abstract CRYOGENIC LIQUID NITROGEN VEHICLES or(FROST FREE HEAT EXCHANGER FOR CRYOGENIC AUTOMOTIVE PROPULSION)

1. CRYOGENIC LIQUID NITROGEN VEHICLES
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TABLE OF CONTANTS
ABSTRACT i
LIST OF TABLES ii
LIST OF FIGURES ii
LIST OF NOMENCLATURE iii
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction zero emission vehicles 01
1.2 Introduction to cryogenic nitrogen vehicles 02
1.3 The CooLN2car 02
1.4 Objectives 03
1.5 Approach 03
1.6 Report outline 03
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 05
3.0 METHODOLOGY
3.1 Liquid nitrogen 07
3.2 Properties of liquid nitrogen 07
3.3 Formation of liquid nitrogen 08
3.4 Cryogenic automotive propulsion 09
3.5 Nitrogen powered car 11
3.5.1 Liquid nitrogen storage tank 13
3.5.2 Pressurization system 13
3.5.3 Economizer 13
3.5.4 Ambient air heat exchanger 14
3.5.5 Expander 15
3.6 Ambient-air heat exchanger development 15
3.6.1 Design 16
3.6.2 Constraints 17
3.6.3 Configuration 17
3.7 Alternative heat exchanger design 19
4.0 RESULT ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Principle of operation 21
4.2 Analysis of CooLN2 car performance 21
4.3 Open Rankine cycle process 22
4.4 Closed Brayton cycle 22
5.0 CONCLUSION 24
6.0 SCOPE OF FUTURE WORK
6.1 Future of cryogenic vehicles 24
6.2 Threats for others 25
6.2.1 For electric cars And hydrogen cars 25
7.0 REFERANCE 26

2. CRYOGENIC LIQUID NITROGEN VEHICLES
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ABSTRACT
A new concept has emerged in the field of zero emission vehicles:
the cryogenic automobile. The cryogenic automobile uses nitrogen, stored
in liquid state, as its working fluid. The liquid nitrogen is pressurized, and
then vaporized in an economizer through which the exhaust from the
expander runs in counter flow. The resulting gaseous nitrogen is
superheated in an ambient temperature gas which is injected into a quasi
isothermal expander to producethe system’s motive work. The spent, low
pressure nitrogen is exhausted back to the atmosphere.
One technical challenge which must be overcome is a heat
exchange system that is structurally robust, works well under a variety of
operating conditions and is not hampered by the buildup of frost. The
formation of frost on sub ambient heat exchangers increases conductive
resistance to heat transfer, occludes air side flow passages, and
contributes to structural loading. A concept is described by which
vaporization and superheating of the nitrogen is achieved in a frost free
manner.

3. CRYOGENIC LIQUID NITROGEN VEHICLES
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LIST OF TABLES
SI.
NO.
TABLE
NO.
LIST OF TABLES
PAGE
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1 1 Performance of the open Rankine cycle 12
LIST OF FIGURES
SI.
NO.
FIG.
NO.
LIST OF FIGURES
PAGE
NO.
1 3.1 Liquid nitrogen formation process 9
2 3.2 Liquid nitrogen propulsion system 10
3 3.3 1984 Grumman-Olson Kubvan 11
4 3.4 Schematic of vehicle equipment layout 12
5 3.5 Economizer units with and without shell 14
6 3.6 Ambient-air heat exchanger assembly 14
7 3.7 Motor and transmission assembly 15
8 3.8 Frost free heat exchanger element 17
9 3.9 Temperature profile of frost-free heat exchanger element 18
10 3.10 Heat exchanger employing active frost removal 20
11 4.1 Closed brayton cycle cryogenic Heat engine 22

4. CRYOGENIC LIQUID NITROGEN VEHICLES
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LIST OF NOMENCLATURE
LEV Low Emission Vehicle
ZEV Zero-emission vehicle
USC University of Southern California
UN United Nations number
UW University of Washington
𝑪𝑶 𝟐 Carbon dioxide
𝑵 𝟐 Nitrogen
𝑯 𝟐 𝑶 Water
𝑳𝑵 𝟐 Liquid nitrogen
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
DP Diametric pitch
GHG Green House Gasses (emission)
MPH Mile per hour
Km Kilometer
KmPh Kilometer per hour
KW Kilowatt
KPA Kilo Pascal
MPA Mega Pascal
K Kelvin
C Celsius
F Fahrenheit