once acquired.
Passing the test
“Passing the test required that the United States demonstrate its
willingness and resolve to take risks, to accept sacrifice, and to
shed blood, all in the name of honor and country. Urbanization,
immigration, industrialization, depression, and other
contributors to the politics, society, and culture of post-Civil
War United States challenged the makeup and moral fiber of the
America of Lodge’s imagination…”
How are these factors changing the way Lodge and other
Americans perceive their nation’s role in the world?
“Among contemporary citizens there seemed to be a potentially
fatal absence of the civic virtue and commitment to the notion
of nationhood—and thus for Lodge manhood— that he
associated with Washington and Hamilton.”
What is the connection between manhood and nationhood?
War in the Philippines
1898: Lodge welcomes Theodore Roosevelt’s ordering of U.S.
Navy into Manila Bay.
Under command of Admiral George Dewey, the U.S. defeats the
Spanish fleet.

Treaty of Paris (1899) transfers possession of Philippine Islands
into U.S. hands.
However, discontent over the situation in the Philippines soon
emerges.
Who were the Anti-Imperialists? What arguments did they make
in opposition to U.S. imperial expansion?
“A Critique of America’s Civilizing Mission”
Take five minutes and review document 3.14 on p. 73.
Who was Jane Addams? What was her critique of the United
States’ civilizing mission?
Drawing on material from lecture as well from this document,
what issues defined Progressivism?
What elements of Progressivism do you read in this document?
Henry Cabot Lodge was a self-avowed Progressive, as was
Theodore Roosevelt. Is it possible to reconcile Progressivism
with empire?
Race and empire
In his defense of American imperialism, Lodge makes varied
and often contradictory arguments based on racist theories
prevalent during the 1890s and 1900s.
He criticized Democratic anti-imperialists for what he perceived
to be their racial hypocrisy.
Assailed Democrats for supporting Jim Crow policies in the

South, while sympathizing with the plight of Filipinos, Cubans,
and other colonized peoples.
Lodge also makes the case that the race war breaking out in the
Philippines is the byproduct of Filipino “semi-civilization” and
”barbarism.”
U.S. troops can’t be blamed for combatting savagery with
savagery.
However, it is important to note that Lodge’s beliefs on race
evolved over the course of his political career.
Lodge opposed immigration while supporting empire. Why?
Theodore Roosevelt
26th POTUS 1901-1909
Born of a wealthy New York family.
Sickly as a child, reinvents himself through vigorous exercise
and going out into nature.
Graduates from Harvard, enters New York state politics, serves
as Police Commissioner for New York City.
Takes refuge in the West after tragedy strikes.
Serves as Assistant Secretary of the Navy and later as Vice
President under William McKinley.
Mastered the art of public relations.
How does TR’s biographer help us understand his actions as
POTUS?
What is his vision for America at the dawn of the 20th century?
Theodore Roosevelt’s “Corollary” to THE MONROE
DOCTRINE
What is the Monroe Doctrine? How does Roosevelt’s Corollary
add to it?
What provoked Roosevelt to issue the Corollary?
“If every country washed by the Caribbean Sea would show

progress in stable and just civilization…all questions of our
interference by this Nation with their affairs would be at an
end.”
How would Jane Addams respond to Roosevelt’s claim here?
What elements of Progressivism do you read in this document?
“Condemnation of U.S. Methods in Panama”
What is Storey responding to with this document?
What methods does he seem to take issue with? Why?
Are there patterns of U.S. intervention going on during this
period? Think back to how the U.S. involves itself in Hawaii,
Cuba, Philippines, and now Panama.
What is the relationship between U.S. global power and the
executive branch during the late 1800s and early 1900s?
HISTORY PPT/VIETNAM PART 1.pptx
Vietnam: A Concise International History
Mark Atwood Lawrence
Introduction
Lawrence is seeking to answer four questions regarding U.S.
involvement in the Vietnam War.
1) What were the basic motives of the Vietnamese who fought
against the United States?
2) Why did Vietnam become a focus of dispute among the
world’s mightiest nations?
3) Why did the Vietnam War turn out the way that it did?
4) What are the legacies of the Vietnam War?

The Road to Revolution
The modern nation of Vietnam has a long history of colonialism
that stretches back thousands of years.
For nearly two centuries, Vietnam struggled to free itself from
colonization by the Chinese.
Domination by the Chinese helped formulate a strong sense of
Vietnamese national identity, and by the 1700s Vietnam became
an imperial power in its own right.
However, this independent period was short lived…
During the mid 1800s, the French took a concerted interest in
expanding its imperial footprint in SE Asia.
What about Vietnam specifically appealed to the French?
How did French colonization change Vietnamese society? For
better and worse.
How did North and South Vietnam change during this period?
What difficulties did early Vietnamese nationalists encounter in
trying to resist French colonial rule?
The Road To Revolution
Ho Chi Minh emerges as one of Vietnam’s most charismatic and
successful nationalist organizers.
Who was he?
What biographical information can you provide to help us
understand his rise in Vietnamese society?
What was his relationship to the United States and the West in
general?
How did he make communist rhetoric appeal to the Vietnamese
peasantry?

World War II proves disruptive for the French and serves as a
moment of opportunity for Vietnamese nationalists seeking to
challenge colonial rule.
Upon France’s surrender to Germany in 1940, Japanese forces
occupy Vietnam and other French-held nations in Southeast
Asia.
What impact does this have on the emerging Vietnamese
nationalist movement? (Think back to our discussions of the
Japanese “co-prosperity” sphere in Asia).
What was the August Revolution of 1945?
Colonialism and Cold War
Ho Chi Minh assumes control after the August Revolution of
1945. Creating the Democratic Republic of Vietnam.
What does he cite in his declaration of Vietnamese
independence from France? Why do you think he selects this
piece of oratory?
Why do the French attempt to take back Vietnam after World
War II?
How does the United States come to view the struggle between
the French and Vietnamese for control of the nation?
France installs Bao Dai as a Western-friendly ruler in South
Vietnam, further fragmenting the people of Vietnam.
Colonialism and Cold War
The late 1940s-1960s mark the ”heating up” period of tensions

between the Soviet Union and United States.
What are some of the critical showdowns between the U.S. and
Soviet Union during this period?
How would these events influence the way American
policymakers understood the situation in Vietnam?
By the fall of 1952, the United States is shouldering 1/3 of the
total cost of the French war in Vietnam. Why?
Does the U.S.’ Vietnam War begin here?
Colonialism and cold war
By the early 1950s, U.S. aid to the French war effort is
increasing, just as the French are beginning to lose their grip in
Vietnam.
Based on what you already know about the U.S. war in Vietnam,
what similarities do you see in the French experience?
Differences?
President Eisenhower redoubles the U.S. pledge to support
French resistance against communist insurgencies; authorizing
the Navarre Plan and installing Ngo Dinh Diem as ruler of
South Vietnam.
France finally meets their defeat in Vietnam in March 1954 at
Dien Ben Phu. Peace talks begin…
An Anguished Peace

After Dien Ben Phu, DRV forces under Ho Chi Minh still have
to contend with international forces to secure control of
Vietnam.
In peace talks at Geneva, Switzerland, it is decided that
Vietnam will be partitioned into a communist North Vietnam
and a non-communist South Vietnam.
Does this solution strike you as familiar?
Ngo Dinh Diem is installed as ruler of non-communist South
Vietnam.
Who was Diem and why was he appealing to U.S.
policymakers?
U.S. pours millions of dollars into South Vietnam, trying to
demonstrate the superiority of capitalist economics re:
communism.
An Anguished Peace
By 1959: armed hostilities between North and South Vietnam
resume.
China and the Soviets signed off and supported such action.
Diem had effectively alienated rural peoples across Vietnam,
who in turn begin to sympathize with Ho Chi Minh’s communist
forces.
September 1960:
Ho Chi Minh forms the National Liberation Front, which
seamlessly blends Vietnamese communist and nationalist
rhetoric.
Mass appeal among the rural and peasant classes of Vietnamese
North and South.
November 1960: U.S. is in a presidential election year.
HISTORY PPT/VIETNAM PART 2.pptx
The Vietnam War: A Concise International history
HIST 1321: Presidents at War

Three presidents, one war.
We’ll be looking at how three presidents prosecuted the U.S.
war effort in Vietnam…
John Kennedy, 1960-1963.
Lyndon Johnson. 1963-1968.
Richard Nixon, 1968-1974.
Kennedy inherits vietnam
John Kennedy elected to the presidency in November 1960.
Campaigned on vigorous response to Communist threat across
the globe.
Missile Gap
Flexible response.
Immediately confronted with Communist insurgencies in Korea,
Cuba, Vietnam, and elsewhere.
Who does Kennedy surround himself with? What does this tell
us about him as a leader and policymaker?
Escalation
The period from 1961 to 1965 marks a general escalation in
U.S. involvement in the Vietnam conflict.
Robert McNamara, McGeorge Bundy, and other members of
JFK’S cabinet are convinced that three key factors will ensure
U.S. victory against Communist forces in Vietnam.
Material advantage
Influence in the Third World

Ability to “dial in” appropriate response
1961-1962: “Project Beefup” enacted. U.S. ramps up aid to
South Vietnam, short of boots on the ground.
Number of U.S. “advisers” triples from 3,000 to 9,000.
Why is it important for the Kennedy Administration to appear
tough on Communism?
ESCALATION
The Kennedy Administration coordinates the anti-Communist
war effort with South Vietnam leader Ngo Dinh Diem.
By 1962-63, South Vietnam is coordinating the ”Strategic
Hamlet” program.
Detainment camps for rural Vietnamese peasantry.
Extremely unpopular.
Recruitment tool for Ho Chi Minh and the National Liberation
Front.
Diem does not prove to be a great ally for the U.S.
Why?
November 2, 1963: Diem is ousted via military coup.
Three weeks later, JFK is assassinated in Dallas.
JFK’s Handling of Vietnam
How would you assess Kennedy’s handling of Vietnam from the
beginning of his presidency to his assassination in November
1963?
You are called to brief President Johnson on the state of the war
in late 1963.
How do you characterize the U.S. war strategy?
What action(s) do you advise him to take regarding
Vietnam/Cold War?

War on many fronts
Lyndon Johnson assumes the presidency in November 1963.
Tricky position to be in….
Presidential election is less than a year away.
Johnson, like his predecessors, fears being seen as “soft” on
Communism.
August 1964 – Gulf of Tonkin Incident.
What happens? How does Johnson respond?
How does U.S. domestic politics factor into Johnson’s decision-
making?
1964 Election: Johnson sweeps to victory over Republican
candidate Barry Goldwater.
War on many fronts
LBJ oversees a gradual, but dramatic, escalation of U.S.
involvement in Vietnam.
After Gulf of Tonkin:
Johnson initiates airstrikes targeting North Vietnam.
DRV sends troops south for first time.

DRV solicits more and more material assistance from China and
the Soviet Union.
Johnson bases his decision making in Vietnam on three fears:
1) He feared U.S. military intervention on the ground in
Vietnam could provoke responses from China and the Soviet
Union.
2) He feared that dramatic U.S. intervention could topple
support for the South Vietnamese government.
3) He feared getting bogged down in a foreign war could detract
from his domestic political agenda.
WAR ON MANY FRONTS
1965 marks a massive increase in U.S. involvement in Vietnam.
By March 1965, Operation Rolling Thunder under way. U.S.
Marines deployed to Vietnam.
Both the U.S./South Vietnam and Communist North Vietnam
believe their best chance at victory lies on the battlefield.
How do both sides envision their paths to victory?
Dramatic U.S. troop deployments during 1965.
Johnson approves 100,000 U.S. servicemen to Vietnam.
Offensive tactics approved. U.S. takes the lead militarily.
DRV forces also going on the offensive.
War on many fronts
In spite of U.S. escalation, North Vietnam remains largely

unimpeded in continuing armed resistance.
1967: Johnson Administration approves two-pronged strategy
for tackling Communist threats across Vietnam.
1) Air war in North Vietnam.
2) Ground war in South Vietnam.
Sustained aerial bombings in North Vietnam have three primary
objectives for U.S. policymakers.
1) Bolster South Vietnamese morale.
2) Prevent infiltration of Communist forces into South Vietnam.
3) Punish North Vietnamese until surrender is only option.
How effective is LBJ’s two-pronged strategy?
War on many fronts
North Vietnam is largely successful in negating U.S. military
and technological advantages.
Hanoi remains flexible.
North Vietnam is largely rural and agricultural.
North Vietnam is supplied by South Vietnam.
North Vietnam is also supported by China and the Soviet Union.
U.S. policymakers are persistent in their belief that it is simply
a matter of time until Hanoi capitulates.
THE TET OFFENSIVE
What was the Tet Offensive? Successful?
Early 1968: Three setbacks for Johnson Administration…
1) Growing anti-war activism in U.S.
2) War costs damaging domestic economy.
3) ”Wise Men” assessment of U.S. war effort.
March 31, 1968: LBJ addresses the nation.
Announces gradual draw down of U.S. armed combatants in

Vietnam.
And?
How do domestic politics influence LBJ’s decision making at
this juncture?
Ending the American War
Richard Nixon assumes U.S. presidency after electoral win in
November 1968.
Who is Richard Nixon?
What do we need to know about him to understand him as a
president?
”Peace with Honor…”
Nixon comes into office hoping to end the war in a matter of
months.
The goal of the Nixon Administration in Vietnam is to help
establish a stable and independent South Vietnam.
The Nixon plan in Vietnam consists of:
1) Isolate North Vietnam diplomatically and politically.
Negotiate with Moscow.
2) Intimidate North Vietnamese with Nixon’s “madman theory.”
Early 1969: Nixon initiates massive bombing campaign into
Cambodia.
Why?
Nixon’s Vietnam strategy runs up against many of the same
problems faced by his predecessors.

Ending the American war
By 1971, Nixon recognizes the limitations of his strategy in
Vietnam.
Again, a re-election campaign is looming for the American
president.
The “Pentagon Papers” appear in the New York Times.
Public mistrust of U.S. policymakers on the rise.
May 1971: Using backchannel with Hanoi, Nixon and Henry
Kissinger offer to withdraw U.S. troops with no similar
guarantee from North Vietnam.
Talks stall…
North Vietnam launches massive offensive south of 17th
parallel in hopes of bringing U.S. to the table.
Peace talks resume between D.C. and Hanoi in July 1972.
Saigon government is the sticking point in talks between D.C.
and Hanoi.
Finally, North Vietnamese negotiators relent and drop demands
regarding South Vietnamese leadership.
Similar to 1954 Geneva Accord, 1973 Peace Accord is fragile
and flawed.
Status quo remains…
ENDing the American War
Nixon resigns from office in August 1974.
The burden of the Vietnam conflict falls to Gerald Ford.
Ford is hemmed in by Congress and wary of allowing Vietnam
to consume his young and fragile presidency.
1975: North Vietnam assumes aggressive offensive posture in

the South.
Capture Hue, Da Nang, and finally Saigon.
April 1975: Ford declares an end to U.S. involvement in
Vietnam.
Four Questions
Lawrence is seeking to answer four questions regarding U.S.
involvement in the Vietnam War.
1) What were the basic motives of the Vietnamese who fought
against the United States?
2) Why did Vietnam become a focus of dispute among the
world’s mightiest nations?
3) Why did the Vietnam War turn out the way that it did?
4) What are the legacies of the Vietnam War?
“The Day After” Movie Review
Due April 19, 2020 by 11:59pm.
"In no less than 1250, but no more than 1500 words, review the
movie "The Day After" for its historical accuracy, purpose,
moment, and persuasiveness."
Historical accuracy.
Purpose.
Moment.
Persuasiveness.
What do these terms mean? Come with your ideas next week.
HISTORY PPT/WILSON OP-ED.pptx
Woodrow Wilson, WWI, and the League of Nations

HIST 1321 Presidents at war
Op-ed assignment
In no more than 1,000 words, and no less than 850, prepare an
opinion piece suitable for publication in a major newspaper,
dated January 1, 1917, advocating a new (and specific)
American policy for the ongoing Great War. Take into account
your strategic assessment of the war at that juncture and the
domestic and international consequences of your advice.
Submit your assignment via Canvas AND as a Word document
emailed to me.
Due Sunday, February 9 by 11:59pm/
What makes an effective
op-ed?
Make an argument
This is the basis for the entire assignment.
Make an argument at the top of your op-ed.
It should be clear where you stand on the issue.
Use the title to indicate your position.
YOU DO NOT HAVE TO FOLLOW EVENTS AS THEY
ACTUALLY HAPPENED.
Defend your argument
Think about the argument your making.
The “why?” question.
What are the strengths/weaknesses of your case?
List the strong points and use them to organize body

paragraphs.
Use the weaknesses to anticipate counterarguments.
Evidence
Take five minutes.
Select a document from the Engel reader p. 79-106.
Explain how you would use this document in arguing your
position in the op-ed.
Place the document in historical context.
Offer specific excerpts you might include in your op-ed.
Are there any weaknesses in your selected document?
Organization
Here is a suggested template. You don’t have to follow it, just
here to help.
Introduction
State your policy recommendation.
Outline three supporting arguments.
What will your policy recommendation achieve?
Organization
Body Paragraphs
Paragraph One: State first supporting argument, evidence to
support argument, transition into next paragraph.
Paragraph Two: State second supporting argument, evidence to
support argument, transition into next paragraph.

Paragraph Three: State final supporting argument, evidence to
support argument, transition into counterarguments.
Organization
Closing Paragraphs
Paragraph Four:
Anticipate counterarguments.
Dismantle them.
Re-emphasize why your course of action is best.
Conclusion: Restate your recommendation, answer your “why”
question.
General tips
Be mindful of the publication date (Jan. 1, 1917).
Make an argument.
Defend your argument with specific evidence.
Stay on topic.
Stay organized.
Answer the “why?” Why is your policy recommendation the
best course of action?
MAKE SURE TO SUBMIT VIA CANVAS AND EMAIL ME A
WORD DOCUMENT.
“Goodbye iowa”
Take five minutes.
What is the author responding to?

What is his position?
What are his supporting arguments?
How effective is he in his organization, tone, style?
In preparing your own op-eds, what do you find useful about
this example?
What needs improving?
“One Long Wilderness of Despair: Woodrow Wilson’s Stroke
and the League of Nations”
What was Woodrow Wilson’s vision for the League of Nations?
Most of Wilson’s opponents in the Senate were “conservative
internationalists.” How did their vision for peace differ from
Wilson’s?
Why did the United States ultimately decide NOT to join the
League of Nations? (Variety of possible answers)
HISTORY PPT/history final.docx
-The final will be an essay style prompt and response.
-There will be no word limit or length requirement.
-Open note and open book.
In studying for the final, think about the evolution of the
presidency as an office, and the U.S. as a global power. How
have these things changed over the 20th century? Look for
trends, themes, transformations, etc. If you can isolate and
articulate how these two things (POTUS and the U.S.) have
changed over time AND be able to illustrate these changes, then
you're in good shape!
Don't let the dates, names, places, wars overwhelm you. Use
them selectively and efficiently to illustrate the changes that

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