Kazakhstan and Central Asia Information in Transboundary Water Cooperation - The Value of National IWRM and Water Efficiency Plans (Tim Hannan) - Powerpoint - 170kb (Russian)
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Kazakhstan and Central Asia Information in Transboundary Water Cooperation - The Value of National IWRM and Water Efficiency Plans (Tim Hannan) - Powerpoint - 170kb (Russian)
- 1. Казахстан и Центральная АзияКазахстан и Центральная Азия Информация по сотрудничествуИнформация по сотрудничеству в области трансграничных водв области трансграничных вод && Значение Национальных планов ИУВР иЗначение Национальных планов ИУВР и водосбереженияводосбережения Тим ХаннанТим Ханнан Советник ПРООН по вопросам управления воднымиСоветник ПРООН по вопросам управления водными ресурсамиресурсами UNDP Water Management AdvisorUNDP Water Management Advisor АлматыАлматы,, КазахстанКазахстан tim.hannan@undp.orgtim.hannan@undp.org
- 2. Национальные планы ИУВР иНациональные планы ИУВР и Водосбережения в контекстеВодосбережения в контексте сотрудничества по трансграничнымсотрудничества по трансграничным водамводам ИУВР – новый подход с необходимостью новойИУВР – новый подход с необходимостью новой информации и нового менеджментаинформации и нового менеджмента необходимо определить новые потребности,необходимо определить новые потребности, потребности подходапотребности подхода управленцы – водники должны понять иуправленцы – водники должны понять и принять ИУВРпринять ИУВР Цели и задачи ИУВР одни и те же для всехЦели и задачи ИУВР одни и те же для всех стран мирастран мира Потребности в информации одинаковы дляПотребности в информации одинаковы для всех стран миравсех стран мира
- 3. Инициативы по мониторингу и сборуИнициативы по мониторингу и сбору информации в РКинформации в РК река Тоболрека Тобол ((РоссияРоссия,, Казахстан, РоссияКазахстан, Россия)) река Уралрека Урал ((Россия, КазахстанРоссия, Казахстан)) река Иртышрека Иртыш ((КитайКитай,, Казахстан, РоссияКазахстан, Россия)) река Илирека Или ((КитайКитай,, КазахстанКазахстан)) СырдарьяСырдарья,, ШуШу,, ТаласТалас ((УзбекистанУзбекистан,, ТаджикистанТаджикистан,, КыргызстанКыргызстан)) река Амударьярека Амударья ((как приток Аральского моря)как приток Аральского моря) Вопросы трансграничных вод привели кВопросы трансграничных вод привели к улучшению мониторингаулучшению мониторинга
- 4. Инициативы по региональномуИнициативы по региональному сотрудничеству в Центральной Азии посотрудничеству в Центральной Азии по трансграничным водамтрансграничным водам ICWCICWC ((распределение водыраспределение воды)) IFASIFAS ((ресурсы и исследования по Аралуресурсы и исследования по Аралу)) СоглашениеСоглашение 19981998 CACOCACO ((водавода,, энергияэнергия,, транспорттранспорт && пищапища)) WECWEC ((объединение водыобъединение воды && энергетикиэнергетики)) Комиссия по трансгр.рекам Шу и ТаласКомиссия по трансгр.рекам Шу и Талас Различные ежегодные соглашенияРазличные ежегодные соглашения Казахстан подписал Водную КонвенциюКазахстан подписал Водную Конвенцию
- 5. Структура Управления воднымиСтруктура Управления водными ресурсами в Республике Казахстанресурсами в Республике Казахстан Комитет по водным ресурсамКомитет по водным ресурсам ((МинистерствоМинистерство сельского хозяйствасельского хозяйства)) Бассейновые водохозяйственныеБассейновые водохозяйственные управленияуправления ((при КВРпри КВР)) Бассейновые СоветыБассейновые Советы ((в процессе образованияв процессе образования)) ПрочиеПрочие –– ((экология, геология, здравоохранение и т.д.экология, геология, здравоохранение и т.д.))
- 6. Вопросы Информации в рамкахВопросы Информации в рамках управления водными ресурсами вуправления водными ресурсами в КазахстанеКазахстане ((Центральной АзииЦентральной Азии)) недостаточное понимание вопросов и решений внедостаточное понимание вопросов и решений в области водных ресурсов со стороны центральныхобласти водных ресурсов со стороны центральных правительствправительств недостаточное понимание со стороны общественностинедостаточное понимание со стороны общественности и их участия в управлении водными ресурсамии их участия в управлении водными ресурсами снижение технических навыков КВР и БВУснижение технических навыков КВР и БВУ недостаточное и затруднительная координация инедостаточное и затруднительная координация и сотрудничество в области информациисотрудничество в области информации недостаток информации по воде, включая вопросынедостаток информации по воде, включая вопросы управления и доступа к нейуправления и доступа к ней
- 7. Другие важные вопросы в областиДругие важные вопросы в области управления водными ресурсами вуправления водными ресурсами в Казахстане ( Центральной Азии)Казахстане ( Центральной Азии) Ни одна организация не несет ответственностиНи одна организация не несет ответственности по управлению речными бассейнами,по управлению речными бассейнами, управлению качеством воды или экологией рекуправлению качеством воды или экологией рек БВУ утратили навыки по комплексномуБВУ утратили навыки по комплексному управлению водными ресурсами, включаяуправлению водными ресурсами, включая качество водыкачество воды Мониторинг за качеством воды улучшается, ноМониторинг за качеством воды улучшается, но очень далек от европейских подходовочень далек от европейских подходов
- 8. Недавние инициативы в областиНедавние инициативы в области Информации по управлению воднымиИнформации по управлению водными ресурсами в Казахстанересурсами в Казахстане Бассейновые Советы в процессеБассейновые Советы в процессе образования согласно Водному Кодексу РКобразования согласно Водному Кодексу РК 20032003 В 2004 завершена разработка СтратегииВ 2004 завершена разработка Стратегии развития КВР/БВУразвития КВР/БВУ ((частично реализована)частично реализована) в 2004 завершена Стратегия улучшенияв 2004 завершена Стратегия улучшения качества воды для КВР/БВУкачества воды для КВР/БВУ ((частичночастично реализована)реализована)
- 9. Недавние инициативы в областиНедавние инициативы в области информации по управлению воднымиинформации по управлению водными ресурсами в Казахстанересурсами в Казахстане Идея создания НациональногоИдея создания Национального информационного центра выдвигаласьинформационного центра выдвигалась вв 2003, 2004, 20052003, 2004, 2005 ((до сих пор не реализованадо сих пор не реализована)) Национальные планы ИУВР ИНациональные планы ИУВР И ВодосбереженияВодосбережения в процессев процессе разработкиразработки ((будут завершены к концу 2005будут завершены к концу 2005))
- 10. Национальный Центр водохозяйственной информации в РК Возможный вариант структуры Различные бассейновые водохозяйственные организации или организации местного административного уровня (SES, Водхозы, Водоканалы, Ирригация, Экология, геология , АВ, Казгидромет, Акимат, прочие) БС БС БСБСБСБС БСБС БВУ БВУ БВУБВУБВУБВУ БВУБВУ Глава гос-ва, министры, разл. организации национального уровня или министерства Аналитики по трансграничным водам и руководители, принимающие решения Система обучения/образования, инициативы вовлечения общественности в вопросы управления ВР, прочее Департамент информации и информационный портал (КВР) Национальный Центр водохозяйственной информации (?) Бассейновая организация в соседних трансграничных странах Бассейновая организация в соседней трансграничной стране
- 11. Ожидаемые шаги в развитии сотрудничества в области управления трансграничными водными ресурсами в Центральной Азии Улучшение мониторинга и информационной службыУлучшение мониторинга и информационной службы Усиление потенциала водохозяйственных организацийУсиление потенциала водохозяйственных организаций Национальные планы ИУВР и Водосбережения Координация на региональном уровне по особым вопросам в области улучшения управления водными ресурсами в каждой стране Двусторонние и одноцелевые соглашения с соседними странами по водоразделу и улучшению качества воды Многосторонние и многоцелевые соглашения по улучшению раздела воды, качества воды для всего речного бассейна Цель: управление трансграничными реками на принципах ИУВР (EUWFD) Ш А Г И 2005 2007 2010 2015 2025?
- 12. Области потенциального региональногоОбласти потенциального регионального сотрудничества по улучшениюсотрудничества по улучшению управления водным хозяйствомуправления водным хозяйством Эффективность водопользованияЭффективность водопользования Обучение и тренингОбучение и тренинг MMониторинг и информационная службаониторинг и информационная служба
- 13. Прогресс в образованииПрогресс в образовании Национального информационногоНационального информационного водохозяйственного центра в РКводохозяйственного центра в РК Развитие систем информации на уровне речныхРазвитие систем информации на уровне речных бассейнов в рамкахбассейнов в рамках DPSIRDPSIR Тренинг сотрудников БВУ в получении информации,Тренинг сотрудников БВУ в получении информации, развитии базы данныхразвитии базы данных (2004(2004 попо 2007)2007) Установка информационного портала для связи с БВУ иУстановка информационного портала для связи с БВУ и КВР, и в последующем для связи БВУ с БСКВР, и в последующем для связи БВУ с БС Организация БС и определение требований поОрганизация БС и определение требований по информацииинформации Первичная связь: БВУ БС БВУ КВР Собственные (национальные) и Трансграничные пользователи
Editor's Notes
- In this workshop we are considering Monitoring and Information in the Management of Transboundary Waters. I will speak mainly about the situation in Kazakhstan but also extend that to cover Central Asia because: Central Asia is connected hydrologically: from a transboundary water management perspective, it is one area In terms of capacity in water management and in water information it is similar, with similar problems and similar solutions and a great potential for international cooperation on improvements. One of the stated aims of this Workshop is to “assess the current state of information management” in EECCA transboundary waters. IN contribution to that aim I was invited here mainly to talk about the Kazakhstan National Water Information Centre. In short, it has not yet been established. But, why it has not been established and what needs to be done to establish it is important to discuss. And, I will state now, that we are making some progress on it despite the fact that it has not been established. Like many other places in the larger region including the Caucasus, Eastern Europe, etc. official, properly regulated and operational transboundary agreements are in their infancy. Infancy is the important word here because the work that is needed for transboundary management and for information on water, whether it is transboundary or not, is just beginning. At the same time as we discuss transboundary issues, we are promoting the establishment of IWRM in all countries. The main initiative on IWRM now is the National IWRM and WE Plans which are part of the Johannesburg Directive. All countries are to complete them by the end of this year. Kazakhstan is currently working on its Plan. It is my thesis that it is necessary to build capacity in monitoring and information and its management within countries before it can be done effectively in cooperation with other countries. The National IWRM Plan is an important document for information, for transboundary cooperation and management because the preparation of the Plan provides an opportunity to define information and wider water management needs and to describe the approach to meeting the needs both in-country and in transboundary considerations. It is the first step in building capacity.
- IWRM is a new way of looking at water management: From a command-and-control approach to one with broader participation and wider integration. Information needs and information management are different and need a different approach. But in what way different? This needs to be defined. If we are to manage transboundary rivers according to the principles or IWRM and understanding of IWRM needs to be developed among the water managers of the transboundary zone. Preparing a National IWRM Plan is a good vehicle to define information needs as it allows the country to step back and look at what it needs and where the first steps should be made. The IWRM Plan is about institutions and capacity building, it is about information and its management, it is about transboundary needs and responsibilities. The IWRM Plan provides a platform to assess these components together. The IWRM Plan also provides a vehicle to enhance transboundary cooperation because: the goals and aims of IWRM are the same for all countries The information needs are the same for all countries
- Kazakhstan has great interest in transboundary issues in water management because half its water resources come from upstream countries and a third of its total resources flow out to downstream countries. There are good relations and agreements with Russia on sharing water and on information exchange which are implemented by the relevant River Basin Organisations in Kazakhstan and their equivalents in Russia. A spirit of cooperation is fairly easy to develop as both Russia and Kazakhstan are both upstream and downstream neighbours of each other. The relationship with China on transboundary cooperation is less open, but annual agreements are made on volumes of water. However, there is great concern that China will act unilaterally on its development of river basins which may seriously harm the water resources available in the Irtysh and Ili. Kazakhstan has developed agreements with its Central Asian neighbours which are a little more far reaching than those with Russia (because those with Russian seem adequate to the task for now) and with China. It is also important to note here that much of the reconstruction of the monitoring network in Kazakhstan has been driven by transboundary issues and emphasises those cross-border locations.
- In discussions on regional water cooperation these are the main organisations and agreements which are raised. ICWC – comes closest to transboundary water cooperation but even still it is about allocating volumes of water. Although it is a permanent organisation, agreements tend to be for a year. It is not looking at larger or broader aspects of river and river basin management. IFAS – is mainly a funding attractor for research and projects, valuable, but somewhat separate from cooperative management 1998 Agreement – Syr Darya focused and may be the foundation of a future Syr Darya managed as a transboundary river. Currently it suffers from difficulties in maintaining the terms of the agreement because of the differing priorities between the countries. CACO has a wider remit – water, energy, transport, food and so is also a little separate from water management. WEC combines water and energy. Energy overshadows water because of the differing potential levels of investment involved. It is useful to study this approach to cooperation but it makes little sense in the wider economic context (why link one primary sector of the economy with water and not the other (agriculture?). I am not suggesting a WEAC, but rather a rethink about coupling these. Selectively coupling specific sectors with water goes against the principles of IWRM. Chu Talas Transboundary Water Commission between the Kyrgyz Republic and Kazakhstan looked like it would become a good example of a way forward in establishing agreements and may still show some potential. However, action on the agreement has stalled and, at least for now, funding has been suspended. There are discussions and annual agreements on the main transboundary rivers, with Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Russia, China Kazakhstan has commitments under the Water Convention, but so far no specific actions on it. While all of these organisations or agreements contribute to transboundary cooperation, none of them go far enough to support transboundary water management
- A quick run down of the structure of water resources management in Kazakhstan: The National organisation is the Committee for Water Resources which resides in the Ministry of Agriculture Under the CWR are the eight River Basin Organisations which should be the real managers of the river basins but have been so decimated in terms of staff numbers and budgets that they can actually do very little. River Basin Councils were established in law in the 2003 Water Code of Kazakhstan. Their purpose is to represent the water users and act as an advisory board to the RBOs. RBCs are now being established with support from the IWRM project but the process has very long. Partly this is due to disagreement over who should be on the council, partly it is due to the very low government service status of the RBO directors and even the CWR. It is difficult for them to convince an akim or even a deputy akim to attend a meeting. There are many other organisations as there are in every country. The problem is that there is no mechanism for coordinating and cooperating with other organisations. This has a very negative impact both for water management and for information.
- By this I mean two things: 1) that central governments do not give appropriate consideration to water resources management even though it is essential to large proportions of national economies 2) That decisions are made that affect water resources and their management both in-country and in transboundary agreements without seeking advice from water management organisations. Due to both of these, poor decisions and agreements are made. And, outside organisation see no need for good information (decisions are made without information anyway) The public is not involved in any way (though this may change through the introduction of the RBCs). Therefore there is no demand for information and it is difficult to see the value of the information centre. CWR and RBOs have lost a lot of staff and budget so their functions are necessarily limited. Again, very little need for information. There is no formal mechanism to coordinate with other organisations and the lack of immediate need make the effort somewhat futile. So there is poor water information. However, the main lack of understanding is that water management is at a low point and needs to be rebuilt and strengthened. For that information is needed and the demand for information will grow. Getting this point across has been difficult.
- The monitoring system has improved since about 2000, with a beginning to reconstruction of the hydrometric network and of the water quality network and laboratories. This is specifically Kazhydromet. Departments of Environmental protection also monitor discharges from industries, etc. There is little to no connection between the monitors and the RBOs and there is no organisation which has the responsibility to actually manage or work to improve water quality and the concept of ‘good ecological quality’ as is now the case in Europe under the EUWFD, is not even known about within the government structure. There is little connection between monitoring and using information, especially water quality, as no one is managing water quality. RBOs used to have their own water quality labs and were at least technically aware of water quality in their own rivers. Those skills have been dismantled through budget cuts, etc.
- The CWR and the RBOs are certainly aware of the need for managing the river basins and equally aware of their current inability to do so. Some significant initiatives have been put together in recent years in an attempt to improve the situation. Of great importance to water management at the basin level is the establishment in law in the 2003 Water Code of the River Basin Councils (RBCs). These are advisory bodies made up of water users, representing water users to the water managers (the RBOs). None exist yet but in the currently ongoing Project for the National IWRM and WE Plan they are being established in fact. These are important to obtaining information and the development of an information management system, as I will describe later. A Strategy for Development of the CWR and RBOs was prepared in 2004 under a foreign funded project which proposed significant increases in functions of the RBOs with increases in staffing, budgets, etc. in order to make them real, functional water management authorities. Because water quality is probably the biggest and most difficult problem, a Strategy for the Improvement of Water Quality was also prepared under the same project. These are closely related as one of the key objectives was to reinstate water quality monitoring, labs, assessment plus information management and full water resources management, including water quality and working toward the EUWFD approach. These Strategies also included establishing an Information Department in each RBO and in the CWR for all information related to water management, including quality. They have been equipped with two staff and computers, but are not really working as virtually all of the data they would need to collect is in other organisations, to which they have no access. Also, this year, there will be training for RBO staff in the use of water quality monitoring field kits – a simplified and instant means of determining water quality. This is hoped to be the beginning of their return to water management.
- National Water Information Centre proposed but so far budget has been refused. CWR wanted to make it a State Enterprise so it would not be bound by civil service salary rules. It is not known (to me) why budget has never been approved. It is called for also within the 2003 Water Code. Now under National IWRM Plan support will be provided to develop an information system and a portal for communication, and another attempt at recommending changes to strengthen CWR and RBOs, including information The IWRM Plan also has an overall function to strengthen water resources management. This includes information, it includes transboundary issues, it includes how to manage water bodies as ecological units as in the EUWFD model. So it is relevant at the River Basin level, whether we are talking transboundary or not.
- This is probably an unnecessarily complex illustration of the Proposed National Water Information Centre in Kazakhstan. However, it shows how it would be set up. Describe Right now it is the bottom end of this diagram - basin level - that is the biggest hurdle. It is almost impossible for the RBOs to obtain information from other organisations within the basin. I have drawn the arrows from these organisations at basin level, to the RBOs through the RBCs. Partly this is to simplify the diagram, but there is another reason too, which may make the RBCs very important structures within the information process. The RBCs represent all organisations – government and non-government who are involved in water resources management in one way or another. As such, they are also the organisations from which the RBOs would be obtaining information for their own use (information departments) and for the National Water Information Centre. As RBCs develop they will see the need for RBOs to have basic data from which to produce assessed and properly presented information for the use of the RBC, for sharing with other RBCs, etc. etc. The RBCs may be the catalyst to make water information available.
- This is how work toward integrated management of transboundary waters is likely to develop – and this may be the only way it can. If we are considering full, transboundary management of rivers, in line with IWRM and on the basis of the EUWFD approach (as in the top right hand corner) we are still 20 years away in Central Asia – and that is if we put a serious effort toward it starting now. The National IWRM and WE Plan can underpin and support this development by laying out a strategy to build capacity in the organisations involved in each country so that they can manage water and be real authorities in water management. It will also outline what needs to be done in improving monitoring and information in each country. Meantime, we can build on the existing transboundary initiatives already in place in Central Asia and make them more multi-objective, more multilateral in scope. For example, there is not even discussion yet on cooperation on water quality. In each country water quality hardly gets a mention in water management, so there is a distance to go before we can talk about it transboundary. Each country should prepare their National IWRM and WE Plans as Kazakhstan is doing now. Kazakhstan is the only CA country to have signed up to the Johannesburg Declaration, but this does not preclude other countries from doing the Plan anyway. When each country can manage its own waters effectively, it will be more likely to be able to do so as a transboundary partner.
- With regard to specific elements of the National IWRM and WE Plans, there are many areas where countries could cooperate to improve aspects of water management in their own countries. Improving Water Efficiency is a key area where cooperation should be easy to organise and it is the single biggest issue in water use in all Central Asian Countries. The reason for low efficiencies is similar, if not identical in each country so there is logic to cooperating and coordinating on improving it. Education and Training is also a good area in which to cooperate – through regional training centres (which already exist but are perhaps underused, through regional farmer training programmes, through joint programmes to send students abroad. Monitoring & information – some work has been done on regional management if data, but there have been a lot of problems in sharing and cooperating (WARMAP, for example?). This could be improved continue to be a point of cooperation Acting cooperatively on these and other components of water management will foster a climate of cooperation which will support future transboundary management agreements. In other words, these can be used to build the necessary cooperation for transboundary water management.
- More specific to the Kazakhstan National Water Information Centre, there have been some financial and legal problems in establishing it. Now it will be 2007 before it can be officially established. However, through the Project for the IWRM Plan we support it and develop it through simply working on its information related components. Mainly we are working at the River Basin level. This is where the information is located, it is the appropriate lowest level for information assessment and storage and it is appropriate to the principles of IWRM. We work with reference to the DPSIR (Driving Forces–Pressures–State-Impact-Responses) framework to develop the systems. Basically we want to start simple – what do they need now? And build from there. There is not a strong understanding of information, of managing information, of what the full scope of water information is (often still thought of as hydrology) We are training RBO staff through specific training sessions which started in 2004. We are assessing information needs of the RBCs and will explore these further as they are officially established.