1.  The life-span of all living things is limited. Living
things produce other organisms like themselves and thus
ensure the continuity of their species.
 This process is called reproduction.
 It is a natural process due to which the species continues
to exist even if individual plants or animals of that type die.
 There are two important modes of reproduction:
1) Asexual reproduction.
2) Sexual reproduction.
 A new individual of a species is created through the
union of their gametes. Such reproduction is called sexual
reproduction.
 Reproduction without the union of gametes is called
Asexual reproduction.

2.  Plants like the grape vine, sugarcane, rose are produced
from their vegetative parts. This is called asexual
production.
 However, in flowering plants, fruits and seeds are
produced. This is sexual reproduction in plants.
Vegetative reproduction
 Reproduction from parts of the plants
such as the root, stem or leaf is called
vegetative reproduction. This is natural
method.
 The new plant that grows by this
method is exactly like the parent plants.

3.  When branches of plants like the rose, hibiscus are
planted in the ground they take root and a new plant grows
from them.
 When we bury a potato, sweet potato, onion, turmeric in
the ground, a new plant begins to grow from them, Potato,
turmeric, onion or chrysanthemum are underground stems.
 Sweet potato is a root. They carry out the function of
vegetative reproduction.
From the root and stem

4. • Buds grow on the margins of the
bryophyllum leaf. They take root
when the leaf falls on the ground
and a new plant grows from them.
From leaves
Artificial method : Grafting
 A branch of the plant one wants to grow is inserted into
the cut made on the stock (stem or stump) of another plant
and tied there firmly.
 The branch to be grown is called scion.
 If the scion gets a good supply of water with the
required salts dissolved in it from the stock, a new plant
with the desired qualities can be obtained.
 Ex. Mango, chickoo.

5. • Plants like bacteria, fungii , algae do not have parts like
the root, stem , leaf and flower. These plants reproduce
by mean of cell division, budding and sporogenesis.
• Unicellular living things reproduce by cell division. When
the cell has grown, the nucleus in the cell divides and forms
two nuclei.
• After that, the protoplasm also divides and two
independent cells are formed. The new cell also divides in
the same way when it has grown.
• This kind of reproduction is seen in bacteria, algae and
chlorella.
Cell division

6. • This kind of reproduction is seen in living
things like yeast.
• In this, original cell gets a little swelling.
Soon a part of its nucleus enters the
swelling and a bud is formed.
• The bud grows and in time becomes a cell.
This original is called the parent cell.
• The nucleus of the parent cell divides to
form two nuclei.
• One nucleus and some protoplasm enters
the swelling or bud.
• Later, this bud separates from the parent
cell. It becomes an independent organism.
Reproduction from buds is called budding.
Budding

7. • Sporogenesis
• Reproduction from spores is called
sporogenesis.
• You must have seen the fungus that grows
on bread or pickles.
• Spores begin to grow when they find
favorable conditions, that is, when they get
enough moisture, warmth and oxygen.
• Then a new plant grows from each spore.

8. • Segmentation
• In algae (spirogyra) small pieces or segments are formed
due to decomposition or some other reason.
• An independent plant grows from every segment.
Reproduction in plants
Sexual Asexual
Vegetative Cell division Sporogenesis Segmentation
From the stem From the root From the leaf

9.  In flowering plants, flowers are the organ of reproduction.
 The androecium and gynoecium in the flower are important
for reproduction.
 The androecium is the male part and gynoecium is the
female part.
 When the pollen grains from the androecium fall on the
stigma of the gynoecium they begin to grow there. This is
called pollination.
 As the pollen tube grows from the pollen grain, male
gametes are formed in it.
They unite with female gemetes in the ovary. This union is
called fertilization.
 Fertilization produces a single cell called the zygote.
 This leads to the formation of the seed and fruit.

10. • The seed takes root in the ground and a new plant grows.
• Sexual and asexual reproduction is seen in animals, as in
plants.
• The distinction of male and female organisms is seen in
animals of higher order. The male has the male gamete
while the female has the female gamete.
• As a result of their union a zygote is formed in the womb
of the female. The division and growth of the zygote leads
to the birth of the new individual.
• Based on how a new organism is born, animals can be
divided into two kinds : oviparous and viviparous.
Oviparous animals are those which hatch from an egg.
• Viviparous animals are born from the womb of the
mother.

11. • The young of snakes, hens and other birds first grow in the
egg. After the zygote has been formed as a result of the
union of the male and female gametes, a protective shell is
formed around it.
• This is what we call egg. The nutrition required for the
zygote is provided inside the egg itself.
• When the growth of the zygote is complete the organism
breaks the egg and emerging from it lives as an
independent individual.
• The zygote of animals like rabbit, rat , cat, man grows in
the mother’s womb. The womb is in the mother’s
abdomen.
• The zygote is nourished through the mother.

12. • When its growth is complete the offspring emerges from
the womb.
• The young one depends upon the mother for its nutrition
for some time after its birth. The mother suckles the young
one.
 Unicellular animals like amoeba reproduce by cell
Division. In animals like hydra
Reproduction takes place by
budding.

13.  A cat’s young one is like the cat itself. When a mango seed
takes root in the soil, it is a mango tree that grows from it.
 After a period of time mangoes will grow on the new tree.
 When a rose branch is planted in the soil a rose bush grows
from it.
 It means that a species of animal or plant continues to exist
through reproduction. In other words, the species is
perpetuated.
 Animal or plant species are perpetuated by reproduction.
 Reproduction may be of different types :
1) Vegetative
2) Sexual or asexual