Shariah Principles of Saum (Fasting

SHARIAH PRINCIPLES OF
SAUM (FASTING)
Presented by :
Dr Mufti Muhammad Wasie Fasih Butt
• Graduate-Jamiah Darul Uloom Karachi
• Founding Member –Islamic Medical Learners Association
• Assistant Professor-Hamdard University
• Member Shariah Board-Zarai Taraqiati Bank Limited
• Shariah Advisor-Atlas Asset Management Limited
• Director-Alhamd Shariah Advisory Services Pvt Lt
• Editor- Hamdard Islamicus
wasiefasih@hotmail.com

Aims of Session
1
Virtues of Fast
2
Role of
Caregiver
3
Obligation of
Fasting and
Exceptions
4
Invalidation of
Fast

1. Virtues and
Importance of
Saum (Fasting)

What Should Be My Approach?
I Should
Fast I May Fast

Virtues of Fasting

Reward for A Doctor

Threat For Missing Obligatory Fast
•
ِ َ
‫اّلل‬ ُ‫ل‬‫و‬ُ‫س‬َ‫ر‬ َ‫ل‬‫ا‬َ‫ق‬ َ‫ل‬‫ا‬َ‫ق‬ ،َ‫ة‬َ‫ْر‬‫ي‬َ‫ر‬ُ‫ه‬ ‫ي‬ِ‫ب‬َ‫أ‬ ْ‫ن‬َ‫ع‬
‫وسلم‬ ‫عليه‬ ‫هللا‬ ‫صلى‬
"
ْ‫ن‬َ‫م‬
ُ‫ر‬ ِ
‫ْر‬‫ي‬َ‫غ‬ ْ‫ن‬ِ‫م‬ َ‫ان‬َ‫ض‬َ‫م‬َ‫ر‬ ْ‫ن‬ِ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ً‫م‬ ْ‫و‬َ‫ي‬ َ‫ر‬َ‫ط‬ْ‫ف‬َ‫أ‬
ُ َ
‫اّلل‬ ‫ا‬َ‫ه‬َ‫ص‬َ‫خ‬َ‫ر‬ ٍ‫ة‬َ‫ص‬ْ‫خ‬
ْ‫م‬َ‫ل‬ ُ‫ه‬َ‫ل‬
ِ
‫ر‬ْ‫ه‬َ‫د‬‫ال‬ ُ‫م‬‫ا‬َ‫ي‬ ِ
‫ص‬ ُ‫ه‬ْ‫ن‬َ‫ع‬ ِ
‫ض‬ْ‫ق‬َ‫ي‬
"
.
• Narrated Abu Hurayrah Radiallahu anhu:
• The Holy Prophet ( ‫)ﷺ‬said: If anyone breaks/misses his fast one
day in Ramadan without a concession granted to him by Allah,
a perpetual fast will not atone for it. (Sunan Abi Dawud : 2396)

Threat For Breaking Obligatory Fast
• Abu Umaamah al-Baahili Radiallahu anhu narrated I heard the Messenger of
Allaah ( ‫)ﷺ‬ say:
• “Whilst I was sleeping two men came to me and took my by the arm and
brought me to a cragged mountain. They said, ‘Climb up.’ I said, ‘I cannot.’
They said, ‘We will make it easy for you.’ So I climbed up until I was at the top
of the mountain. Then I heard loud voices. I said, ‘What are these voices?’
They said, ‘This is the howling of the people of Hell.” Then I was taken until I
saw people hanging by their hamstrings, with the sides of their mouths torn
and blood pouring from their mouths.’ I said, ‘Who are these?’ He said:
ُ‫ر‬ِ‫ط‬ْ‫ف‬ُ‫ي‬َ‫و‬ َ‫ون‬ُ‫م‬‫و‬ُ‫ص‬َ‫ي‬ َ‫ين‬ِ‫ذ‬َّ‫ل‬‫ا‬ ِ‫الء‬ُ‫ؤ‬َ‫ه‬
ْ‫و‬َ‫ص‬ ِ‫ة‬َّ‫ل‬ ِ‫ح‬َ‫ت‬ َ‫ل‬ْ‫ب‬َ‫ق‬ َ‫ون‬
ْ‫م‬ِ‫ه‬ِ‫م‬
‘These are people who broke
their fast before it was time.’”
(Ibn Khuzaymah (1986) and Ibn Hibbaan (7491)

2. Obligation of
Fasting

Obligation of Fasting

Conditions for Fasting
Conditions 1- Spiritual and Mental
Qualifications
Muslim
Have Capacity (Aaqil)
To be Mature (Baaligh)
Conditions 2- Physical
Qualifications
Healthy
Resident
Conditions 3-
Qualifications of Purity
Free from
Menstruation
(Haydh) and
Post-natal
Bleeding (Nifaas)

Exemptions From Fasting
• 1 – Sickness
• 2 – Travelling
• 3 – Pregnancy and breastfeeding
• 4 – Senility and old age

1.Sickness

1.Sickness
Fasting :
 Would aggravate the sickness.
 Make symptoms worse.
 Recovery would be delayed.
 Would make patient again unwell after being
recovered from sickness.
(
ُ‫ه‬ُ‫ل‬ ْ‫و‬َ‫ق‬
:
ُ‫ر‬ْ‫ط‬ِ‫ف‬ْ‫ل‬‫ا‬ ِ
‫ض‬َ‫ر‬َ‫م‬ْ‫ل‬‫ا‬ َ‫ة‬َ‫د‬‫ا‬َ‫ي‬ ِ‫ز‬ َ‫اف‬َ‫خ‬ ْ‫ن‬َ‫م‬ِ‫ل‬
)
‫ى‬َ‫ل‬‫ا‬َ‫ع‬َ‫ت‬ ِ‫ه‬ِ‫ل‬ ْ‫و‬َ‫ق‬ِ‫ل‬
{
َ‫ف‬َ‫س‬ ‫ى‬َ‫ل‬َ‫ع‬ ْ‫و‬َ‫أ‬ ‫ًا‬‫ض‬‫ي‬ ِ
‫ر‬َ‫م‬ ْ‫م‬ُ‫ك‬ْ‫ن‬ِ‫م‬ َ‫َان‬‫ك‬ ْ‫ن‬َ‫م‬َ‫ف‬
ْ‫ن‬ِ‫م‬ ٌ‫ة‬َّ‫د‬ِ‫ع‬َ‫ف‬ ٍ
‫ر‬
َ‫ر‬َ‫خ‬ُ‫أ‬ ٍ‫ام‬َّ‫ي‬َ‫أ‬
}
ْ‫ط‬َ‫ق‬ْ‫ل‬‫ا‬ ْ‫ن‬ِ‫ك‬َ‫ل‬ ٍ
‫يض‬ ِ‫ر‬َ‫م‬ ِ‫ُل‬‫ك‬ِ‫ل‬ َ‫ر‬ْ‫ط‬ِ‫ف‬ْ‫ل‬‫ا‬ َ‫ح‬‫ا‬َ‫ب‬َ‫أ‬ ُ‫ه‬َّ‫ن‬ِ‫إ‬َ‫ف‬
َ‫و‬ُ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬َ‫م‬َّ‫ن‬‫إ‬ ِ‫ه‬‫ي‬ِ‫ف‬ ِ‫ر‬ْ‫ط‬ِ‫ف‬ْ‫ل‬‫ا‬ َ‫ة‬َّ‫ي‬ِ‫ع‬ْ‫َر‬‫ش‬ َّ‫ن‬َ‫أ‬ِ‫ب‬ ُ‫ع‬
ِ‫ج‬َ‫ر‬َ‫ح‬ْ‫ل‬‫ا‬ ِ‫ع‬ْ‫َف‬‫د‬ِ‫ل‬
ُ‫ق‬ُّ‫ق‬َ‫ح‬َ‫ت‬َ‫و‬
ِ‫د‬‫ا‬َ‫س‬ْ‫إف‬ ْ‫و‬َ‫أ‬ ِ‫ء‬ْ‫ر‬ُ‫ب‬ْ‫ل‬‫ا‬ ِ‫اء‬َ‫ط‬ْ‫ب‬‫إ‬ ْ‫و‬َ‫أ‬ ِ
‫ض‬َ‫ر‬َ‫م‬ْ‫ل‬‫ا‬ ِ‫ة‬َ‫د‬‫ا‬َ‫ي‬ ِ‫ز‬ِ‫ب‬ ٌ‫ط‬‫و‬ُ‫ن‬َ‫م‬ ِ‫ج‬َ‫ر‬َ‫ح‬ْ‫ل‬‫ا‬
ٍ‫و‬ْ‫ض‬ُ‫ع‬
(
‫ٔئق‬‫ا‬‫الر‬ ‫البحر‬
)

Four principles
Worsening
Physical
Condition
Slower
Recovery
Worsening
Mental Condition
Worsening
Pain

To fast or not to fast?
1. Individual
Experience
2. Religious
Principles
3. Medical
Opinion

Patients perspective
The patient may leave fasting if
1. Advised by a reliable pious muslim medical opinion
2. Previous experience of worsening of symptoms
3. Clear and unmistakable signs
َ‫ج‬ُ‫م‬ ُ‫ْر‬‫ي‬َ‫غ‬ ُ‫د‬‫ا‬َ‫ه‬ِ‫ت‬ْ‫ج‬ ِ
‫اال‬َ‫و‬ ِ
‫يض‬ ِ‫ر‬َ‫م‬ْ‫ل‬‫ا‬ ِ‫د‬‫ا‬َ‫ه‬ِ‫ت‬ْ‫اج‬ِ‫ب‬ َ‫ك‬ِ‫ل‬َ‫ذ‬ ُ‫ة‬َ‫ف‬ ِ
‫ر‬ْ‫ع‬َ‫م‬ َّ‫م‬‫ث‬
َ‫ار‬َ‫م‬َ‫أ‬ ْ‫َن‬‫ع‬ ٍ‫ن‬َ‫ظ‬ ُ‫ة‬َ‫ب‬َ‫ل‬َ‫غ‬ َ‫و‬ُ‫ه‬ ْ‫ل‬َ‫ب‬ ِ‫م‬ْ‫ه‬َ‫و‬ْ‫ل‬‫ا‬ ِ‫د‬َّ‫ر‬
ٍ‫ة‬
ْ‫و‬َ‫أ‬ ٍ‫ة‬َ‫ب‬ ِ
‫ر‬ْ‫ج‬َ‫ت‬ ْ‫و‬َ‫أ‬
ِ‫ق‬ْ‫س‬ِ‫ف‬ْ‫ل‬‫ا‬ ِ
‫ر‬ِ‫ه‬‫ا‬َ‫ظ‬ ِ‫ْر‬‫ي‬َ‫غ‬ ٍ‫م‬ِ‫ل‬ْ‫س‬ُ‫م‬ ٍ‫ب‬‫ي‬ِ‫ب‬َ‫ط‬ ِ
‫ار‬َ‫ب‬ْ‫خ‬ِ‫إ‬ِ‫ب‬
(
‫الهندية‬ ‫الفتاوى‬
)

A Doctor Should Know:
Religious
• The conditions of fasting
• The exemptions from this obligation
• The procedures and treatments which invalidate the fast.(Latest fatwas)
• The consequences and compensation of missing/breaking of a fast. ( Fidya & qada)
Medical
• The research based medical principles of safe fasting
• Adjustment of drug dosage/ frequency
Psychological
• The satisfaction level of his patients
• Motivational boosters/ stuff for fasting.

Patient Will Get The Same Reward

2. Senility and Old Age
• Refers to:
• one who is too old and has lost his strength of fasting,
• who is approaching death, so that every day he becomes weaker,
who is suffering from a terminal or incurable illness and has no
hope of recovery.
ِ‫ْخ‬‫ي‬َّ‫ش‬‫ال‬
‫ي‬ِ‫ن‬‫ا‬َ‫ف‬ْ‫ل‬‫ا‬
َ‫و‬ُ‫ه‬َ‫و‬
‫ِي‬‫ذ‬َّ‫ل‬‫ا‬
َّ‫ل‬ُ‫ك‬
ٍ‫م‬ ْ‫و‬َ‫ي‬
‫ي‬ِ‫ف‬
ٍ
‫ص‬ْ‫ق‬َ‫ن‬
‫ى‬َ‫ل‬‫إ‬
ْ‫ن‬َ‫أ‬
َ‫وت‬ُ‫م‬َ‫ي‬
َ‫ي‬ِ‫م‬ُ‫س‬َ‫و‬
ِ‫ه‬ِ‫ب‬
‫ا‬َّ‫م‬‫إ‬
‫؛‬
ُ‫ه‬َّ‫ن‬َ ِ
‫ِل‬
َ‫ب‬ُ‫ر‬َ‫ق‬
ْ‫ن‬ِ‫م‬
َ‫ف‬ْ‫ل‬‫ا‬
ِ‫اء‬َ‫ن‬
ْ‫و‬َ‫أ‬
‫؛‬
ُ‫ه‬َّ‫ن‬َ ِ
‫ِل‬
ْ‫ت‬َ‫ي‬ِ‫ن‬َ‫ف‬
ُ‫ه‬ُ‫ت‬َّ‫و‬ُ‫ق‬
‫ا‬َ‫م‬َّ‫ن‬ِ‫إ‬َ‫و‬
ُ‫ه‬ْ‫ت‬َ‫م‬ ِ
‫ز‬َ‫ل‬
ِ
‫ار‬َ‫ب‬ِ‫ت‬ْ‫ع‬‫ا‬ِ‫ب‬
ِ‫ه‬ِ‫د‬‫و‬ُ‫ه‬ُ‫ش‬
ِ
‫ْر‬‫ه‬َّ‫ش‬‫ل‬ِ‫ل‬
‫ى‬َّ‫ت‬َ‫ح‬
ْ‫و‬َ‫ل‬
َ‫ل‬َّ‫م‬َ‫ح‬َ‫ت‬
َ‫ة‬َّ‫ق‬َ‫ش‬َ‫م‬ْ‫ل‬‫ا‬
َ‫م‬‫ا‬َ‫ص‬َ‫و‬
َ‫َان‬‫ك‬
ِ‫د‬َ‫ؤ‬ُ‫م‬
‫ا‬ً‫ي‬
‫ا‬َ‫م‬َّ‫ن‬ِ‫إ‬َ‫و‬
َ‫ح‬‫ي‬ِ‫ب‬ُ‫أ‬
ُ‫ه‬َ‫ل‬
ُ‫ر‬ْ‫ط‬ِ‫ف‬ْ‫ل‬‫ا‬
ِ‫ل‬ْ‫ج‬َ ِ
‫ِل‬
ِ‫ج‬َ‫ر‬َ‫ح‬ْ‫ل‬‫ا‬
ُ‫ه‬ُ‫ر‬ْ‫ُذ‬‫ع‬َ‫و‬
َ
‫ْس‬‫ي‬َ‫ل‬
ِ
‫ض‬َ‫ر‬َ‫ع‬ِ‫ب‬
ِ‫ل‬‫ا‬َ‫و‬َّ‫الز‬
‫ى‬َّ‫ت‬َ‫ح‬
َ‫ار‬َ‫ص‬ُ‫ي‬
َ‫ل‬‫إ‬
‫ى‬
ِ‫اء‬َ‫ض‬َ‫ق‬ْ‫ل‬‫ا‬
َ‫ب‬َ‫ج‬َ‫و‬َ‫ف‬
ُ‫ة‬َ‫ي‬ْ‫د‬ِ‫ف‬ْ‫ل‬‫ا‬
ِ‫ُل‬‫ك‬ِ‫ل‬
ٍ‫م‬ ْ‫و‬َ‫ي‬
ِ‫ن‬
َ‫ْف‬‫ص‬
ٍ‫اع‬َ‫ص‬
ٍ
‫ر‬ُ‫ب‬
ٍ‫ب‬‫ي‬ِ‫ب‬َ‫ز‬
‫ًا‬‫ع‬‫ا‬َ‫ص‬
ٍ
‫ر‬ْ‫م‬َ‫ت‬
ٍ
‫ير‬ِ‫ع‬َ‫ش‬
ِ‫ة‬َ‫ق‬َ‫د‬َ‫ص‬َ‫ك‬
ِ
‫ر‬ْ‫ط‬ِ‫ف‬ْ‫ل‬‫ا‬
(
‫البحر‬
‫الرائق‬
)

3. Pregnancy or Breastfeeding
•
ِ َّ
‫اّلل‬ ُ‫ل‬‫و‬ُ‫س‬َ‫ر‬ َ
‫ص‬َّ‫خ‬َ‫ر‬ َ‫ل‬‫ا‬َ‫ق‬ ،ٍ‫ك‬ِ‫ل‬‫ا‬َ‫م‬ ِ‫ن‬ْ‫ب‬ ِ
‫س‬َ‫ن‬َ‫أ‬ ْ‫َن‬‫ع‬
َّ‫ل‬‫ا‬ ‫ى‬َ‫ل‬ْ‫ب‬ُ‫ح‬ْ‫ل‬ِ‫ل‬ ‫وسلم‬ ‫عليه‬ ‫هللا‬ ‫صلى‬
‫ي‬ِ‫ت‬
ِ‫ع‬ ِ
‫ض‬ْ‫ر‬ُ‫م‬ْ‫ل‬ِ‫ل‬َ‫و‬ َ‫ر‬ِ‫ط‬ْ‫ف‬ُ‫ت‬ ْ‫ن‬َ‫أ‬ ‫ا‬َ‫ه‬ِ‫س‬ْ‫ف‬َ‫ن‬ ‫ى‬َ‫ل‬َ‫ع‬ ُ‫اف‬َ‫خ‬َ‫ت‬
‫ا‬َ‫ه‬ِ‫د‬َ‫ل‬َ‫و‬ ‫ى‬َ‫ل‬َ‫ع‬ ُ‫اف‬َ‫خ‬َ‫ت‬ ‫ي‬ِ‫ت‬َّ‫ل‬‫ا‬
.
• Narrated Anas bin Malik radiallahu anhu said:
• “The Messenger of Allah ( ‫ﷺ‬ )granted a concession to
pregnant women who fear for themselves, allowing them
not to fast, and to nursing mothers who fear for their
infants.” (Sunan Ibn Majah 1668)
• Fasting is generally allowed during pregnancy or breast
feeding as any other sickness.
• One only leaves fasting if there is good reason to fear
harm for the mother or baby–based on experience; or
reliable Muslim medical opinion (Ibn Abidin, Radd al-Muhtar)

4. Travelling
Permitted to miss the fast.
Preferable to fast in
comfortable journey
“Travelling” in this context
is the same as that of salat.

Atonement and expiation?
What is Qadha
Making up for a missed fast of
Ramadan on another day
other than ramadan
What is Fidyah?
(atonement)
When someone cannot fast in
Ramadan and can’t make up
the lost days afterwards (for
example, due to chronic
severe ill health or frailty) they
should then pay for a meal or
cash equal to sadqa fitir to a
poor
What is Kaffarah?
(expiation)
the compensation paid if
deliberately break a fast in the
month of Ramadan without a
valid reason. – fast for 60
consecutive fasts , if not
possible, then feed poor 2
meals for 60 days.

Kaffarah for Breaking The Fast

• Missing a fast
• Breaking an optional ( nafil)
fast
• Breaking the Ramadan fast
for a valid Shariah reason
Qada
only
• Breaking the obligatory
Ramadan fast without a valid
reason
Kaffarah

3. What
Invalidates the
Fast?

Basic Shariah Principles
• Fasting means to avoid food, drink and sexual intercourse
from the dim beginning of dawn to sunset.
• When any liquid, food or medicine reaches through a
qualified passage/ opening ‫المعتبر‬ ‫المنفذ‬ and settles in one of
the three considered qualified cavities ( ‫المعتبر‬ ‫)الجوف‬of the
human body viz. the throat, the stomach, the intestines, the
fast will be nullified
• Holy Prophet ( ‫ﷺ‬ ) used to take bath ( Sahih Bukhari) and applied
surma/kuhl (antimony) during the fast (Sunan Abu Dawood)
• That Substance must remain in the body.
• Removal of something from the body does not invalidate the
fast ( ‫الفطر‬
‫مما‬ ‫وليس‬ ‫دخل‬ ‫مما‬
‫خرج‬
‫الکبری‬ ‫السنن‬ )

qualified cavity
‫المعتبر‬ ‫الجوف‬
qualified passage/ opening ‫المعتبر‬ ‫المنفذ‬
Process ‫الوصول‬

Agent Invalidate Reason
Skin Acupuncture No nothing entering from an invalidating entry point.
Creams/ lotions No Pores are not an invalidating entry point
Gastrostomy/ PEG Yes Enters invalidating cavity
Injections / Fluids No not an invalidating entry point

Agent Invalidate Reason/Condition
Ear/ Nose /
Throat/
Eyes
Inhaler/ nebulisers Yes Medicine enters the gullet from the mouth
Vomiting Yes/No Invalidate if deliberately swallows a mouthful vomit or
deliberately vomit a mouthful
Endoscopy (gastroscopy) Yes Water or solution sprayed into the throat and gel on
scope
Lighting incense No unless one inhales the visible fumes intentionally
Nose spray / Nasal drops Yes Water or medicine via invalidating entry point reaches
invalidating cavity .
Smoking Yes Particles reaches an invalidating entry point
Oxygen Mask/ETT Tube No Mere air/oxygen is not an invalidating agent
Deodorant No unless one inhales the visible fumes.
Toothpaste/ mouthwash No If swallowed then it will invalidate the fast. Disliked in
general.
Ear drops No not an invalidating entry point if ear drum intact
Eye drops No not an invalidating entry point
Sublingual GTN/ Medication No Taste buds are pores, not invalidating entry point.
Medicine invalidate if some solid parts reaches throat via
saliva
Bleeding gums No If does not dominate over the saliva on the condition one
cannot taste it

Agent Invalidate Reason
Urogenital Anal Suppository/ Examination/
Colonoscopy
Yes Rectum is an invalidating entry point
hemorrhoids If hemorrhoids happen to come out, fast will remain intact,
even if he had pushed them back into its place. Use of a
cream to treat hemorrhoids on the outside of the skin, does
not invalidate the fast. But if he uses it on the inside of the
anus, it does invalidate the fast because the substance has
reached the inside of an open orifice
Istinja (Washing) No pouring water or oil into the anus does not invalidate unless it
reaches the distance of the mihqana (upper end of anal
canal), where the enema is inserted ( approximately 2inches)
Vaginal / urethral
examination/pessary/ pads
No vagina is not an invalidating entry point
Urethral catheter/ cystoscopy (male
& Female)
No Urethra s is not an invalidating entry point
Circulatory Extracting blood/ Cupping No This is extraction from the body and will not invalidate the
fast. Disliked if caused severe weakness
Nutritional IV Fluids/ Blood
Transfusion
No Not an invalidating entry point
Dialysis- Haemo/ Peritoneal No Vein & peritoneum is not an invalidating entry point
Use of glucometer No Exclusion does not invalidate
Angiography No Vein is not an invalidating entry point

Sources
• Fatawa of Jamia Darul Uloom Karachi
• “Dabit al-mufattirat” by mufti Rafi Usmani
• https://www.albalaghacademy.org/
• www.pubmed.com)
• https://islamqa.org/

Shariah Principles of Saum (Fasting

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