3. INTRODUCTION:
Zygomatic bone is closely associated with maxilla,
frontal and temporal bones and thus are
commonly involved in zygomatic complex
fractures.
Also known as TRIPOD FRACTURES
Involves three sutures:
Zygomatico frontal suture
Zygomatico temporal suture
Zygomatico maxillary suture
4.
5. APPLIED ANATOMY:
Zygomatic bone is a dense, strong structures appears
as a "FOUR POINTED STAR":
Upper point: frontal process.
Distal point: temporal process
Medial point: forming outer half of inferior orbital rim.
Lower point: constituting zygomatic buttress.
Convexity on outer surface forms prominence of cheek.
It articulates with four bones:
Frontal
Sphenoid
Maxilla
temporal
6. Thickness & strength are evident at
zygomatico-maxillary suture.
Medial to this- area of extremely thin
bone comprising the lateral wall
of antrum,
Buttress distributes masticatory
stress to cranial base.
Temporal process extends
posteriorly to form alongwith the
zygomatic process of temporal
bone, the zygomatic arch.
coronoid process of mandible
moves between the arch and
infratemporal fossa.
7. FUNCTION
Provides cheek prominence
Helps to maintain the facial height and facial width
To protect the globe of the eye
For the attachment of masseter muscle
To direct masticatory forces to the cranium
To absorb force of an impact before it reaches the
cranium.
12. AXIS OF ROTATION
Vertical axis- is drawn by extending a line from the fz
suture, zygomatic buttress and the maxillary third
molar.
Horizontal axis- is drawn by taking two parallel lines,
one from the inferior orbital margin and the other on
the zygomatic buttress.
13. ROWE AND KILLEY 1968- TYPE OF AXIAL
ROTATION & DISPLACEMENT
Type
I. No significant displacement
II. Fracture of zygomatic arch
III. Rotation around vertical axis-
a. Internally b. Externally
iv. Rotation around longitudinal / horizontal axis
a. Medially b. Laterally
v. Displacement of complex enbloc-
a. Medially b. Inferiorly c. laterally
vi. Displacement of orbito-antral portion-
a. Inferiorly b. Superiorly
vii. Displacement of orbital rim segments
viii. Complex comminuted fracture
17. Diplopia
CAUSES OF DIPLOPIA-
•Physical interference-
- Extravasation of blood into and
around the muscles
- Impinging of bone spicules
-Displacement of bony origin
-Avulsion from the bony origin
-Entrapment of muscle within the
fracture line
-Incarceration of periorbital fat in
a bony defect
-Formation of fibrous adhesion
•Physiological imbalance
•Neurological defects
-supra-nuclear
-Nuclear lesion
-Infra-nuclear & intra-
cranial injury
-Cavernus sinus
compression
-Superior orbital fissure
contusion
-Intra-orbital damage
28. MANAGEMENT OF ZMC FRACTURE
• No treatment
• Indirect reduction with
- No fixation
- Temporary support
- Direct fixation
- Indirect fixation
• Direct reduction & fixation
• Immediate reconstruction with bone grafting
• Delayed reconstruction with osteotomy or
grafting
• Late restoration of contour using onlay grafts.
29. Optimum time for the treatment …
The following factors have to be considered :
I)The presence of any ophthalmic injuries.
II)Progressive proptosis
III)Deterioration in visual acuity
IV)Visual integrity on the unaffected side
V)The necessity for immediate operation in relation to other
facial or general injuries
VI)The medical condition of the patient.
The optimal time for treatment is after 5 – 7 days of trauma.
During 5-7 days- there is no fibrous tissue formation
During second week- hematoma formation- dissection difficult
After 3-4 weeks- there is union of the fractured bones.
38. LATERAL CORONOID APPROACH
1977 – Quinn
Simple method – isolated # of the arch ( medially displaced)
Incision-3-4 cm long intraoral incison along the anterior border of
the ramus through mucosa & submucosa
Dissection- Supraperiosteal dissection is carried out followed by
dissection of the lateral part of the coronoid process
through the tendon of temporal muscle
reaching the medial aspect of the zygomatic arch
41. TEMPORARY SUPPORT
Indications :
ZMC is unstable following reduction
Gross communition of zygomatic
bone
Communition with out bone loss of
orbital floor
Orbital floor fractures
42. INDIRECT FIXATION
Securing the zygoma bone -elsewhere on the facial skeleton until union
occurs
Internal pin fixation
To utilize opposite sound zygoma & nasal structures for cantilever support
Transfixation with Krishner wire
51. 1-POINT FIXATION
Simple noncomminuted zygomatic-complex fracture
•Stronger plate - zygomaticomaxillary buttress
•Leg of the L-plate be placed on the most lateral portion of
the lateral maxillary buttress
53. 3 POINT FIXATION
Comminution of the
zygomaticomaxillary buttress
and/or the frontozygomatic
region
Infraorbital rim-more anatomic
reduction
Thin bone plates must be used in
this location
54. 1. Zygomatic arch
2. Fronto-zygomatic
suture
3. Zygomaticomaxillary
buttress
4. Orbital rim fixation
4 point fixation
55. COMPLICATIONS
• Complication of periorbital incisions
• Infra orbital Nerve injuries
• Persistent Diplopia
• Enopthalmos
• Blindness
• Ankylosis of zygoma to coronoid
• Malunion