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signal and system Lecture 2
1. Dr. Alam β Updated by Mr. Asad β EE 207 β Semester 122 Page 1
Lecture 2
Signals and Systems Introduction
The material covered in this class will be as follows:
ο· Detailed analysis of sinusoidal signal
Sinusoidal Signal
In continuous-time domain, it is represented as
( ) cos( )ox t A tο· ο±ο½ ο«
where A is the amplitude, ο·o is the frequency in rad/sec, ο± is the phase angle in
radians. The period of the signal is
2
o
T
ο°
ο·
ο½ .
Phasor representation
From Eulerβs identity
cos sin
cos ( ) sin ( )
j
j j
e j
or e and e
ο’
ο’ ο’
ο’ ο’
ο’ ο’
ο½ ο«
ο½ ο ο½ ο
Thus,
( )
( ) { } { } { }o o oj t j t j tj
x t Ae Ae e Xeο· ο± ο· ο·ο±ο«
ο½ ο ο½ ο ο½ ο
where,
j
X Ae Aο±
ο±ο½ ο½ ο is called the phasor. It represents magnitude and phase
of x(t).
The complex signal π₯Μ(π‘) and its conjugate π₯Μβ( π‘) can be written as
π₯Μ( π‘) = π΄ππ( π π π‘+π)
= πβ ππ π π π‘
= π΄[cos(π π π‘ + π) + π sin(π π π‘ + π)]
π₯Μβ( π‘) = π΄πβπ( π π π‘+π)
= πβ πβππ π π‘
= π΄[cos(π π π‘ + π) β π sin(π π π‘ + π)]
Where πβ ππ π π π‘
is referred as rotating phasor.
2. Dr. Alam β Updated by Mr. Asad β EE 207 β Semester 122 Page 2
We conclude that the cosine signal x(t) can be expressed as one-half of the sum of
the complex signal ( )x t with positive frequency ο·o and its conjugate
*
( )x t with
negative frequency -ο·o, i.e.
π₯( π‘) =
1
2
[ π₯Μ( π‘) + π₯Μβ
(π‘)]
Frequency Domain Spectra
An alternative way to visualize the sinusoidal signal π₯(π‘) in the frequency domain
is in the form of two plots. One the amplitude π΄ as the function of frequency π, and
the other its phase angle ο± as a function of π. These plots are referred to as single-
sided spectrum. If the amplitude and phase angle plots are made for the oppositely
rotating phasors we obtain the so called double-sided spectra as shown.
Note that if a signal is represented as a sine function, before finding the signal
spectra it must be expressed in terms of a cosine function,
sin( ) cos( )
2
o ot t
ο°
ο· ο± ο· ο±ο« ο½ ο« ο
3. Dr. Alam β Updated by Mr. Asad β EE 207 β Semester 122 Page 3
Lecture 1-2 Practice Problems
Introduction
Practice problems :Examples 1-6, 1-7, 1-8 in text book.
1. Determine whether or not each of the following signals is periodic. If a signal is periodic,
determine its fundamental period.
(a) π₯( π‘) = πππ
π
3
π‘ + π ππ
π
4
π‘ (b) π₯( π‘) = πππ π‘ + π ππβ2π‘ (c) π₯( π‘) = sin2
π‘
Answer
(a) π₯( π‘) = πππ
π
3
π‘ + π ππ
π
4
π‘ = π₯1( π‘) + π₯2( π‘)
(b)
(c)
2. Determine whether the following signals are energy signals, power signals, or neither.
(b) x(t) is periodic with period ππ =
2π
π π
.
The average power is
4. Dr. Alam β Updated by Mr. Asad β EE 207 β Semester 122 Page 4
The signal energies of three typical pulses shown are
3. Find the signal energy for the following signals
6. Dr. Alam β Updated by Mr. Asad β EE 207 β Semester 122 Page 6
,f Hz
Amplitude
9
6
50
4
( )Phaseshift rad
,f Hz9
6
ο°
50
3
ο°
ο
(a)Single-sidedspectra
(c) x(t) in terms of the counter rotating phasors is
(10 ) (10 ) (18 ) (18 )
6 6 3 3
( ) 3 3 2 2
j t j t j t j t
x t e e e e
ο° ο° ο° ο°
ο° ο° ο° ο°ο« ο ο« ο ο ο
ο½ ο« ο« ο«
,f Hz
Amplitude
9
3
50
2
( )Phaseshift rad
,f Hz9
6
ο°
50
3
ο°
ο
9ο
3
5ο
2
6
ο°
ο
5ο9ο
3
ο°
(b)Double-sidedspectra
6. A continuous-time signal π₯(π‘) is shown in Fig. 1-27. Sketch and label each of the following
signals.
(a)
(b)
7. Dr. Alam β Updated by Mr. Asad β EE 207 β Semester 122 Page 7
(c)
Details of Answer (b):
π₯( π‘) = π’(π‘ + 1) β π’(π‘) + 3[π’(π‘) β π’(π‘ β 1)]+ 2[π’(π‘ β 1) β π’(π‘ β 2)] + [π’(π‘ β 2) β π’(π‘
β 3)]
8. Dr. Alam β Updated by Mr. Asad β EE 207 β Semester 122 Page 8
Answer: