Super Capacitor

1. Supercapacitors
as Energy Storage Devices
Case study related to Pakistan

2. Asupercapacitorisanewtypeofenergystoragedevice,differentbetweena
conventionalcapacitorandarechargeablebattery.Supercapacitor,alsoknownas
electrochemicalcapacitors,electricdoublelayercapacitors,goldcapacitors,and
faradcapacitors,areelectrochemicalcomponentsthathavebeendevelopedby
polarizedelectrolytessincethe1970sand1980s.
What is a super capacitor?

3. How does a super capacitor work?
Ultra capacitor mainly relies on the electric double layer and the redox tantalum
capacitor to store electric energy. But there is no chemical reaction during storage.
This energy storage process is reversible, and it is precisely because this super
capacitor can be repeatedly charged and discharged hundreds of thousands of times.
Ultracapacitors release energy quickly at peak times, then store it quickly and capture
excess energy.

4. Battery vs. Supercapacitor
•The cycle life of battery cells is
restricted to one thousand
discharge/recharge cycles
•Electron transfer occurs across the
two electrodes with the electrolyte as
the medium transfer
• The charge storage by REDOX
reaction occurs in the battery
• Lower power density
● 100 times shorter than the
conventional electrochemical cell
● REDOX reaction across the double
layers
● In the form of Helmholtz capacitance
and space-charge capacitance
● Higher power density
● Functions over a larger range of
temperature

5. Battery vs. Supercapacitor

6. Advantages of ultra capacitors
Ultracapacitors not only have the characteristics of fast charge and discharge of
capacitor, but also has the characteristics of energy storage of battery.
1. High power density: up to 102 ~ 104 W/kg.
2. Long using-life.
3. Maintenance-free.
4. Environment protecting energy storage device.
As a powerful alternative energy resource, ultracapacitors are widely used in different
industrial fields, such as smart meter, electronics, power grid and so on. The future
applications of supercapacitor looks brilliant.

7. Power Density
Supercapacitors have a high power density than the same rated battery.
Although there are different kinds of batteries in the market, for example, lithium-
ion, polymer, lead-acid batteries have different power density, from 1000 Wh per
kg to 2000 Wh per kg. The ratings can also vary a lot depending on the
manufacturing process. But, for a supercapacitor, the power density varies from 2500
Wh per kg to 45000 Wh per kg. That is much larger than the power density of the same
rated batteries. Due to the high power density, a supercapacitor is useful power source
where larger peak current is required

8. Cellvoltage…
In different kinds of applications, often the input voltage is a large factor.
Obviously, there are different kinds of voltage regulators available in the
market but still, the input voltage across a regulator became an important
part of the application. The below figure shows the output voltage of
Supercapacitor vs Battery for the same number of cells.
For example, an application with a linear voltage regulator like 7812 requires at
least 15V input. A single-cell Lithium battery provides 3.2 volts at the lowest
charge condition and 4.2 volts at the highest charge condition.

9. Cellvoltage…
Therefore, to compensate with the input voltage specification, at least 5
batteries in series connection is required but supercapacitor could provide 2.5
volts to 5.5-volt output. Supercapacitors have a high cell voltage of 5.5V
compared with 3.7V of a typical Lithium battery. Thus, ignoring other limitations
of a supercapacitor the circuit designer can choose three 5.5 volt
supercapacitors in series. Over the battery, this is an undoubtedly plus point of
supercapacitors in space constraint situations or cost optimization for purposes

11. Efficiency
In terms of efficiency, supercapacitors are 95% more efficient than the
batteries which are 60-80% efficient under full load conditions. Batteries in high
load dissipate heat that contributes to low efficiency. Also, battery temperature
and other parameters should be monitored during the charging and discharging
using a Battery Management System (BMS), whereas in supercapacitors such
strict monitoring systems might not be needed. The Efficiency of Ultracapacitor
vs Battery is shown in the below figure. However, it should be noted that
Supercapacitor also generates nominal heat during operation.

12. ReusabilityandLifespan
Battery's lifespan is highly dependable on the charging and discharging cycles. In
the case of Lithium and lead-acid batteries, the charging and discharging times
are limited from 300 to 500 cycles, sometimes it can be a maximum of 1000
times. The lifespan without the charging and discharging situation lithium
batteries can last for a span of 7 years.
A supercapacitor almost has infinite charge cycles, it can be charged and
discharged for a huge number of times; it can be from 1 lakh to 1million of time.
The lifespan of a supercapacitor is also high. A supercapacitor can last for 10-
18 years, while a Lead-Acid battery can last around 3-5 years only.

13. DischargeVoltageFactor
A battery provides a relatively constant output voltage. But a supercapacitor
output voltage decreases during discharging conditions. Therefore,
while using batteries as a power source, one can use buck or boost regulator
depending on the application requirements, but while using a supercapacitor,
it is a popular choice to use a wide range boost converter for compensating
the input voltage loss.

14. ChargingTime
Different batteries use different charging algorithms. To charge Lithium-ion
batteries constant voltage and constant current charging chargers are used. The
charger needs to be specially configured to detect the charge condition of the
battery as well as the temperature. For the case of lead-acid batteries trickle
charging method is used.
Overall, to charge batteries irrespective of the Lithium-ion or lead-acid, it takes
hours to get fully charge. The supercapacitor has supper fast charging
time; it needs a very short period of time for getting a full charge. Therefore, for
the applications where the charge time is required to be very less,
supercapacitors definitely win over the same capacity of batteries.

15. Cost
Cost is an important parameter for product design related
issues. Supercapacitors are a costly alternative when used
instead of batteries. The cost sometimes gets very high such
as 10 times higher when compared with the same capacity of
the battery.

16. Riskfactors…
Lithium or lead-acid batteries require special care or attention during operating or
charging conditions. Especially for lithium-ion batteries, the charging topology
needs to be configured in such a way that the battery should not be overcharged
or charged with a higher capacity of current than the battery can actually accept.
This increases the risk of an explosion whenever the battery is overcharged or
charged with a high current.
Not only in charging condition, but the batteries also need to be carefully operated
during discharging situations. Deep discharge condition could potentially damage
the battery life.

17. Riskfactors
Therefore, the battery needs to be disconnected from the load after it is reached
to a certain level of charging state. Also, the short circuit of a battery is a
dangerous situation.
Supercapacitors are safer than the batteries in terms of the above risk factors.
However, charging a supercapacitor using a higher voltage than its rating is
potentially harmful to the supercapacitors. But, when charging more than a single
capacitor, it can become a complex job.

18. Typesof Supercapacitors
Some importance types of Super Capacitors
• Coin Type Series 0.1F~1.5F 5.5V super capacitor
• Winding Type Series
• Combined Type Series
• MK Module Series
• High Temperature Series
• 2.3V 3.8V Hybrid Capacitor Series

19. Types:SuperCapacitor
1.CoinTypeSeries0.1F~1.5F5.5Vsupercapacitor
The performance of coin cell supercapacitor
• The types of supercapacitor are from 0.047 Frad 5.5V to 1.5
Frad 5.5V, of which the Kamcap 5.5V 1.5F type super cap is
one of the most popular products.
• The typical application of coin cell supercapacitor
The typical application of our 0.047F~1.5F 5.5 V ultracapacitor is
as the follows: RAM, Detonator, car recorder, smart meter,
vacuum switch, digital camera, motor drive, clock circuit, UPS,
toy, program-controlled switch, etc.

20. Series name SE Series
Type name SE -5R5-D
Rated voltage VR 5.5V
Surge voltage 5.8V
Capacity range 0.1F~1.5F
Operating temperature range -25~ +70℃
Product life
Normal temperature cycle life：25℃, 1 million cycles
between VR and 1/2VR, Capacity attenuation≤30%, ESR
change≤4 times.
High temperature endurance life：70℃, maintain VR, 1000
hours. Capacity attenuation≤30%, ESR change≤4 times
Types:SuperCapacitor
1.CoinTypeSeries0.1F~1.5F5.5Vsupercapacitor

21. Types:SuperCapacitor
1.CoinTypeSeries0.1F~1.5F5.5Vsupercapacitor
TypicalApplication
Series Application range Instance
SP, LR, HP, HT Backup power RAM、Detonator, car recorder, smart
meter, vacuum switch, digital camera,
motor drive, clock circuit, UPS, toy,
program-controlled switch, etc.
SE, HP, HE Energy storage Water meter, electricity meter, gas meter,
UPS, security equipment, computer
memory, communication equipment
SE Coin type, HE Energy storage Flashlights, water meters, gas meters,
taillights, small appliances, etc.
HP、LR High power support Wind power, locomotive start, ignition,
electric vehicles, etc.
MK Backup power
High current operation
Electrified railway, smart grid control,
hybrid vehicle, wireless transmission,
rail power system

22. Types:SuperCapacitor
2.WindingTypeSeries2.7V
Performancecharacteristics:Highenergy,highpowerseries.Typicalapplication:RAM,Detonator,car
recorder,smartmeter,vacuumswitch,digitalcamera,motordrive,clockcircuit,UPS,toy,program-
controlledswitch,etc.
Series Application range Instance
SP, LR, HP, HT Backup power RAM、Detonator, car recorder, smart
meter, vacuum switch, digital camera,
motor drive, clock circuit, UPS, toy,
program-controlled switch, etc.
SE, HP, HE Energy storage Water meter, electricity meter, gas
meter, UPS, security equipment,
computer memory, communication
equipment
SE Coin type, HE Energy storage Flashlights, water meters, gas
meters, taillights, small appliances,
etc.
HP、LR High power support Wind power, locomotive start,
ignition, electric vehicles, etc.
MK Backup power
High current operation
Electrified railway, smart grid control,
hybrid vehicle, wireless

23. Types:SuperCapacitor
2.WindingTypeSeries 3V
TechnicaldataHPSeriesPerformance characteristics:Highenergy,highpowerseriesTypical
application:RAM,Detonator,carrecorder,smartmeter,vacuumswitch,digitalcamera,motordrive,
clockcircuitandsoon.Series Application range Instance
SP, LR, HP, HT Backup power RAM、Detonator, car recorder, smart
meter, vacuum switch, digital camera,
motor drive, clock circuit, UPS, toy,
program-controlled switch, etc.
SE, HP, HE Energy storage Water meter, electricity meter, gas
meter, UPS, security equipment,
computer memory, communication
equipment
SE Coin type, HE Energy storage Flashlights, water meters, gas meters,
taillights, small appliances, etc.
HP、LR High power support Wind power, locomotive start, ignition,
electric vehicles, etc.
MK Backup power
High current operation
Electrified railway, smart grid control,
hybrid vehicle, wireless transmission,
rail power system

24. Series Application range Instance
SP, LR, HP, HT Backup power RAM、Detonator, car recorder,
smart meter, vacuum switch,
digital camera, motor drive, clock
circuit, UPS, toy, program-
controlled switch, etc.
SE, HP, HE Energy storage Water meter, electricity meter, gas
meter, UPS, security equipment,
computer memory, communication
equipment
SE Coin type, HE Energy storage Flashlights, water meters, gas
meters, taillights, small
appliances, etc.
HP、LR High power support Wind power, locomotive start,
ignition, electric vehicles, etc.
MK Backup power Electrified railway, smart grid
SolarEnergy

25. Types:SuperCapacitor
2.LowESRWindingTypeSeries
Performancecharacteristics:Lowinternalresistanceseries.Theproductusesanewinternaldesign
andadvancedmaterialstoensurelowESR.
Series Application range Instance
SP, LR, HP, HT Backup power RAM、Detonator, car recorder, smart
meter, vacuum switch, digital camera,
motor drive, clock circuit, UPS, toy,
program-controlled switch, etc.
SE, HP, HE Energy storage Water meter, electricity meter, gas meter,
UPS, security equipment, computer
memory, communication equipment
SE Coin type, HE Energy storage Flashlights, water meters, gas meters,
taillights, small appliances, etc.
HP、LR High power support Wind power, locomotive start, ignition,
electric vehicles, etc.
MK Backup power
High current operation
Electrified railway, smart grid control, hybrid
vehicle, wireless transmission, rail power
system

26. Solar Energy
• Solar power generation is divided into photovoltaic power
generation and solar thermal power generation, in which
photovoltaic power generation uses photovoltaic cells to
directly convert solar energy into electrical energy.
• At present, solar photovoltaic power generation systems have
three development directions: independent operation, grid-
connected and hybrid photovoltaic power generation systems.
• In an independent operating system, the energy storage unit
is generally required to store the remaining electrical energy
emitted by the sun for insufficient sunshine or no sunshine.

27. • At present, the demand of the international photovoltaic energy
industry has begun to the grid-connected power generation and
construction combined power supply. Through the energy storage
system composed of battery packs, it can smooth the fluctuation of
electric energy caused by fluctuations in solar light intensity, and can
also compensate for voltage dips or sudden rises in the grid system,
but due to its limited number of charge and discharge, high current
charge and discharge time is slow. And other factors, so its short life
and high cost. Therefore, the use of solar capacitor banks in solar
photovoltaic power generation systems will make grid-connected
power generation more feasible.
Solar Energy

28. Exporters
indicators
Value imported
in 2019 (USD
thousand)
Share in
Pakistan's
imports (%)
Quantity
imported in
2019
Quantity unit
Unit value
(USD/unit)
Growth in
imported value
between 2015-
2019 (%, p.a.)
World 35823 100 4114470 Units 8.71 96
China 35063 97.9 3927864 Units 8.93 119
Thailand 167 0.5 25165 Units 6.64 -3
Finland 151 0.4 26162 Units 5.77 -2
Sweden 128 0.4 6330 Units 20
India 64 0.2 18368 Units 3.48 60
List of supplying markets for the product imported by Pakistan in 2019
Product: 853210 Fixed capacitors designed for use in 50/60 Hz circuits and having a reactive
power-handling ...

29. Bilateral trade between Pakistan and China
Product: 853210 Fixed capacitors designed for use in 50/60 Hz circuits and having a
reactive power-handling ...
Product code Product label
Pakistan's
imports
from China
Pakistan's
imports from
world
Pakistan's
imports from
world other
than China
Value
in
2017
Value
in
2018
Value
in
2019
Value
in
2017
Value
in
2018
Value
in
2019
Value
in
2017
Value
in
2018
Value
in
2019
85321000
Fixed
capacitors
designed for
use in 50/60
hz circuits 1735 2270 33680 2710 3335 34442 975 1065 762

30. Product label
Pakistan's imports from
China China's exports to world Pakistan's imports from world
Value in
2017
Value in
2018
Value in
2019
Value in
2017
Value in
2018
Value in
2019
Value in
2017
Value in
2018
Value in
2019
Fixed capacitors designed for
use in 50/60 Hz circuits and
having a reactive power-
handling ... 1738 2279 35063 63729 79325 129770 2714 3348 35823
Fixed electrical capacitors
(excluding tantalum, aluminium
electrolytic, ceramic, paper,
plastic ... 2142 2676 2501 69954 92748 94494 2847 3186 2834
Parts of electrical "pre-set"
capacitors, fixed, variable or
adjustable, n.e.s. 281 273 456 83036 86215 71907 541 528 540
Fixed electrical capacitors,
ceramic dielectric, multilayer
(excluding power capacitors) 296 328 252 2465935 3179767 2257125 454 664 324
Variable or adjustable "pre-set"
electrical capacitors 211 275 174 19343 25882 10253 258 343 250
Existing and potential trade between Pakistan and China
Product: 853210 Fixed capacitors designed for use in 50/60 Hz circuits and having a reactive power-handling ...

31. Existing and potential trade between Pakistan and China
Product: 853210 Fixed capacitors designed for use in 50/60 Hz circuits and having a reactive power-handling ...
Product code Product label
Pakistan's imports from
China China's exports to world Pakistan's imports from world
Value in
2017
Value in
2018
Value in
2019
Value in
2017
Value in
2018
Value in
2019
Value in
2017
Value in
2018
Value in
2019
853223
Fixed electrical capacitors, ceramic dielectric,
single layer (excluding power capacitors) 137 194 115 60847 69331 61340 143 206 123
853225
Fixed electrical capacitors, dielectric of paper
or plastics (excluding power capacitors) 481 222 112 458078 483076 451168 503 229 120
853222
Fixed electrical capacitors, aluminium
electrolytic (excluding power capacitors) 22 34 14 811810 892445 822087 70 90 31
853221
Fixed electrical capacitors, tantalum (excluding
power capacitors) 0 1 0 194681 242230 211028 15 12 42

32. Company name Number of product or service categories traded Number of employees City
ADVANCE ENGINEERING GROUP 6 100 Karachi
AL QAMAR DIGITAL TRADERS 5 3
Amber Capacitors Limited - Acl 4 195 Lahore
BRITLITE ENGINEERING COMPANY 4 55 Karachi
Creative Engineering (Pvt.) Limited - Creative Engineering 6 80 Lahore
DESCON POWER SOLUTIONS (PVT.) LIMITED 4 38 Lahore
Electro Dynamic Works - Electro Dynamic Works (Puma) 5 200 Karachi
FAIZI INDUSTRIES PVT LTD 6 362 Lahore
G. A. SONS 2 6 Lahore
Hnr Company (Pvt.) Limited - Hnr Company 6 655 Lahore
INTERNATIONAL TRADING CORPORATION 4 25 Lahore
LONG LIFE TRANSFORMERS 6 10 Lahore
QUALITY BRANDS 1 50 Multan
SUN BIRD CORPORATION 6 1 Karachi
List of importing companies in Pakistan for the following product
Product category : Electrical industrial apparatus, and parts, nspf

33. PAKISTANCUSTOMSTARIFF2019-20PCT CODE DESCRIPTION CD %
85.32 Electrical capacitors, fixed, variable or adjustable (pre- set).
8532.1000 - Fixed capacitors designed for use in 50/60 Hz circuits and having a reactive 20
power handling capacity of not less than 0.5 kvar (power capacitors)
- Other fixed capacitors:
8532.2100 - - Tantalum 11
8532.2200 - - Aluminum electrolytic 20
8532.2300 - - Ceramic dielectric, single layer 11
8532.2400 - - Ceramic dielectric, multilayer 11
8532.2500 - - Dielectric of paper or plastics 20
8532.2900 - - Other 20
- Variable or adjustable (pre- set) capacitors:
8532.3090 - - - Other 20
- Parts:
8532.9010 - - - Capacitors decks of metal or plastic with terminals or connectors 11
8532.9020 - - - Capacitors terminals 11

34. Top 12 Global Supercapacitorand Ultra capacitorManufacturers
Company Country Founded Estimated Financing Revenue
1 Cellergy USA 2002 NA NA
2 Ioxus USA 2007 $160.1 Million NA
3 Maxwell Technologies USA 1965 NA $130.4 Million
4 Murata Manufacturing Japan 1944 NA NA
5 Nanoramic Laboratories USA 2008 $9 Million NA
6 Nec Tokin Japan 1938 NA $24.0 Billion
7 Nippon Chemi-Con Japan 1931 NA $1.02 Billion
8 Panasonic Japan NA $71.8 Billion
9 Paper Battery Company USA 2008 $5.7 Million NA
10 Skeleton Technologies Estonia 2009 $53.8 Million NA
11 Yunasko UK 2010 NA NA
12 ZapGo UK 2013 $18.2 Million NA

35. Conclusion
• This PPT argues that the super capacitor buffering of solar
energy (SOLARCAP) is a feasible foundation for future self-
sustainable field systems.
• Compared to the conventional battery-based energy storage,
SOLARCAP requires lower maintenance and it is much more
environmentally friendly.
• The super capacitors have relatively small energy storage
capacity.