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* GB780000 (A)
Description: GB780000 (A) ? 1957-07-24
Improvements in or relating to roll-film photographic cameras
Description of GB780000 (A)
PATENT SPECIFICATION
780,000 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification June 3,
1955.
/& % r M 9 No. 5462157.
Application made in Germany on May 6, 1955.
(Divided out of No. 77?,999).
Complete Specification Published July 24, 1957.
Index at acceptance -Ciass 98(1), A2C(8: 12).
International Classification 3GOb.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Improvements in or relating to Roil-Film Photographic Cameras We,
KAMERABAU-ANSTALT, a Body Corporate organised under the laws of
Liechtenstein, of Haus Obera, Altebachstrasse 534, Vaduz,
Liechtenstein, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that
a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be
performed, to be particularly described in and by the following
statement:-
This invention relates to roll film photo:
graphic cameras in which an operating member serves in operation to
permit coupling or uncoupling of a shutter winding mechanism and a
film transport mechanism, thereby allowing double exposures to be
made.
In our Application No. 16013/55 (Serial No.
779,999) of which the present application is a divisional application,
there is described and claimed a roll film photographic camera having
a rotatable operating member coupled to a shutter winding mechanism,
and a film transport mechanism, said operating member serving in
operation in conjunction with a blocking means, to permit said
mechanisms to be - coupled or uncoupled, said blocking means being so
arranged as only to permit uncoupling when the operating member is in
a predetermined position with respect to the camera.
Double exposures may be made with such a camera by shifting the
position of the operating member to effect uncoupling of the
mechanisms. The predetermined position of the operating member is such
that uncoupling can only be carried out after a complete feed movement
or before starting one, thereby avoiding the possibility of partially
overlapping images on an exposed film.
When a strip of film has been fully exposed and it is necessary to
rewind the film, usually the film present in the camera is of such a
length as to prevent a complete final feed movement. In the camera
disclosed in Application No. 16013/55 (Serial No. 779,999) however,
uncoupling can only take place after a complete feed movement, so the
difficulty arises that the coupling cannot be released in order to
rewind the film after an incomplete final feed movement.
It is one object of the invention to provide a [Price 3s. 6d.] roll
film photographic camera in. which uncoupling of film feed and shutter
winding So mechanisms is possible even after an incomplete feed
movement.
According to the invention, therefore, there is provided a
photographic camera having a shutter winding mechanism and a film feed

55 mechanism, selective coupling of the film feed mechanism to the
shutter winding mechanism being effected in operation by means of an
operating member, and a locking device which serves when the film feed
mechanism is 60 uncoupled after an incomplete feed movement of the
operating member, to prevent movement of the shutter winding
mechanism.
There will -now be described by way of example only, one preferred
embodiment of 65 the invention with reference to the accompanying
drawings, in which:Figure 1 is a vertical section of a camera
according to the invention, the film feed and shutter winding
mechanism being shown 70 coupled; Figure 2 is a perspective view of a
component of the camera; Figure 3 is a horizontal section taken along
line III-HII of Figure 4, in which however, in 75 contrast to Figure
4, the operating member is locked, and.> Figure 4 is a vertical
section similar to Figure 1, the film feed and shutter winding
mechanisms being uncoupled. so An operating member 1 for a shutter
winding mechanism and film feed is rigidly connected to a rotatable
member 1', for example by means of screws (not shown), and is
rotatable and adjustable in height therewith. In 85 the position shown
in Figure 1, the film feed and shutter winding mechanisms may both be
operated by member 1. This is effected by the transmission of a torque
exerted on the operating member 1 through a pin 5 to disc 3 which 90
is secured to the shaft 2, and to a freely rotatable gear 6. The
shutter winding is effected by a coupling with further transmission
members, not shown, at the lower end of the shaft 2. The film feed is
effected partly by a 95 sprocket wheel, likewise not shown, which is
780,000 driven by means of gears 6 and 7, and partly by a slip
coupling mounted directly on the shaft 2 in known manner.
A ball 10 with a compression spring 9 is S disposed in a bore 8 of the
rotatable member 1', so that the ball is urged by the spring into
cooperation with notches 11 and 12 in the shaft 2 to locate- two
different positions of the operating member.
Figures 1 and 4 show the position of the operating member 1 after a
complete film feed or shutter winding movement. This position is
secured by stops, not shown, which are only removed again in known
manner after actuating a shutter release member.
If the operating member 1 is raised in this position, in order for
example to carry out a double exposure, then the pin 5 is withdrawn
from the bore 14 of the.gear 6, so that upon subsequent rotation of
the operating member 1 tonly the shutter will be wound by disc 3 and
shaft 2. Means for securing the film position which have been
described in our Application No. 16013/55 (Serial No. 779,999), can
also become operative at the same time.
Simultaneously, a retaining or locking spring 15 is raised by a
transverse pin 13 located in the rotatable member 1', which spring is
introduced into a slot 20 of a sleeve 19, as shown in Fig. 3, the
sleeve 19 being rigidly connected to the camera body 21. The spring 15
resiliently embraces the sleeve 19 from the inside and outside. After
a complete feed movement, the position of the operating member is such
that pin 13 is below an angular lug 16 of the spring 15. The raised
iposition of the spring 15 is shown in Figure 4.
Figure 2 illustrates the retaining spring 15 in detail.
If on the other hand the operating member l is raised to a position
other than that which tit occupies after a complete feed movement, the
pin 13 does not engage the underside of the lug 16 of the retaining
spring 15. Thus the latter remains in the position shown in Figure 1,
so that its radially inwardly curved inner end 17 engages in a ratchet
18 of the rotor 1' and prevent any further rotation of the operating
member (Figure 3), although the film feed shutter winding mechanism
are disconnected.
A return movement of the operating member 1 from this position into
the coupling position of Figure 1 causes the ratchet 18 to release the
operating member. If the retaining spring has been raised in an
uncoupling movement, on a return movement of the operating member the

spring will be pressed downward by projection l. This return movement
can be effected in any position of adjustment 60 nf the operating
member 1. If pin 5 is not aligned with bore 14, the pin 5 compresses
spring 15 which urges the bottom end of the pin against the upper
plane surface of the gear 6 by a spring 22, until it again snaps into
the 65 bore 14 when rotating the operating member.
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* GB780001 (A)
Description: GB780001 (A) ? 1957-07-31
Improvements in code converting arrangements for telegraph systems
780,001 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: July 9,
1952.
-r [ K S A idNo. 17359/52.
Application made in Netherlands on July 12, 1951.
_____ (Patent of Addition to No. 680,798, dated June 24, 1948).
OkDOI Complete Specification Published: July 31, 1957.
Index at acceptance:-Class 40(3), H15X.
International Classification:-H041.
The inventor of this invention in Ithe sense of being the actual
deviser thereof within the meaning of Section 16 of the Patent Act,
1949, is ANTONIE SNIJDERS, a subject of the Queen of the Netherlands,
of 137 Driebergenstraat, The Hague, Holland.
Improvements in Code Converting Arrangements for Telegraph Systems We,
STAATSBEDRIJF DER POSTERIJEN, TELEGRAFIE EN TELEFONIE, a Public
Department of the Netherlands, of Kortenaerkade 12, The Hague,
Holland, do hereby.declare the invention, for which we pray that a
patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be
statement: -
The invention relates to a code-converter for 'the conversion of
signals of a normal binary code (such as the five-unit code) into
signals of a so-called protected code (e.g., seven units
constant-ratio code) and vice versa. One of the purposes to which such
code conversion is applied is teleprinting over wireless connections.
A well-known protected code is the constant ratio code, the signals of
which have a predetermined number of mark and a predetermined number
of space units, the ratio of these mark and space-units being
constant.
The invention more particularly relates to a code-converter for the
conversion of input signals consisting of a predetermined plurality of
it units each represented by a mark or a space potential which are
applied in, this order to the first or second conductor or alternately
and to a succession of n pairs of input conductors dependent on
whether these units have mark or space polarity, into output signals

consisting of a predetermined plurality of s units, of which a
constant number of r units is of equal, either mark or space polarity,
and the remaining s-r units are respectively of space and mark
polarity.
The present applicants' United Kingdom Specification No. 680,798
describes a codeconverter conceived according to the mentioned
principles. This latter arrangement of code-converter, however,
comprises rectifiers and resistors, connected in such way, that five
different voltages may occur at any one central conductor.
[Price 3s. 6d.j This means that the mentioned rectifiers must be able
to withstand these five levels, when in blocking condition. This makes
the rectifiers more expensive than those for use in the arrangements
according to the present invention in which no more than two different
voltage levels occur, which may differ by as much as two successive
levels of the said five ones. Another deficiency of the described
circuit with respect to that according to the present invention is,
that according to the former arrangement the switching voltages
applied to the input side must be of a considerably greater amplitude
than the discriminating voltage values supplied at the output. The use
of switching units of uniform construction within the converter
circuit is made impossible by that circumstance.
On the contrary the converter circuits according to the present
invention offer the advantage, that such uniform switching units can
be provided at different stages of the circuit.
Circuits for switching purposes comprising rectifiers are known from
the Proceedings of the I.R.E 1949, page 139 (Brown and Rochester).
These circuits differ from those according to this invention as
neither central conductors are provided nor input- and' output
rectifiers which have their equal sides (either cathode- or anode
sides) connected at said central conductors. Therefore these circuits
cannot be used for the conversion of codes (in the way mentioned above
and vice Vellsa).
The invention will be described in details with reference to the
accompanying drawings from which:
Fig. 1A shows the wiring-diagram of the uniform switching unit, which
makes part of the converter circuit; Figs. la, b and c show the
exemplary circuit of a code converter for conversion of five-unit code
signals into seven-unit constantratio code signals and vce-versa;
Figs. 2a and b show a simplified circuit of a converter for conversion
of five-unit code signals into seven-unit code signals; Figs. 3a and b
show a simplified converter for conversion of seven-unit code signals
into five-unit code signals.
Fig. 1A shows an electronic switching circuit comprising two tubes Bla
and Bib (which constructively may be combined in one unit), of which
tube Bla is controlled via input 7, dependent on which one of the
tubes is conductive. The input 7 is connected to the control grid of
tube Bla via a resistor RiO, so that a grid current of limited value
is enabled to flow. The cathodes of the tubes are connected with the
negative terminal 11 of a voltage source V via a common cathode
resistor R15. The anode of tube Bla is connected to the positive
terminal2 of said voltage source V via anode resistor R1 parallel to
R2.
In the same way the anode of tube Bib is connected to said positive
terminal via paralleled anode resistors R4 and R5. The anode of tube
Bla is moreover connected to negative terminal (11) via a potential
divider R6. Rl.
In the same way the anode of tube Bib is connected via potential
divider R9, R19. The resistors R6 and R9 have the same resistive
values, just as R11 and R19, and said anode resistors have the same
value too. As a result equal jumps in potential (but of opposite
phase) occur responsive to any change in the conductive condition of
the tubes Bla and Bib, which potential levels are available, for
control of rectifier circuits, at terminals 9 and 4.
The anode of the first tube Bla is further connected at negative

battery (terminal 11) via a high-ohmic voltage divider RS, R16, of
which the resistors have the same ratio as those of the potential
divider R6, R11. The anodeofthesecondtube Blbis in a similar way
connected via a high-ohmic potential divider R7, R14. The high-ohmic
potential divider R8, R16 has a tapping point, which leads to the
control grid of tube Bib and via resistor R17 to the stabilizing
conductor (and -output) 6. The high-ohmic potential divider R7, R14
has its tapping point connected at terminal 5, the function of which
will be described hereinafter, and via resistor R13 to said
stabilizing conductor 6.
The potential dividers R6, Ri1 and R9, R19 are also connected -to said
stabilizing conductor 6 via resistors R12 and R18 respectively. The
circuit further comprises two neon tubes L1 and L2, which indicate the
conductive condition of the tubes Bla and Bib, which are connected
thereto with their anodes to said tubes Li and L2, which at the other
side are connected to positive battery (2) via a common high-ohmic
resistor R3.
It is supposed that tube BIa remains in conductive condition, so that
its control grid is positive with respect to its cathode; responsive
thereto output 4 supplies a potential that is positive with respect to
that occurring at output 9 as this latter output is connected to the
anode which gets current supplied via resistors R1 and R2. The
potential divider R8, R16 now keeps the control grid of the Bib
negative with respect to cathode, so that this tube is unable to
conduct until the condition of the other tube is changed. As resistors
R12 and R18 have equal resistive values the potential at point 6 will
have a mean value between the potential values which occur at
terminals 4 and 9.
The figures la, lb and lc together represent a code-converter circuit
for conversion of a five-unit binary code into a seven-unit code, the
signals in the latter code having a 3:4 ratio between the mark and
space units. The latter code may be replaced by any other seven-unit
constant-ratio code having at least 32 signals. The above mentioned
seven-unit code by way of example offers:
S, 7! 7c=7C,=- =35 3!.4! output signals, so that 35 -32 3 output
signals remain available for various purposes in the output code
employed.
The rectifiers 35 to 192 are divided into groups IP to V' and Il to V'
and are con- 9' nected to intermediate conductors 1 to 32 and also to
contacts I to V. The latter contacts are connected with the negative
battery 248 via resistors 225 to 234, whereas the contact tongues are
connected to earth potential at 1C point 249. In order to use all
possibilities of the exemplary seven-unit constant-ratio code,
including said three spare signals, extra signals can be converted
which are supplied at the input side by pressing the keys S1 to S3, in
iC a known way.
It has proved to be efficient to have the intermediate conductors I to
32 connected to resistors, which are supplied by a potential source,
the polarity of which depends upon 11 which sides of the rectifiers
are connected at the intermediate conductors. If the rectifiers have
their anode side connected at the intermediate conductor the potential
connected to the resistors must be positive; if the cathode ii side of
the rectifiers is connected, to the intermediate conductor, it must be
negative.
In the circuit shown these resistors are represented by 193 to 224,
which are connected to the earthed positive terminal of the battery 12
via the series connected keys S1 to S3. In Fig. lc. the intermediate
conductors 1 to 32 are in the arrangement according to the invention
connected to outgoing rectifiers, via which the control of the output
conductors 238 is 12 effected.
780,001 780,C The output signal can be scanned in time succession by
supplying to the control grid of tube 246, via the cyclically acting
contacts 239 to 245, the signalling potentials occurring at conductors
238, so that in the anode circuit of the tube 246 (which includes the

battery 247) current will flow, dependent upon whether positive
marking signalling potential occurs at any said output conductors 238.
o10 In the following table the conversion of signals according to the
exemplary circuit of figures la, lb and lc is illustrated:
TABLE 1
5-unit code 00000 XOOOO OXOOO XX00O OOXOO XOXOO OXXOO XXXOO OOOXO
XOOXO OXOXO XXOXO 00XXO XOXXO OXXXO XXXXO OOOOX XOOOX OXOOX XXOOX
OOXOX XOXOX OXXOX XXXOX OOOXX XOOXX OXOXX XXOXX OOXXX XOXXX OXXXX
XXXXX S1 S2 S3 7-unit code XOOXXXO XXXXOOO OXOOXXX XXOOXOX OOXOXXX
XOXOXOX OOOXXXX XOOXXOX OXXXXOO XOXOOXX OOXXOXX XOXXXOO OXOOXX XXOXXOO
OXXOOXX XXXOXOO OXXXOXO XOOOXXX OOXXXOX XOXXOXO OXOXXOX XXOXOXO
OXXOXOX XXXOOXO OXXXOOX XOXOXXO OOXXXXO XOXXOOX OXXXO0 XXOXOOX OXXOXXO
XXXOOOX XOOXOXX XXOOOXX XXOOXXO The code conversion of the five-unit
code into the seven-unit code is established quite at will; that means
that any signal in the inputcode can be converted into any signal in
the output-code that can be predetermined at will.
If, however, one arranges the code-conversion in such a way, that
certain parts of the signals in the input- and output-code correspond
to each other (e.g. that the first and last unit of such groups are
equal in both codes) as is the case for most signals in Figs. 2a and
2b then 60 a considerable saving in rectifiers can be effected. An
arrangement according to this principle will be elucidated with
reference to Figures 2a and 2b, which show a converter for signals in
a five-unit into signals into a 65 seven-unit code.
The seven-unit code may be considered as a superposition of a two-unit
and a five-unit code, and therefore subdivided into, 22=4 groups of
signals which correspond with signals 70 in the five-unit code.
Because the seven-unit code signals have a ratio 3: 4 with respect to
marks and spaces said four groups of signals will not be fully
identical with the corresponding groups of signals in the five-unit
code. 75 As a result of ithe condition, that a sevenunit signal may
comprise no more than three "i+" units the two-unit code (making part
of this seven-unit code) shows three kinds of signals having two, one
and no '"+" symbols 80 respectively which kinds of signals express the
necessity that the complemental five-unit signals (making part too of
the seven-unit code) must comprise a number of one, two and three "+"
symbols respectively. In that way 85 the partial two-unit code
determines (the number of marks and spaces in the complementary
five-unitcode, and the number of signals which are present within each
group having an equal number of marks and spaces. 90 So, if one
considers that within each sevenunit code signal three "+" and four
"-" units are present, it is clear that the group of signals as
determined by the two-unit partial code signal " + +" comprises: 95
C(,-,)= 5 signals The group determined by the two-unit code signal "-
+" comprises:
5C,_2) = 10 signals The group determined by the two-unit code 100
signal " + -" comprises:
5C(-2),= 10 signals The group determined by the two-unit code signal
"- -" comprises:
5r_,) =- 10 signals In the five-unit output code, moreover, five
signals occur having each one " + " unit, ten signals comprising each
two "+" units, and ten signals having each three "+" units. Of the
remaining 7 signals in this latter code five 110 signal comprise four
"+" units, one signal comprises five " +" units and one signal
comprises no. "+" units at all.
Thus the way by which the two-unit code, making part of the seven-unit
code (to be 115 called "indicator code"), determines which group of
signals in the five-unit output code corresponds with the signals in
the seven-unit code from which said indicator-code is taken, is shown
in the following table:
TABLE 2
5-unit output code 2-unit indicator 7-unit input code code 5-unit
remaining code signals comprising:
1 "4-" unit 2 "-+" units 3 "±" units 4 -' units --"+ units 0 "+"

units} accessory signals, if any J It will be clear, that the
indicator signal "+ -" determines that more than the addition of two,
one, no " + " and/or "-" units occurs. In the original five-unit code
one finds at first the signals, comprising four " + " units and one
"-" unit. In order to satisfy the condition, that no more than three "
- " units may be present in the seven-unit code signal, of which one
must occur in the indicator signal, the remaining five-units must
comprise no more than two " + " units. For simplicity's sake it may be
mentioned, that the five-unit signal if considered cyclically, offers
two possibilities; one with "+ - + " and one with " + +", which
correspondIs with "- -" and - --" in the complementary part of the
signal respectively.
In order to simplify the identification the five signals in the
five-unit code signals having four " + " units (in which the one minus
unit occurs in a cyclical permutation) are considered identical with
the five signals in the seven-unit code in which the same combination
occurs. Of the five remaining signals in the seven-unit code using the
indicator combination " ±" two signals correspond to the remaining
signals "+ + + + + " and cc " of the five-unit code, whereas the three
remaining signals may be used as extra signals for service purposes.
This method of code conversion, however, is not restricted to the five
to seven conversion, but in general to a conversion of a r-unit
permutation code into a p-unit constant-ratio code, in which the
indicator determines a plurality of 2,-r) groups. If one defines the
ratio between "+" and "-" units so as to be n, to (p -n), than the
first group of signals characterized by the indicator having (p-r)
cc"+" units comprises a number of Cr 'n-p+r) signals. The second group
of signals, characterized by the indicator, having (p - r - 1) " - "
units and one " - " unit comprises a number of Cr (n-p+r+i> signals.
This latter plurality, however, occurs (p - r) times, because the "-"
unit may be cyclically changed within the signal. The number of
signals, existing in signals comprising:
+± 1 1" "unit -+ 2 "+" units _-- 3 "-+" units ± 2 "+" units groups,
characterized by indicators having (p-r-2) "+" units and two "-" units
(p-r)! amounts. Cr rn-p+r+2) (p-r-2)!2! The sum of all possible signal
combinations in such a code thus amounts to (p - r)! C p ' Cs
a--!+r+ThB (p-r-m)!.m! n!. (p-n)! m-0, 1, 2,....
in which m indicates the number of "-" units occurring in the
indicator signal, so that as a matter of fact m 4 p -r.
In practice, however, it will not always be necessary to use all the
indicator signals which are available, and therefore it will be most
economical to use indicator signals which need a smaller number of
rectifiers, as will be made clear hereinafter.
The code-converting circuit according to Figs. 2a and 2b will be
described in detail.
The units of the five-unit code are applied as either mark or space
potential, at the respective inputs (in the drawing at left) of the
five switching elements 1 to 5, which pass the (regenerated) switching
voltage at their right hand upper output terminal, whereas they pass
the inverted value of the applied switching voltage (also regenerated
as regards amplitude) at their left hand upper terminal. These
regenerating and voltage inverting elements are described in more
detail in the copending patent application 37888/56 (Serial No.
780.003) of the present applicants, which is divided from the present
specification. If a switching potential of negative polarity is
applied to the input of a switching element the upper righthand output
terminal of the same becomes negative too, whereas the upper lefthand
terminal supplies a potential of positive polarity. If, on the
contrary, a positive switching voltage is applied, the mentioned
output terminals will change polarity. The output potentials of the
said switching elements are applied to the group of conductors 10, of
which the 2nd, 4th to 10th inclusive 780,001 tor must be chosen for
the relevant five-unit signal. For one group of signals the conversion
is not performed in this way. For this group the indicator " + -" is

chosen. For the remainder the corresponding signals in the seven-unit
output code (as regards the relevant five-unit part) and the five-unit
input-code are identical as much as possible.
In case the signal to be converted by way of example is as follows:
"+;+ +.- -," the first, third, fifth, eighth and tenth conductors of
the input conductors supply a positive potential, whereas the second,
fourth, sixth, seventh and ninth conductor supply a negative
potential. The central conductors 11 to 30 are all connected to the
positive battery, so that they all should have positive battery
potential in case space potential should be thought applied at the
conductors 10 (the intermediate conductors 31 to 40 will be neglected
for the moment).
The signal C"+4 + - ±" (by way of example) effects that positive and
negative potentials occur at the various intermediate conductors, in
accordance with the following table:
are complementary to the 1st, 3rd to 9th inclusive.
The converted signals are supplied in principle by the group of
conductors 7, to which the switching elements I to VII are connected,
which form a buffer- and regenerating stage, in order not to influence
the circuit by any output circuit, which might vary in impedance.
The lower connections of the switching elements, as disclosed
hereinbefore represent the stabilizing conductors for obtaining a
fixed reference potential. These terminals are interconnected by being
grounded, as shown in the drawing. The way in which this is arranged
is described in more detail in the copending application No. 37887/56
(Serial No. 780,002) of the present applicants, which is divided from
the present specification.
The five-unit code that is to be converted, is divided into groups of
signals which determine a two-unit signal, to be called the "indicator
signal" as mentioned hereinbefore.
For this purpose each combination of five units representing a signal
must control an intermediate conductor in such a way that the latter
will be able to distinguish which indicaTABLE 3
POTENTIALS RESULTING FROM THE INPUT SIGNAL "q+±---" Intermediate
conductor Negative potential at the nth one of the conductors 10:
Positive potential at the nth one of the conductors 10:
4th, 6th 2nd, 6th 2nd, 4th 2nd, 4th, 6th, 7th 2nd, 4th, 6th, 9th 6th
4th 4th, 6th, 7th 4th, 6th, 9th 2nd 2nd, 6th, 7th 2nd, 6th, 9th 2nd,
4th, 7th 2nd, 4th, 9th 2nd, 4th, 6th, 7th, 9th 7th 9th 7th 9th 6th,
7th, 9th 4th, 7th, 9th 2nd, 7th, 9th 7th, 9th 2nd, 4th, 6th 1st, 8th,
10th 3rd, 8th, 10th 5th, 8th, 10th 10th 8th 1st, 3rd, 8th, 10th 1st,
5th, 8th, 10th 1st, 10th 1st, 8th 3rd, 5th, 8th, 10th 3rd, 10th 3rd,
8th 5th, 10th 5th, 8th 1st 3rd 5th 1st, 3rd, 5th, 10th 1st, 3rd, 5th,
8th 1st, 3rd 1st, 5th 3rd, 5th 1st, 3rd, 5th 8th, 10th 11 12 13 14 16
17 18 19 21 22 23 24 26 27 28 29 31 32 33 34 36 780,001 As made clear
in table 3 the intermediate conductors 11 to 25 and 29 to 37 will be
kept negative, while intermediate conductors 26, 27 and 28 will be
kept positive, because the rectifiers associating with the considered
intermediate conductors are in conducting condition if negative
switching potentials are applied, whilst they are blocking for
positive potentials being applied. Now the third, fourth and fifth
conductor of group 7 will be positive without being influenced by the
intermediate conductors 31 to 36 as the controlling rectifiers block
any negative potential. The 1st, 2nd, 6th and 7th output conductor of
group 7 are kept negative. The switching elements I to VII are now
able to determine the sevenunit signal " - + + - -," which has - - as
an indicator signal.
For every signal to be converted a table may be constructed as table
3. It will appear then, that for five-unit code signals having one " +
" unit, one of the conductors 11 to 15 will be positive (so that the
indicator will be " + + ") and also one of the central conductors 26
to 30, in order to control the five-unit part of the output-signal.
For a signal having two " + " units, one of the intermediate
conductors 16 to 25 becomes positive and two of the central conductors

26 to 30. A signal having three "+" units has been described
hereinabove. The only kinds of signals yet to be described are those
having more than three " + " units and those, comprising no " + "
units at all.
It will be clear that, for the last-mentioned signals, the
intermediate conductors 11 to 25 are all kept negative, whilst the
intermediate conductors 26 to 30 would transmit the input signal to
the five-unit part of the seven-unit output-signal if no special means
were provided to prevent such. By way of example the working of the
circuit for the latter categories of signals will be described for the
signal "c+ + +I -." These latter categories have the indicator signal
+ -." The signal + + + - '," if applied, results in the intermediate
conductor 31 of group 31 to 37 becoming positive, so that the third
and sixth conductor of group 7 will be kept positive, thus controlling
the switching elements III and VI. The intermediate conductors 31 to
37 on the other hand have also a controlling action via the
intermediate conductor 8 with respect to switching element A. This
latter switching element in turn controls the intermediate conductors
26 to 30 and the first output-conductor of group 7. If all
intermediate conductors 31 to 37 are negative, intermediate conductor
8 will be kept negative too, so that the righthand upper output of
switching element A will also be kept negative; this latter negative
potential being prevented from reaching the first output conductor 7
as the relevant rectifier is blocking. Meanwhile the left hand upper
output terminal of switching element A will be kept positive. This
positive potential is unable to control intermediate conductors 26 to
30.
In case, however, one of the intermediate conductors 31 to 37 is kept
positive, the right 7 hand upper output of switching element A will
become positive too, and so will the first (left hand) conductor of
group 7. The left hand upper terminal of switching element A will
become negative then, so that inter- 7 mediate conductors 26 to 30 are
also kept negative. Thus the latter conductors are unable to control
the remaining conductors of group 7. The relevant one of the
intermediate conductors 31 to 37 now forms the corres- 8 ponding
five-unit part of the seven-unit output signal that is to be composed.
Again in the code-converting circuit of Figs. 2a and 2b, means are
provided to compose three remaining signals in the seven-unit 8 code.
Just as in the code-converter described hereinbefore the composition
of these signals may be effected by means of keys, whereby the
switching elements 1 to 5 have to be disabled meanwhile. 91 In the
circuit shown in the drawings another method has been followed, making
use of rectifiers and intermediate conductors. For transmittting one
of the three spare signals in this other method, an auxiliary code may
be 9' applied, taking two units, thus offering four signals. Three
signals directly correspond to the three spare signals respectively,
the fourth signal is used to indicate that the normal code conversion
is in operation. If one of the spare 10 signals is to be produced the
normal code conversion has to be prevented. For the auxiliary code two
auxiliary input conductors X and Y are provided, controlling two
switching elements. Generally the number of auxiliary 10 inputs
necessary could be supposed to be p, log p1 and a number of 2. -
conductors will log2 be necessary, in which p1 is a power of 2.
Then p must follow:
2 22 21 1oz2) < p < 2 11 In the exemplary circuit of Figs. 2a and 2h
the auxiliary signal "- -" means that the normal code conversion is
enabled. In this case the intermediate conductor 9 is kept negative
and the upper left- and righthand outputs of 11 switching element B
are unable to control the group of intermediate conductors 11 to 25
and the switching element A respectively. If one of the spare signals
has to be composed, however, one of the auxiliary signals " + -," 121
cc "- + " or + " has to be applied at X and Y. In this latter case
central conductor 9 is kept positive, thus keeping, via switching
element B, the central conductors 11 to 25 and 31 to 37 negative, that

is to say, disabled. 12i Moreover, via the righthand upper output of
switching element B, switching element A and 780,001 means of the
output rectifiers the corresponding output signal.
The number of rectifiers saved by using the circuit of figs. 2a and 2b
with respect to that 10 of figs. 1a, lb and lc amounts to:
left hand upper output of the latter the group of intermediate
conductors 26 to 30 are also disabled. The normal code-conversion is
thus disabled. For each of the spare signals indicated in Fig. 2b one
of the intermediate conductors 38 to 40 is enabled, which forms by x 5
= 50 for the group of signals having the indicator "- -" at the
seven-unit side x 1 = 5 for the group of signals having the indicator
" +'+ " at the seven-unit side x 2 = 20 for the group of signals
having the indicator "- + " at the seven-unit side x 1=10 for the
group of signals having the indicator .+ -" at the seven-unit side
Total= 85 rectifiers Furthermore for the group " + -" indicated
signals, 10 extra rectifiers are necessary for determining whether a
signal belonging to this group "(±" is applied, whereas 5 extra
rectifiers 'are needed for controlling central conductors 26 to 30,
and 1 extra rectifier is necessary for determining the indicator part
of the seven-unit signal.
Thus, a total of 85 - 16 = 69 rectifiers can be saved by using the
converter-circuit according to Figs. 2a and 2b. However, an extra
switching element A is necessary.
For controlling the circuit by auxiliary signals, so as to use the
three spare signals in the seven-unit code, requires a plurality of
extra rectifiers up to 8 rectifiers for the necessary extra
intermediate conductors, 22 rectifiers for disabling the remaining
intermediate conductors in case one of the three spare signals has to
be transmitted, a switching element B and one rectifier for
controlling switching element A in accordance with the operation
ofswitching element B. A considerably higher number of rectifiers can
yet be saved when converting a s-unit constant-ratio code into ar-unit
binary code, in case s>r. This will be elucidated for an exemplary
circuit, shown in Figs. 3a and 3b, suitable for conversion from
signals in a sevenunit constant-ratio code into signals in a fiveunit
binary code.
If the described principle should not be applied the number of
rectifiers, necessary for such conversion will amount to Then the
intermediate conductors 11 to 15 have to be disabled by being kept
negative.
Such disabling is not necessary, however, for the group of signals as
specified in table 4:
TABLE 4.
seven-unit code five indicator remaining units + - _+ _+ _ ± _ - + _ _
_-+ _._,+ five-unit code + +'+ + +'+I+ - + 75 j+,++ ++ + -'+ + +
-+.+1+ + + +t+ ++ As the five-unit code signals of the group of table
4 have two " + " units more (the last signal three + units more),
these signals can be converted by the addition of these "+" units,
using for this purpose central conductors 1 to 5, and one of the
intermediate conductors 16 to. 21.
The remaining signals, however, have to be converted whilst blocking
the central conductors 11 to 15. The result is, that 5CQ.3 + 5.2 2.4
+5.2 + 5 = 66 C.3 + 25-1.5 = 185, as appears from what is mentioned
hereinbefore.
In case the code is composed according to Figs. 3a and 3b it will not
be necessary to convert the indicator " + +," " - + " and - -,"
whereas the accessory signals can be converted directly via
intermediate conductors 1 to 5 in the corresponding five-unit code
signals. The group having the indicator 's;+ - " has to be selected
on'the contrary.
rectifiers appear to be necessary for the codeconversion, and one
extra switching element.
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* 5.8.23.4; 93p
* GB780002 (A)
Description: GB780002 (A) ? 1957-07-31
An electronic switching circuit arrangement
RESFERVE COPY
780,002 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification July 9
1952.
No. 37887/56.
(Divided out of No. 780,001).
1o)I.DO The inventor of this invention in the sense of being the
actual deviser thereof within the meaning of Section 16 of the Patents
Act 1949, is Antonie Snijders of 28 Enschedelaan, The Hague, the
Netherlands, a subject of the Queen of the Netherlands.
Index at acceptance:-Class 40(6), G(1G: 2A).
International Classification: -H03k.
CORRECTIOY OF CLEPRICAL EFROP SPECIFICATION NOo 730,002
The following correction is in accordance witn the Decision of the
Assistant Comptroller; acting for the Comptroller-General, dated the
twentyfourthli day February; 1958.
Page 1; lines 3 to 6; for IOctroolafdellng C148; 4 St.
Paulusstraat;Leldolhendam; Holland, fonnrmerly of Kortenaerkade, 12.
The Hague; Hollands" read '12i Kortenaerkade, The Hague, The
Netherlands; ".
THE PATENT 0 FFICE, 30th June, 19g5 and second output for respectively
reproducing and inverting a switching voltage, which is supplied
thereto at said input in one or other of two nomninal values.
The U.S. Patent 2,535,303 (Lewis) concerns a basic coincidence-circuit
and a combination of a plurality of such basic circu:
the latter being all of exactly the same composition. A similar
combination of two or more basic circuits according to this invention,
by means of one rectifier, is not mentioned in said U.S. Patent.
Furthermore the basic circuit according to this latter patent is not
provided with the resistor and its supply, is a feature of the present
invention.
On the contrary said basic circuit includes a resistor 18, in Fig. 1
of United States Patent Specification No. 2,535,303 which is connected
in parallel with one of the rectifiers in the circuit.
The switching circuit arrangement of the invention offers the
possibility, that on the one hand the mentioned rectifiers with their
cor[Price 3s. 6d.] DB 06182/1(3)/3636 150 6/58 R rectifiers.
The invention will be described in detail 65 with reference to the
accompanying drawings, of which Fig. 1 shows a circuit arrangement
according to the invention, and Fig. 2 shows a number of circuit
arrangements connected to co-operate in combination with each other 70

according to the invention.
The relay circuit of Fig. 1 is composed of a central conductor P
around whicht a plurality of rectifiers (G, to G7) is grouped, which
by all their corresponding sides, either anode or 75 cathode sides,
are connected to said conductor together with a resistor R, which at
its other side is supplied by the positive terminal of a voltage
source V. In Fig. 1 all the rectifiers are connected at the central
-conductor by 80 their anode sides. It is possible as well to connect
them at said conductor P with all their cathode sides. In that case
the resistor will be connected with its other side to the negative
terminal of the voltage source V. Said resistor 85 R is of high
resistor value with respect to the PATENT SPECIFICATION
780002 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification July 9
1952.
No. 37887/56.
(Divided out of No. 780,001).
The inventor of this invention in the sense of being the actual
deviser thereof within the meaning of Section 16 of the Patents Act
1949, is Antonie Snijders of 28 Enschedelaan, The Hague, the
Index at acceptance:-Class 40(6), G(1G: 2A).
Intemnational Classification: -HO3k.
An Electronic Switching Circuit Arrangement We, STAATSBEDRIJF DER
POSTERIJEN, TELEGRAFIE EN TELEFONIE, a Public Department of the
Netherlands of Octrooiafdeling C 148, 4 St. Paulusstraat,
Leidschendam, Holland, formerly of Kortenaerkade 12, The Hague,
Holland, do hereby declare the invention for which we pray that a
patent may be granted to us and the method by which it is to be
statement: -
The invention concerns a switching circuit arrangement, in particular
for use in electronic computers, code-converters and suchlike devices.
The switching circuit arrangement of the invention comprises a central
conductor, a resistor, a plurality of rectifiers and an equal or
lesser plurality of mutually equal switching units each provided with
a relatively highohmic input and a relatively low-ohmic first and
second output for respectively reproducing and inverting a switching
voltage, which is supplied thereto at said input in one or other of
two nominal values.
The U.S. Patent 2,535,303 (Lewis) concerns a basic coincidence-circuit
and a combination of a plurality of such basic circuLi the latter
being all of exactly the same composition. A similar combination of
two or more basic circuits according to this invention, by means of
one rectifier, is not mentioned in said U.S. Patent. Furthermore the
basic circuit according to this latter patent is not provided with the
resistor and its supply, is a feature of the present invention.
On the contrary said basic circuit includes a resistor 18, in Fig. 1
of United States Patent Specification No. 2,535,303 which is connected
in parallel with one of the rectifiers in 44 the circuit.
The switching circuit arrangement of the invention offers the
possibility, that on the one hand the mentioned rectifiers with their
cor[Price 3s. 6d.] responding, either anode or cathode sides and said
resistor are connected to the central conductor of the relevant
circuit arrangement, whilst on the other hand said resistor is
connected to a voltage source which is either negative or positive
depending upon which side of said rectifiers are connected to said 5(
central conductor whereas said rectifiers are connected to conductors
of other circuit arrangements and inputs or outputs of said switching
units, which in turn either control or are controlled by other circuit
arrangements, 55 in such way, that idle outputs of the first or second
mentioned kind produce one of saidvoltage values only in case the

voltage values, applied at all idle inputs represent a predetermined
combination, said resistor being of high 60 resistive value with
respect to the blocking resistance and of low resistive value with
respect to the conductive resistance of the rectifiers.
The invention will be described in detail 65 with reference to the
accompanying drawings, of which Fig. 1 shows a circuit arrangement
according to the invention, and Fig. 2 shows a number of circuit
arrangements connected to co-operate in combination with each other 70
according to the invention.
The relay circuit of Fig. 1 is composed of a central conductor P
around which, a plurality of rectifiers (G, to G7) is grouped, which
by all their corresponding sides, either anode or 75 cathode sides,
are connected to said conductor together with a resistor R, which at
its other side is supplied by the positive terminal of a voltage
source V. In Fig. 1 all the rectifiers are connected at the central
-conductor by 80 their anode sides. It is possible as well to. connect
them at said conductor P with all their cathode sides. In that case
the resistor will be connected with its other side to the negative
terminal of the voltage source V. Said resistor 85 R is of high
resistor value with respect to the resistance of the rectifiers G, to
G, in conductive condition, in order to prevent the voltage, applied
at an input of the circuit from being reduced too much by said
rectifier resistance (in conductive condition).
On the other hand the dimensions of the resistor R are so chosen, that
its resistance is low with respect to the blocking resistance of a
rectifier, in order to prevent the potential at the central conductor
P from being too much dependent on the number of blocking rectifiers.
Nevertheless the voltage drop over a relay circuit, caused by resistor
R and partially by the resistance of the rectifiers (either resisIs
tance in blocking oi conductive condition) needs compensating means,
Such compensating means consist of an electronic switching unit, which
in Figs. 1 and 2 is indicated in blockform (S1 to Sli). By these
electronic switching units, which are described in detail in the
Patent Application No. 37888/56 (Serial No. 780,003) a switching
voltage which is applied at the left hand lower terminal I is
reproduced at the right hand upper terminal U, whereas it is inverted
at the left hand upper terminal U'. This reproducing and inverting of
said switching voltage respectively by said electronic switching unit
is not only effected for the two nominal values of the applied
switching voltage, but also for values between said nominal value and
a reference potential, intermediate said nominal values, provided that
the switching voltage differs by about 1 volt of said reference
potential. The operation of the switching unit is regenerative, so
that also for the values of the applied switching voltage,
intermediate the nominal values and the reference potential the output
voltages have said nominal values. The reference potential (say: earth
potential) is common to all terminals T of the various switching
units, which to this end are interconnected.
The switching voltage is assumed to amount to 10 volts in nominal
value. Then the output terminals such as UW' and U, respectively
produce voltages of -10 and + 10 volt respectively if the switching
voltage has values between + 1 and + 12 volt. If the latter voltage
has values between -1 and -12 volt, then said output terminals U,' and
U, supply to +10 and -10 volt respectively. The voltage source V
mentioned before is connected with its other terminal to earth, that
is to the conductor which interconnects all terminals T. The switching
units are of a relatively high passive input resistance and of a
relatively low active output resistance. In the exemplary Fig.
1 switching units 51 and S3 act as voltage reproducing elements,
switching unit S2 on the contrary acts as a voltage inverting unit. 60
The working of the circuit of Fig. 1 is such that the output U, of
switching unit S3 is negative for all combinations of voltages applied
at Il and I2, except for the combination positive voltage at Il,
negative voltage at 65 I2, by which combination the output terminal U,

becomes positive. It is supposed in this case, that the branches of
the relay circuit, including rectifiers G,, G4, G, and G, are not
controlled by other circuits. That remains 70 true, however, in case
the latter branches G1 to G7 control other circuits. In the first case
these branches are connected to an active, in the last case to a
passive impedance.
A feature of the switching circuit arrangement according to the
invention is that a rectifier may be connected in such a way between
two different relay circuits that its action can be either controlling
or controlled (considered from one relay circuit outward). 80 To this
end this latter rectifier is connected as a coupling rectifier between
two relay circuits, which must be differently poled that is to say,
the rectifiers of the respective switching circuit arrangements are
connected to the respective central conductors with different (viz.
cathode and anode) sides respectively.
Such coupling rectifiers are shown in Fig.
2, (rectifiers G, and G,), in which figure those switching circuit
arrangements having central 90 conductors P,, P. and P, are coupled by
rectifiers G, and G-. The central conductors P, and P, are connected
via resistors R, and R, to the positive voltage source V'; P, on the
contrary is connected via resistor R., to the 95 negative voltage
source V.
Branches which are controlled from an external source are those with
rectifiers G,, G2, G3, G, and G,, being connected with switching
elements S4, S5, S6, S8 and Sl0. 10 Branches which have an outward
controlling function are those, comprising rectifiers G4, G, and G,,,
which are connected with switching elements S7, S11 and S9
respectively.
The function of the circuit is analyzed in 10 the following table.
From this table it becomes clear, that the coupling rectifiers G, and
G. in different cases accordingly work in different controlling
directions.
The switching voltages, either applied or 11 reproduced, are given in
the table only by + and -. If no sign at all is mentioned, the
switching effect is completely independent of the polarity of the
switching voltage that is applied at the relevant terminals. 11 In
such cases the latter may be either + or -; this has no effect in the
result of the switching action.
780,00)2 780,002 Controlled from external source Controlling outward
S4 S5 S6 S8 S10 S7 + + + + + + + + + + - + + + + - + + 54 55 S6 58 510
S9 + + + + + + + + S4 S5 S6 S8 S10 Sll + + + + + + + + The electronic
switching circuit of the invention has application in a code converter
such as that described in United Kingdom Patent Specification No.
17359/52 (Serial No.
780,001) from which the present specification is divided, in that case
the switching arrangement may be used as follows: A plurality of
inputs such as I1 and I2 of Fig. 1 is provided each corresponding with
a unit of a binary input signal. A number of switching circuit
arrangements is provided having common switching units such as S1 and
S2 of Fig. 1 connected to said inputs in such manner that for any of
the input signals the associated switching circuit arrangement
acquires at its common connecting point P in Fig. 1, a voltage which
differs from that occurring at the corresponding central point P of
further switching circuit arrangements. The output terminal such as I3
of Fig. 1 which is the input terminal of switching unit S3 of said
number of switching circuit arrangements may be connected to other
switching units such as S3 of Fig. 1 at the outputs of which such as
UW3 and U3 in Fig. 1, the converted code is obtained.
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* 5.8.23.4; 93p
* GB780003 (A)
Description: GB780003 (A) ? 1957-07-31
Electronic switching unit
PS ', v = f: Of i
Date of Application and filing Complete Specification July 9 1952
N. 37888156 Application made in Netheriands on July 12, 1951.
(Dividedout of No. 780,001).
Complete Specification Published July 31. 1957.
30,003 The inventor of this invention in the sense of being the actual
ladex a: azce:ddnce -Class 40(6), G(1M: 2G: 3D: 3K: 3R).
ln:.. nationa! Csasiflction A-H03k.
CORPECTION OF CLEEICAL EPROR SPECIFICATION 10. 730,003
The following correction is in accordance with the Decision of the
Assistant Comptrollers acting for the Comptroller-General, dated the
twentyfifth day of February, 19583.
Page 1i lines 3 to 6; for "Octrooiafdeling C145; 4 St. Paulusstraat,
Leidschendam; Holland, formerly of Kortenaerkade i2 'The Hague,
Holland,, read "12, Kortenaer.tade, The Hague. The Netherlands, ".
THE PAT-/T OFFICE, goth June, lq58 negative terminal ania mer anoraes
via scparate, mutually equal anode resistors to the positive terminal
of a voltage source; a first lowohmic and a first high-ohmic voltage
divider both connected between the anode of the input tube and the
negative terminal of the voltage ZS source; a second low-ohmic and a
second highohmic voltage divider both connected between the anode of
said following tube and the negative terminal of the voltage source;
whilst the control grid of said following tube is controlled from a
tapping point of said first high-ohmic voltage divider.
The applied switching potential may be static or dynamic; the highest
working frequency is limited mainly by the parasitic capacitance in
the circuit and the resistance values therein.
The particular working of the switching unit, that is, producing at
its output terminals the nominal value of the applied switching
potential and the inverted value of the same whilst regenerating its
amplitude, makes this switching unit particularly suitable for
application in co-operation with diode circuits, while the switching
voltages to be applied at these Fric 3s. 6d.] DB Oele82/1(4)1/363e6
150 e/58 R reference potential of all the associated units is supplied
by the common conductors, which 65 are interconnected.
The simplicity in construction of the relevant switching unit is
obtained by use of uniform parts, especially resistors, as the
resistors which constitute the branches of the first and 70 second
low-ohmic voltage divider and the stabilizing-branch resistors for
providing the reference potential have mutually equal values, just as
the branch resistors of the first and second high-ohmic voltage
divider and the 75 resistor for providing the reference potential of
the later, which resistors for the remainder are high in ohmic value

with respect to the first mentioned resistor, whereas the resistor for
providing the reference potential of the first 80 high-ohmic
voltage-divider is approximately one fourth of the ohmic value of that
of the second high-ohmic voltage-divider.
By applying the switching unit according to the invention between
successive switching 85 stages, each provided with rectifiers the
amplitude of the switching potential can be kept small as it becomes
regenerated by the relevant t, PATENT SPECIFICATION
780,003 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification July 9
1952 / i No. 37888/56 Application made in Netherlands on July 12,
1951.
Y 2 (Dividedout of No. 780,001).
Complete Specification Published July 31. 1957.
The inventor of this invention in the sense of being the actual
Index at acceprance -Class 40(6), G(IM: 2G: 3D: 3K: 3R).
Inte. national C(a:1siRcotion -HO3k.
Electronic Switching Unit We, STAATSBEDRIJF DER POSTERIJEN, TELEGRAFIE
EN TELEFONIE, a Public Department of The Netherlands of
OCtrooiafdeling C 148, 4 St. Paulusstraat, Leidschendam, Holland,
formerly of Kortenaerkade 12, The Hague, Holland, do hereby declare
the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us
and the method by which is to be performed, to be particularly
described in and by the following statement:-
The invention concerns an electronic switching unit for use in
code-converters, e.g. as described in British Patent Application No.
17359/52 (Serial No. 780,001).
The electronic switching element according to the invention comprises
an input tube and a following tube having their cathodes connected via
a common cathode resistor to the negative terminal and their anodes
via separate, mutually equal anode resistors to the positive terminal
of a voltage source; a first lowohmic and a first high-ohmic voltage
divider both connected between the anode of the input tube and the
negative terminal of the voltage iS source; a second low-ohmic and a
second highohmic voltage divider both connected between the anode of
said following tube and the negative terminal of the voltage source;
whilst the control grid of said following tube is controlled from a
tapping point of said first high-ohmic voltage divider.
The applied switching potential may be static or dynamic; the highest
working frequency is limited mainly by the parasitic capacitance in
the circuit and the resistance values therein.
The particular working of the switching unit, that is, producing at
its output terminals the nominal value of the applied switching
potential and the inverted value of the same whilst regenerating its
amplitude, makes this switching unit particularly suitable for
application in co-operation with diode circuits, while the switching
voltages to be applied at these [Nce 3s. 6d.] circuits (e.g.,
coincidence circuits) effect rela- 4 5 tively low voltage amplitudes
at the outputs of the same, caused by the finite resistance values of
the diodes in blocking condition, and the somewhat considerable
resistance values of the diodes in conductive condition. Said
regenerative effect of the electronic switching unit according to the
invention is obtained without making use of auxiliary voltages but by
use of the above-mentioned voltage dividers, which for this purpose
are provided with extra 55 branches, which are connected to each other
via a common conductor. Thus a fixed potential is derived from the
circuit which can serve as a reference potential for various switching
units co-operating in any circuit. 60 By this means, only one voltage
source suffices, and if more electronic switching units according to
the invention are provided, the reference potential of all the
associated units is supplied by the common conductors, which 65 are

interconnected.
The simplicity in construction of the relevant switching unit is
obtained by use of uniform parts, especially resistors, as the
resistors which constitute the branches of the first and 70 second
low-ohmic voltage divider and the stabilizing-branch resistors for
providing the reference potential have mutually equal values, just as
the branch resistors of the first and second high-ohmic voltage
divider and the 75 resistor for providing the reference potential of
the later, which resistors for the remainder are high in ohmic value
with respect to the first mentioned resistor, whereas the resistor for
providing the reference potential of the first 80 high-ohmic
voltage-divider is approximately one fourth of the ohmic value of that
of the second high-ohmic voltage-divider.
By applying the switching unit according to the invention between
successive switching 85 stages, each provided with rectifiers the
amplitude of the switching potential can be kept small as it becomes
regenerated by the relevant 780,003 switching unit. For that reason
the voltage, that the rectifier-cells used must withstand, when in
blocking condition, can be small.
The switching unit according to the invenS tion can be employed in
circuits for the inversion of the two switching potential values,
which is a practice, necessary in binary computer systems.
The particular advantage when using the switching unit for this
purpose here again consists in the regeneration of the voltage values,
without needing special elements to this end.
Finally the switching unit according to the invention offers the
possibility of feed-back in a high-chmic loon between the tavning
point of the second high-ohmic voltage divider and the control-grid of
the input tube, as a result of which the circuit becomes less
sensitive to small fluctuations of signalling or supply voltages,
though it remains under full control of said signalling voltage.
The invention will be explained in detail with reference to the
accompanying drawings in which:AS Fig. 1 shows the circuit of the
electronic switching according to the invention, and the
block-schematic of the same; Fig. 2 shows the working characteristics;
Fig. 3 shows an exemplary coincidence-circuit provided with electronic
switching units according to the invention.
The circuit according to Fig. 1 comprises two tubes Bla and Bib (which
may be constructively unified as a double-triode in one envelope), of
which the first one (input tube) is primarily controlled at its
control grid via terminal 7. Dependent on this control, one of the
tubes is conductive, while the other one is non-conductive. The input
terminal 7 is connected with the control grid of tube Bla via a grid
resistor RiO, which limits the grid current.
The cathodes of both tubes are connected to the negative terminal 11
of a voltage source V via a common cathode resistor R15. The anode of
tube Bla is connected at the positive pole 2 of said source V via
parallel anode resistors Ri and R2, and the anode of tube Bib is
connected to positive pole 2 via R4 and R5.
Furthermore the anode of tube Bla is connected via a voltage divider
comprising resistors R6. Rll to the negative pole 11, the anode of
tube BIb being connected in the same way via the voltage divider
comprising resistors R9, R19. The branch resistors R6, R9, R11 and R19
have mutually equal resistance values, and as also the anode resistors
RI, R2, R4 and R5 have mutually equal resistance values the result is,
that the voltages, supplied at the tapping points 9 and 4 of the said
voltage dividers alternate when the conductive condition of the tubes
is changed.
The said voltage dividers are relatively lowohmic. Two further voltage
dividers are provided, both of relatively high-ohmic value. The anode
of tube Bla is connected via one of these further high-ohmic voltage
dividers R8, R16, the resistors of which have mutually equal values,
with the negative terminal ll. The anode of the following tube Bib is
in a simi- 7 lar manner connected to terminal il via highohmic voltage

divider R7, R14, the resistor values of which are also mutually equal,
and equal to those of R8, R16. The latter voltage divider (R8, R16)
has its tapping point con- 7 nected to the control grid of the
following tube BIb, and via resistor R17 to the common conductor which
is connected to terminal 6.
The high-ohmic voltage divider R7, R14 has its tapping point connected
to terminal 5, 8 which will be described hereinafter, and is connected
via resistor R13 to the said terminal 6.
The low-ohmic voltage dividers R6, Rll and R9, R19 are connected to
said terminal 6 via resistors R12 and R18 which are equal in value 8
to the resistors R6, RI 1, R9 and R19. The circuit is furthermore
provided with neon indicator tubes Li and L2, which are connected (in
series with common limiter resistor R3) to terminal 2 of voltage
source V and the anodes 9i of tubes Bla and Bib, respectively.
The operation of the circuit is as follows It is supposed that tube
Bla is conductive (the control grid of Bla is kept positive with
respect to its cathode). 0 Responsive thereto the output tube Bib will
be non-conductive and output terminal 4 will be positive with respect
to the output terminal 9, as the latter is connected to the anode of
tube Bla, which takes current via anode 1l resistors RI and R2. The
high-ohmic voltage divider now keeps the control grid of tube Bib
negative with respect to its cathode, so that this tube cannot become
conductive unless the condition of the first mentioned tube 1(
changes. As the resistors R12 and R18 have equal resistive values the
potential at terminal 6 will have a value, which is the means between
the potentials at terminals 4 and 9.
In Fig. 2 curves are shown, which represent 1! the voltage variation
at terminals 3 and 10 that is, at the anodes of tubes Bla and Bib.
At the left scale the absolute potential (that of terminal li being
taken as ground or zero potential) is mentioned at the right hand
scale 1E a relative scale is used, taking the reference potential of
terminal 6 (70 volt absolute) as zero level. The voltage source V has
a value of approx. 220 volt in this circuit; the resistance values of
this exemplary circuit are R, 1:
R2, R4, R5, R6, R9, Rll, R12, R18 and R19 each 39000 ohm R7, R8, R13,
R14 and R16 each 1,000,000 ohm; R3 about 820,000 ohm; RIO about
470,000 ohm; R15 about 15000 ohm and R17 about 270,000 ohm. Tubes Bla
L and Bib may be a double-triode E 90 CC; the neon tubes Li and L2 may
be of any type as used for indicator purposes in counter or flipflop
circuits.
In Fig. 2 at A the potential curve at the 1l 780,003 anode 10 of tube
Bla and that at the anode 3 of tube BRb are shown as a function of the
control grid voltage of tube Bla. Curve B represents the potentials at
terminals 4, 6 and 9 as a function of the said grid potential.
Hereinafter the absolute potential values (left hand scale) are
mentioned. If at terminal 7 the grid potential amounts to 60 V tube
Bib will be conductive and the potential at terminal 3 will amount to
approximately 105 V, whilst (as tube Bla is non-conductive) the
potential at terminal 10 amounts to approximately 172 V, so that the
potentials supplied at terminals 4 and 9 will be approximately 58 V
and 82 V respectively. As terminal 6 is influenced by these potentials
via two equal resistors the potential at terminal 6 will amount to
approximately 70 V. This latter potential in its turn influences the
grid potential of tube Bib via resistors R17.
When the grid potential increases to approximately 69 volt tube Bla
will become conductive; terminal 10 supplied approximately 170 V which
value decreases somewhat as the triggering limit is approached, tube
Bib will correspondingly decrease its conductivity. Then terminal 3
supplied approximately 106 V, which increases somewhat as the
triggering limit is approached terminals 4 and 9 supply 59 and 79 V
respectively; point 6 is at approximately 69 volts.
When said grid potential of tube Bib increases further the tube
conditions are fully changed, and for the value 82 volts the potential
at points 9, 6, 10 and 3 will amount to 58, 69, 106 and 172 volts

respectively.
From the curves it appears that the reference potential is kept
sufficiently constant over the whole range (with respect to the
voltage-source terminal potential). The regenerated switching
potentials, supplied at terminals 4 and 9 are also substantially
constant, and have values of practically 60 and 80 volts, which values
alternate as the grid voltage of tube Bla crosses the switching value;
this means in practice if said grid voltage differs less than
approximately 0,5 volt from said reference potential (70 volt).
The switching voltage values thus may vary between 60 volts and 70,5
volts, and between 80 volts and 69,5 volts practically without change
of the output potentials.
By increasing the grid voltage at the input terminal 7 triggering
occurs when the grid voltage surpasses the value 70,5 volts; by
decreasing the grid voltage on the contrary triggering occurs when the
value 69,5 volts is reached, as indicated in the dotted line part of
the curve.
The neon tubes L1 and L2 get potential of approximately 120 volt at
the terminal of the common resistor R3, so that that neon tube that is
connected with an anode that bears a voltage of less than 110 volt,
will glow.
The output terminal 5 supplies the same potential as output terminal
4, however, the former circuit is of higher ohmic value than the
latter circuit. For that reason this output can serve for stabilizing
purposes when connected through to input 7. The increased stability
caused by this measure keeps the circuit less sensitive to small
variations in the switching voltage amplitude or in the battery
voltage V. As the potential supplied by terminal 5 is taken from a
high-ohmic circuit, this potential will not be able to seriously
influence 75 the controlling voltage, applied (low-ohmic) at terminal
7, so that a slight but sufficient stabilizing effect is obtained.
If a plurality of electronic switching units F, F', F" and F"' is
provided, all operating at 80 between 60 and 80 V controlling
potentianal value, then all the stabilizing terminals, such as 6, 6',
6' and 6' are connected through, as shown in Fig. 1. As a result the
reference potentials at these points are stabilized and 85 equalized,
so that a real regeneration of the output voltages becomes possible.
All output potentials will bear equal nominal values in response
thereto. The voltage source V may be common to the various cooperating
switching units, such as F, F', F2 and F', as a further result of
through-connecting the various common conductors 6, 61, 62, and 6'.
Finally in Fig. 3 an exemplary circuit is shown, representing a
coincidence circuit, in 95 which switching units according to the
invention are provided.
The coincidence circuit of Fig. 3 consists of rectifier cells G1, G2
and G3 and switching units F, F1 and F2 according to the invention!,
ion and can be controlled at points P and Q. The outputs of the whole
arrangement are terminals R and S (which supply output voltages of
opposite polarities).
A feature of the coincidence circuit of Fig. 1o0 3 is, (in opposition
to what is known from coincidence circuits), that at terminals R and S
a switching voltage occurs which differs from normal voltage only in
case a negative potential is supplied at terminal P and simultaneously
a 110 positive voltage is supplied at terminal Q. The outputs R and S
may control further rectifier cell circuits by means of the output
voltages which in amplitude have been regenerated by the switching
unit FP. 115 The operation of the circuit of Fig. 3 is as follows: If
one expresses the polarity of the switching voltage, applied at the
controlling or input terminals R and Q and occurring in response 120
thereto at the controlled or output terminals R and S by means of the
signs + and - the following table can be set up, in which
corresponding voltages are shown in horizontal rows:- 125 P 0 R S + +
- + _.- + _ + + _ - - - + 130 780,003 It is supposed in this table
that terminals T and U are left unconnected, so that the same do not

influence the polarity at point N.
By means of terminals T and U circuits similar to that shown may be
connected, which thus influence, or are influenced by the latter.
In such case, terminals T and U are directly connected to the central
points of the corresponding circuits, such as point N in the circuit
shown.
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* GB780004 (A)
Description: GB780004 (A) ? 1957-07-31
An improved copper-aluminium alloy
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The EPO does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of data
and information originating from other authorities than the EPO; in
particular, the EPO does not guarantee that they are complete,
up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.
PATENT SPECIFICATION...
Inventor: JOHN PHILIP DENNISON Date of filing Complete Specification
Aug. 22, 1952.
Application Date May 22, 1951.
Complete Specification PublishedJuly 31, 1957.
780,004 No. 11874/51.
Index at acceptance:--Class 72, AllB; and 82(1), A(2A: 4A), A8(A1: A3:
J: K: R: Z12), A10.
International Classification:-C21d. C22c.
An improved Copper-Aluminium Alloy We, N. C. ASHTON LIMITED, of St.
Andrew's Road, Huddersfield, in the County of York, a British company,
do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may
be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be
particularly described in and by the following statement: -
This invention relates to copper-base alloys of the single phase
(alpha) copper-aluminium type. It more particularly concerns an
improved quaternary copper-base alloy containing aluminium, cobalt,
and nickel, in which the nickel may be substituted in whole or in part
by manganese, which, by virtue of its precipitation hardening
characteristics, is capable of providing articles having high
resistance to creep at temperatures up to and including 500( C. Due to
these precipitation hardening characteristics the alloy also possesses
very good mechanical properties at ordinary temperatures.
The alloy according to the invention is composed of 5.5%0 to 8%
aluminium, 1%.-2% cobalt, and 2% to 6% nickel, the balance being
copper and usual impurities and the nickel being replaceable in whole
or in part by an equal weight of manganese. The alloy after suitable

treatment, for example, as described hereinafter, exhibits
exceptionally high resistance, to creep, high mechanical properties
and is capable of being worked either hot or cold. These
characteristics render the alloy suitable for a variety of purposes
requiring high tensile strength and proof stress, in particular it is
considered to be suitable for use as second stage gas turbine heat
interchanger tubes or for gas turbine compressor blades.
Preferred proportions in which to alloy the aforesaid metals are: -
aluminium 7%, cobalt 1.5%, nickel 4%, the balance being copper 40 and
usual impurities. The nickel may be substituted in whole or in part by
an equal weight of manganese.
The following description gives examples of the development of the
properties of the 45 alloy by fabrication and heat treatment.
In preparing samples of the alloy for the enumerated tests, the metals
were melted together in the requisite proportions in the conventional
manner, the cobalt and nickel 50 being added in the form of
copper-base master alloys and billets were cast 8" X 6" x 12". The
test specimens were prepared by hot rolling into suitable strip at
temperatures between 800 C., and 900 C., followed by heat treatment.
The heat treatment may consist of a solution treatment between 850 C.
and 1000 C., and the cooling rate being critical depends on the
thickness of cross section of the 60 material. This may involve air
cooling.or quenching in water. For instance, to obtain optimum
properties, materials exceeding," in thickness should be water
quenched, and materials having a thickness not exceeding x 65 should
be air cooled. The material may be precipitation-hardened in the range
400 C. to 600 C., either directly or following cold work. After cold
work, for certain purposes the precipitation-hardening 70 may be
omitted.
EXAMPLE
Nominal composition of alloy in per cent by weight, balance copper and
impurities, is 7% aluminium, 1.5 ,/. cobalt, 4% nickel. 5 [Price 3s.
6d.] K-, z 780,004 Property.
Tensile strength, Elongation % Treatment Test in tons/in2 on 2"
Solution treatment 2 hours at 950 C.
Hardened by heating 2 hours at 500 C. Mechanical 60 10 Solution
treatment 2 hours at 950 C.
Cold worked 30%.. Hardened by heating + hour at 5000 C. 65 5 Annealed
5 hours at 8000 C. 38 40 Annealed 5 hours at 8000 C. Creep rupture at
4500 C. Life in hours 200.
4 tons/in2 load.
Solution treatment 2 hours at 9500 C.
Cold worked 30%.,, >1000.
Solution treatment 2 hours at 950 C. Creep at 4500 C. Steady rate
after 2 tons/in2 load. 500 hours.
0.005 %.' per day.
The alloy can be used in the forged annealed or solution treated, hot
or cold worked states, or following precipitation hardening.
S Alloys in accordance with this invention may contain up to 0.5%.
silicon.
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