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Weather Station Siting and Installation Tools App Note Code 4-S 1997
1.
APPLICATION NOTE App.
Note Code: 4-S Weather Station Siting and Installation Tools 815 W. 1800 N. Logan, Utah 84321-1784 (435) 753-2342 FAX (435) 750-9540 Copyright (C) 1997 Campbell Scientific, Inc.
2.
3.
Weather Station Siting
and Installation Tools This application note describes weather station site selection, sensor placement, and the required tools for installation and maintenance. This note is intended as a pre-purchase reference. More detailed information about weather station installation is provided by our Tripod, UT10, and UT30 installation manuals. Siting and Exposure Selecting an appropriate site for the weather station is critical for obtaining accurate meteorological data. Typically, the site should represent the general area of interest, and be away from obstruc-tions such as buildings and trees. Guidelines condensed from the following publications: • The State Climatologist (1985). Publication of the American Association of State Climatologists: Heights and Exposure Standards for Sensor on Automated Weather Stations, v. 9, No. 4, October, 1985. • EPA (1987). On-Site Meteorological Program Guidance for Regulatory Modeling Applications, EPA-450/4-87-013. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Parks, North Carolina 27711. • WMO (1983). Guide to Meteorological Instruments and Methods of Observation. World Meteorological Organization No. 8, 5th edition, Geneva Switzerland. Copyright © 1997 Campbell Scientific, Inc. 1 815 W. 1800 N., Logan, UT 84321-1784 (435) 753-2342 App. Note: 4-S
4.
Weather Station Siting
and Installation Tools Wind Speed and Direction REGCOMENDED Feed SENSORS Serial 27115 Portland Or USA REGCOMENDED Feed SENSORS Serial 27115 Portland Or USA REGCOMENDED Feed SENSORS Serial 27115 Portland Or USA H 10H 10T Height of tree (T) Wind sensors should be located over open level terrain. The EPA recommends the wind sensor be a distance of at least ten times the height of nearby buildings, trees, or other obstructions. Standard measurement heights: 3.0 m ± 0.1 m recommended (AASC) 2.0 m ± 0.1 m, 10.0 m ± 0.5 m optional (AASC) 10.0 m (WMO and EPA) Temperature and Relative Humidity The sensor should be housed in a ventilated radiation shield. The EPA recommends the sensor be no closer than four times an obstruction’s height, at least 30 m from large paved areas, and located in an open level area that’s at least 9 m in diameter. The open areas should be covered by short grass, or where grass does not grow, the natural earth. Avoid these: • large industrial heat sources • rooftops • steep slopes • sheltered hollows • high vegetation • shaded areas • swamps • areas where snow drifts occur • low places holding standing water after rains 2 Copyright © 1997 Campbell Scientific, Inc. App. Note: 4-S 815 W. 1800 N., Logan, UT 84321 (435) 753-2342
5.
Weather Station Siting
and Installation Tools Standard measurement heights: 1.5 m ± 1.0 m (AASC) 1.25 to 2.0 m (WMO) 2.0 m temperature (EPA) 2.0 m and 10.0 m for temperature difference (EPA) Precipitation The AASC and EPA suggest tipping buckets be no closer than four times the height of an obstruction. The orifice of the gage must be in a horizontal plane, open to the sky, and above the level of in-splashing and snow accumulation. Typically, tipping buck-ets are sited on level ground covered with short grass or gravel. Wind shields, such as those used by the National Weather Service, are recommended for open areas. Standard measurement heights: 1.0 m ± 1.0 cm (AASC) 30.0 cm minimum (WMO, EPA) Solar Radiation Pyranometers should be mounted away from shadows, reflective surfaces, and sources of artificial radiation. Mounting the pyranometer on the southernmost (northern hemisphere) part (either crossarm or pyranometer mounting arm) of the weather station should minimize shading from the other weather station structures. The height the sensor is mounted is not critical for the accuracy of the measurement. However, pyranometers mounted at heights of 3 m or less are easier to level and clean. Soil Temperature The measurement site for soil temperature should be at least 1 m2 and typical of the surface of interest. The ground surface should be level with respect to the immediate area (10 m radius). Standard measurement depths: 10.0 cm ± 1.0 cm (AASC) 5.0 cm, 10.0 cm, 50.0 cm, 100.0 cm (WMO) Copyright © 1997 Campbell Scientific, Inc. 3 815 W. 1800 N., Logan, UT 84321-1784 (435) 753-2342 App. Note: 4-S
6.
Weather Station Siting
and Installation Tools Standard Tools for Installation and Maintenance User-supplied key for enclosure lock Magnetic declination angle for site Tape measure: 12 feet (CM6 / CM10, UT10) 20 feet (UT30) Open-end wrenches: 3/8”, 7/16”, 1/2”, (2) 9/16” Level: 12” to 24” (CM6 / CM10) 24” to 48” (UT10/UT30) Pliers Magnetic compass 12” pipe wrench Hammer Small sledge (CM10, UT30) Claw (UT10) Felt-tipped marking pen Socket wrench and 7/16” deep well socket Allen wrench set (English units) Straight-bit screwdrivers (small, medium, large) Phillips head screwdrivers (small, medium) Small diagonal side-cuts Needle-nosed pliers Wire strippers Pocket knife Calculator Volt/Ohm meter Electrical tape 6’ stepladder Datalogger prompt sheet and manuals Station log and pen Wire ties and tabs Desiccant UT30 Only Climbing harness Hard hats 50’ haul rope Crescent wrench “Channel-lock” pliers 3/8” nut driver 4 Copyright © 1997 Campbell Scientific, Inc. App. Note: 4-S 815 W. 1800 N., Logan, UT 84321 (435) 753-2342
7.
Weather Station Siting
and Installation Tools Special Tools for Installation Only Lock for enclosure Shovel Rake Pick / digging bar Teflon tape or pipe dope Conduit and associated tools (as required) 1/4” washers - often required as spacers for u-bolts (UT10/UT30) UT10 Only Hand saw Materials for concrete form: (4) 12” wood stakes (1) 2” x 4” x 8” piece of lumber (8) 8p double-head nails (8) 16p double-head nails Concrete trowels (2) 1.0 to 1.5” thick x 24” boards to support base above forms (optional) UT30 Only (4) 12” wood stakes 20’ non-stretch line Wire rope cutters (hammer and cold chisel will work) For B18 Base and UTEYE Anchors: Pick or digging bar Optional: Concrete form material: 2” x 4” lumber, stakes, saw, hammer, nails, etc. Concrete trowels For UTDUK Duckbill Anchors: Sledgehammer Highlift jack Chain (to attach jack to anchor loops) For RFM18 Base: (3) anchors appropriate for mounting surface (3) bolts and washers to secure base to anchors Copyright © 1997 Campbell Scientific, Inc. 5 815 W. 1800 N., Logan, UT 84321-1784 (435) 753-2342 App. Note: 4-S
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