This document proposes a new methodology and software for evaluating well-aquifer systems using conventional pumping test data. The methodology reveals new relationships between factors in the well-aquifer system, treating it as a self-regulating physical system. This allows comprehensive evaluation of the system using minimal initial data. The software provides detailed hydrogeological parameters and properties of different parts of the aquifer based solely on pumping test data from a single well. It does not require additional observation wells or strict test conditions. This offers advantages over traditional aquifer test analysis methods by being applicable in any geological environment and using routinely collected well data.

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Summary. Missed win.
New methodology & adequate software for comprehensively (quantitatively
and qualitatively) evaluation of well-aquifer-environment system in any
geological and hydrogeological circumstances through conventional data of
pumping well
By Prof. Isaak Gershanovich
Phone: 972-3-6594929,
Mobile: 054-5903104
Email: isgersh@yahoo.com
Let us represent it as an imaginary discussion.
Author- What do you know starting planning the water well?
Customer- Geological and hydrogeological background; so it will be a venture based on
qualitative argumentation.
A- What do you know after completing the water well?
C- Lithological section and wellbore structure.
A- What do you know after performing the pumping test?
C- Production rate, drawdown and quality of withdrawn groundwater.
A- What knowledge do you get from regular monitoring of running water well?
C- Much the same as before but in time.
A- Is this enough to you to be confident the water resource is proved and the water
production will be sustainable for a long time?
C- We want more; like of the blood analysis to take care of the own health.
A- What do your experience says about test with a "bush" of observation wells?
C- It says that this is money thrown away and wasted time.
A- Could you reveal a bit of this statement?

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C- There are many disadvantages of this method, but most importantly, in my opinion, is
that it involves the planning of the test in the real environment and real circumstances
trying to find physical similarity with theoretical model. Since this is impossible we get
unreliable result. From practical point of view the budgetary costs should be also taken
into account. The situation looks as following: the deeper aquifer, the less reason of usage.
A- But the subsequent mathematical modeling puts everything in its place, isn't it?
C- Mathematical models of hydrogeologic objects that have been produced on a modern
parametric database - is the result of intuition or imagination of the executor. You can talk
about their believability, but not reliability. In a case the reliable parametric database is
missing, the methodology looks like a play in casino. Not by chance the agenda of all
hydrogeologic symposiums includes the item of uncertainty of hydrogeological prediction.
A- What information do you need additionally, but these data are keeping silence for you?
C- It will be a long list of demands but currently they are out of the reality. Among these
demands I would like to point up the problem of single water wells. It means the
following. Huge amount of villages, small farms, separate villas, cottages, agricultural
plants express the wish to purchase an own source of water supply due to different
economic or ecological reasons. We have nothing to offer of these customers like a
certificate of quality of water well as an engineering construction, water resource
availability, and measures to protect them. We have only formulas based on empirical
experience and government instructions based on it.
A- Just not. Recently I have completed the R&D that makes the hidden information in the
regular data on water well disclosed up and available. Pilot version of the software went
beta stage successfully. The user's software is not at the market yet. And now I see it will
never be. In 2014 I have appealed through the LinkedIn to the professional community
with suggestion to cooperate with me in order to produce the user's software (It's above my
strength to do this alone in my age). No response received. May be they have something
better in use? I cannot explain such silence. I am very much disappointed in such
community.
C. Maybe you went unusual way? They want see reviews and endorsements of recognized
scientists in this field.

3. 3
A. You are right. All my second half life was unusual. Concerning this question you would
be right if we were talking about students or temporary workers which engaged in this
field only for salaries. I‟m talking about those who chose this field of science as a
profession and the field of interest for mind. I mean the mentioned scientists. Every
novelty in science goes unusual way. My reviewers were too "fat" for waste of time for
dipping, examination, or checking of this unusual invention. Or maybe it was not
sufficiently for insight? Or shall I just out of luck with them? I'm not going to quote their
reviews. They were so superficial that it made no sense to respond on. I've got the pleasure
of solving this task, maybe the God has assigned me to do this voluntarily. I have fulfilled
this, but to my regret, I reached this only at the end of my lifetime. So I‟m closing this
theme.
C- OK. What benefit do we get from this new knowledge? Maybe it changes nothing
significant.
A- Answers you can find in this summary below.
If shortly the clue to disclose the conventional test data was found thanks to new approach
in Underground Hydraulics. The original idea is that the well & aquifer system is
considered as a self-regulating system. Compared to the traditional approach our approach
integrates as much as possible factors. For instance, the inner flow along the well screen is
presented as a function of variable mass motion, which adds the lateral inflow along the
way upward. This fundamental equation is well-known. It was transformed into the
Bernoulli‟s equation and adapted to the well-known hydrodynamic solutions of Theis
(1935) and Cooper-Jacob (1946). In supplement, a new variable named “filtration viscosity
factor” (innovation of I.G.) was implemented too. As a closed physical system it has inner
relations. These new relationships, pertaining to this system, were revealed. This is the
clue why do we need minimum of initial data to obtain more. The algorithm of the method,
which was created of these findings, is free from restrictions that prevent the application of
mentioned solutions at the reality but keeps the basic Theis‟ model as a recognized
template. The advantages are following: it uses conventional data that the explorer records
in the test either on new exploration water well or during monitoring of exploitation water
well. In compare to the well-known aquifer test technologies this achievement can be
implemented in any geological environment with reaching a good result. For instance there
is no dependence on: well depth, well diameter, lithological structure, aquifer
heterogeneity, type of reservoir features, hydraulic type of aquifer, and so on. Additional
essential distinction is that it evaluates parametrically: (a) target segment of the aquifer

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where the screen installed; (b) effective segment of the aquifer that supplies water to the
well screen; (c) whole aquifer as a stratigraphic stratum. It determines also: hydraulic type
of the aquifer concerning its interaction with surface, sanitary protection area for planning,
hydraulic features of the filter and its vicinity, skin-factor, and other important features.
The important distinction of this method is that it uses a pumping well exclusively; takes a
short time of data record; is suitable for all versions of the tests which are known (possible
configurations of the test data see App. 1); applicable to old test data stored in archive;
easy installable to monitoring system and allows getting the result automatically and
online.
Report for the customer will look as following (the same for every version of the test).
Report Page 2. Hydrodynamic pattern of aquifer
Hydrauli
c mode
Property Symbo
l
Dimensio
n
Target
interval of
Aquifer
(for water
withdrawal)
Effective
Interval of
Aquifer
(aquifer &
environment
integrally)
Genuin
e
Aquife
r
(separat
ely)
Elasticmodeofwaterrelease
Transmissivity jT 2 1
m d
  
Hydraulic
conductivity
jK 1
md
  
Hydraulic
conductivity
effective
,j netK 1
md
  
Diffusivity jD 2 1
m d
  
Storativity jC   
Specific
storativity
jC 1
m
  
Elastic water
release factor
jm   
Formation
elastic water
capacity
jV 3
m   
Elastic water
resource
jW 3
m   

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Gravitationalmodeofwaterrelease
Transmissivity gT 2 1
m d
  
Hydraulic
conductivity
gK 1
md
  
Hydraulic
conductivity
effective
,g netK 1
md
  
Diffusivity gD 2 1
m d
  
Storage gC   
Specific
storage
gC 1
m
  
Free water
release factor
gm   
Free water
content
capacity
gV 3
m   
Free pore
water resource
gW 3
m   
AquiferandWellsiteidentificationfeatures
Hydraulic
type
  
Thickness
(virtual
hydraulic
image)
Mh m   Geo
Formation
water release
factor
(porosity)
m   
Formation
movable water
capacity
V 3
m   
Water
resource
W 3
m   
Closed water
capacity
V 3
m   

6. 6
Outer water
source
capacity
W 3
m  
Productivity
water
withdrawal
potential
Q 3 1
m h

Radius of
homogeneity
jR m   
Radius of
drainage area
egR m   
Radius of
active runoff
area
gR m   
Response to
pumping
  
Note. Of course, it may seem that such a report is overloaded with information,
unnecessary for the average hydrogeologist engaged in some narrow segment of
hydrogeology. Big cake always may be divided into parts. As required. This will be one of
the tasks of programming - the configuration of the report requested by the user. This
comprehensive report will be kept on the file for another project with other need for
information, without having to repeat the work physically.
Hydraulic pattern of wellbore filter & vicinity
Report page 3
Property Symbol Dimension Value
Transmissivity effective wT 2 1
m d +
Transmissivity of filter fT 2 1
m d +
Hydraulic conductivity of filter fK 1
md +
Radius of turbulence tR m +
Effective radius of well wefR m +
Hydraulic imperfection index hZ share +
Hydraulic imperfection head
loss
hdS m +

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Partial penetration index pZ share +
Partial penetration head loss ppS m +
Skin-factor structural stF share +
Skin-factor effective efF share +
Formation loss factor  2
dm +
Well loss factor  2 5
d m +
Hydraulic efficiency of well efE % +
This smart analytical software applicable for use to:
a- New wells,
b- Old test data stored in archive,
c- Production wells where the monitoring data are recorded and transmitted automatically
remotely to the office or these data are recorded by the visitor at the well, all with the same
information output.
This new software provides prompt practical benefit for the user. It's following:
- drilling of observation wells for the test becomes unnecessary;
- duration of pumping test can be shortened significantly;
- test data of past years can be reused for modern projects with new content.
In addition please find following announcement to the advantages the user will get.
Additional explanation to the user who would ask: “why this method & software is
superior to other available methods?” may be seen in Table 1 and Table 2 below.
Table 1. Special data the explorer have to have/know for test performance
For use traditional method For use proposed method
Pumping well Pumping well
Lithological section Lithological section
Observation well No need
Hydraulic type of aquifer No need
Reservoir type No need
Boundary condition No need
Homogeneous area No need
Long time pumping Short time pumping
Budget on pumping well plus Budget on pumping well only

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Table 2. The information that the explorer extracts from the test data exclusively
From traditional method From proposed method
Transmissivity of unidentified thickness
of the aquifer
Transmissivity of separate parts of the aquifer
for different types of water release
Unable Hydraulic conductivity of separate parts of the
aquifer for different types of water release
Diffusivity of unidentified origin within
the aquifer‟s space
Diffusivity of separate parts of the aquifer for
different types of water release
Storativity/Storage of unidentified origin
within the aquifer's space
Storativity/Storage of separate parts of the
aquifer for different types of water release
Unable Specific storativity/storage of separate parts of
the aquifer for different types of water release
Unable Porosity and effective water release factor for
separate parts of the aquifer and different types
of water release
Unable Thickness of aquifer separated relatively to the
space and type of water release
Unable Hydraulic type of aquifer
Unable Area for sanitary protection
Unable Set of hydraulic features of well-aquifer system
And finally.
C- How it can be used for general aim to assess and manage by groundwater resources?
A- First of all you should take into account that the time of „white spots‟ at the globe left in
the past. Nowadays there is no need to perform exploration of the territories like 20-30
years ago. Usually we know the general hydrogeologic pattern of the site beforehand
starting the project of withdrawal of groundwater. Of course there are exceptions, but in
many cases at least few water wells already are available. Availability of full set of data
after use of mentioned software allows the decision maker to manage with confidence
either for local site or for global projects for groundwater transport and withdrawal. For
instance such database gives him the opportunity to build up a natural hydrogeological
model for the region/field/location. This provides more confidence in determining
potential volume of groundwater resource as a background; planning the number of wells

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and their arrangement at the area; assigning optimal performance; and also to make more
objective assignment of sanitary protection areas that logically follows from these data.
The task that will remain for analyzing is the prediction of the sustainability of outer
sources in replenishment or depletion of the resources. In a case of separate single water
well these determinations are of important and the described software provides this.
Appendix 1. Modern and Innovative Technology
Basic statement
The fundamental solution of Theis [1935] and its simplified version of Cooper and Jacob
[1946] are the basic template for hydraulic evaluation of permeable formations through
pumping test data. This classical solution and test technologies based on it, assume that the
physical model of well-aquifer system satisfies the following requirements. Here are some,
but the main ones:
-the aquifer is homogeneous, isotropic, uniform in thickness, and of infinite extent;
-the flow towards the well is linear, horizontal, and axially symmetric;
-the water is discharged from the storage instantaneously, with a decline in head;
-the aquifer is of confined type fully penetrated by the well and pumped at a constant rate;
-the well has a diameter such that its storage capacity is negligibly small.
As experience of testing is, the classical solution does not comport with reality when
applied to a real pumping well. The major discrepancies occur due to the so called well
effect, nonlinear flow at the well vicinity, geological heterogeneity, dual mechanism of
water release, and leaky boundaries. It is a common-known fact. Also exist some
additional effects pertaining to pumping well and its vicinity, specifically when the
pumping well performs dual role in the test: as a source of pressure field and the point of it
monitoring. The result is that the interpretation of test data for pumping well yields
parametric evaluation of low accuracy.
Modern Technology
To relieve or eliminate this discrepancy, the modern technology of aquifer test uses
additional observation/piezometric wells at the distance where drawdown comports closer
with theoretical assumptions. But even this measure does not provide full coincidence with
theory due to some other restrictions and faults. “Diverse results and vexations will arise if
attempts are made to force the application of formulas to aquifer situations differing

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greatly from ideal conditions”, Walton [1983]. Recently there was published a reference
book by Syndalovsky [2006]. It collected about 200 analytical solutions for interpretation
aquifer tests. It is a full collection of all valuable and accepted methods in this area.
Experts also familiar several software packages available at the market which comprise of
nearly the same list of methods which have practical application. All those, as a rule, are
oriented on use of interference methods. The scope of application of these techniques in
the world is gradually winding down for several reasons. Among them there are
uncertainty of information content, low accuracy of parametric determination, and a great
cost. In general the situation looks as following: the deeper aquifer, the less usage.
Fig,1. Classic (modern) scheme of aquifer test.
Innovative Technology
Proposed herein new method of interpretation of conventional pumping test data for single
well is unknown yet for citing. This invention allows making a change that eliminates the
need to install an observation well/s. So the previous picture takes the form shown bellow.

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Fig.2. Proposed scheme of aquifer test.
It becomes possible due to fulfilling the test technology like it is shown on one of the
following figures. All these versions are also suitable to implement the remote monitoring
technology of the data of exploration or running pumping well with getting result in real
time online.
Fig.3. Multi rate pumping & Recovery test.
It is the basic version of the test technology and software.
Fig.4. Multi rate pumping test
It is a version of the technology on executor‟s desire. It can be observed at the production
well as a stepwise set of performance. Recovery function, that is missing, is reproduced
virtually through new theoretical findings. All other, including result, is the same like in
the basic version.

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Fig.5. Constant rate pumping & Recovery test.
It is a well-known technology. It consists of transitional period of water level lowering
after the pumping ON at the specified rate, and the recovery of water level after the
pumping OFF. Missing data are reproduced virtually via new theoretical findings. All
other, including result, is the same like in the basic version.
Fig.6. Constant rate pumping test (transition period at the beginning)
It is a version of the technology on executor‟s desire. t can be observed as the transitional
process at the production well after the pumping ON. Data that are lacking in the test are
reproduced virtually via new theoretical findings. All other, including result, is the same
like in the basic version.

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Fig.7. Recovery of water level after long-term pumping (transition period at the beginning)
It is a version of the technology for production well which was running for a long time.
Every case the pumping is stopped for any reason gives the opportunity to get data for
calculation. Data that are lacking in the test are reproduced virtually via new theoretical
findings. All other, including result, is the same like in the basic version.
***