what makes homologous chromosomes homologousSolutionAnswer.pdf

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what makes homologous chromosomes homologous? Solution Answer: Homologous chromosomes are the chromosomes that have exactly the same length that contain the same gene but those genes have different alleles. Homologous chromosomes become pair during meiosis. Two homologous chromosomes become a tetrad during meiosis by having four chromatids. One pair comes from the father and the other, from the mother.The homologous chromosomes are the same size, their centromeres arein the same postition, they have the same number of genes, arranged in the sameorder. The main definition is Chromosomes that have the same length, appearanceand copies of genes, although the alleles may differ.

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Match the graph of the sine function to the equation over [-4 Pi. 4 Pi] Solution here vertical shift is 1/2 from the graph Amplitude = 3/2 period = =pi phase shift is = -pi/4/pi= -1/4 so we can write Y = Asin(BX+C) + D where A= amplitude period = 2pi/B phase shift = -C/B vertical shift (D)=1/2 so y = 3/2sin(1/2 x -pi/4) +1/2 so it is option A you can find answer in other way also from the graph take some points option A is the correct answer plug x =-pi/4 then we get y=-1 and in the graph also y=-1.

Match the graph of the sine function to the equation over [-4 Pi. 4 P.pdf

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location in the stem, function, and Chemical Composition of their Wall: -Epidermis -Periderm -Xylem - Phloem - Parenchyma - Collenchyma - Sclerenchyma Solution Epidermis- It is the single layer cell covering which makes the dermal tissue and covers the stem. It is the outermost layer of the primary plant body. Function- regulates exchange of gases in plants, prevents the loss of water, and helps in secreting various metabolic compounds. Chemical composition- hydrocarbon polymer impregnated with wax and lipids Periderm- Periderm is the corky outer layer of the stem. It is the secondary protective dermal tissue which replaces epidermis during the growth thickness of the stem. Periderm is the multilayer tissue system. Function- Protects the stem from pathogen attack an dessication Chemical composition- polysaccharides, tannins, biopolymers Xylem- Xylem is a type of transport tissue located in the vascular bundles. Function-main function of xylem is to transport water from roots to shoots and leaves along with some important nutrients. Chemical composition- hemicelluloses, ligin, cellulose, pectin Phloem- Phloem is the living tissue found in the vascular bundles of the plants. It is the innermost layer of the bark. Function- the important function is to transport organic compounds formed during the process of photosynthesis..

location in the stem, function, and Chemical Composition of their Wa.pdf

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If Zn Binomial (n, ) , and n~possion(), find the distribution of Z .pdf

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Given the global financial crisis of 2007–2009, do you anticipate any changes to the systems of fixed exchange rates and forward contracts in the near future? Are the changes you envision strictly procedural or regulatory, or do you believe that some of these changes will intend to provide safeguards against ethical lapses or loopholes? Solution As a result of the global financial crisis of 2007-2009, it showed that the protection companies and investors have at the time to hedge against exchange rates instability were severely lacking resulting in billions of dollars in lost wealth globally. Any financial market carries risks for its users, but the main function of some markets is redistribution of risk. This is exactly what forward markets and derivative markets do. They are more risky, but at the same time it is where risks may be reduced or eliminated. Since the emergence of derivatives market, hedging operations are increasingly performed in the futures and forward markets (due to minor transaction costs, more expedient transactions, etc). Investors use forwards with a view to protecting a certain yield level through the transfer of risk to other trade participants. This risk is undertaken by speculators who take opposite positions from the hedgers and thus make the market liquid. Hedgers, however, protect themselves by the transfer of risk to other participants (speculators) against losses, but also reduce the possibility of profit increase. Financial crises have many common features. In the background real economy, there is usually the presence of an asset price “bubble” (or asset price inflation, for purists), a corresponding credit boom, and large capital inflows into that economy (see, for example, Reinhart and Rogoff, 2008). However, these characteristics are necessary, but not sufficient, for a financial crisis to develop. The severity of the crisis depends crucially on the underlying financial sector’s exposure to these conditions and, in fact, the overall market’s uncertainty about the financial sector’s exposure to them. A key role of financial regulation is to put limits on financial institutions, so as to limit this exposure. While there are many reasons for the relative calm of the U.S. financial system during the 50 years after the Great Depression, many analysts continue to give credit to the financial regulation that was enacted at that time. Given their inherently high leverage and the ease with which the risk-profile of financial assets can be altered, banks and financial institutions have incentives to take on excessive risks. Ordinarily, market mechanisms would be expected to price risks correctly and thereby ensure that risk-taking in the economy is at efficient levels. However, there are two factors that have impeded such efficient outcomes. First, with the repeal of most protections from the Banking Act of the 1933, the only remaining protection against risk-shifting is capital requirements. If the guarantees are m.

Given the global financial crisis of 2007–2009, do you anticipate an.pdf

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Generativity versus stagnation Early adult transition Intimacy versus isolation Self-awareness transition Generativity involves a concern for and interest in establishing and guiding the next generation. Generativity involves a commitment to improve the life conditions of future generations. Generativity involves a commitment towards protecting and enhancing the conditions of one’s society. All of the above are true. Socializing versus sexualizing in human relationships Emotional flexibility versus emotional impoverishment Culminating life structure versus early adult transition Valuing wisdom versus valuing physical powers Sexualizing in human relationships Valuing physical powers Emotional impoverishment Mental flexibility Early adult transition Entry life structure for early adulthood Culminating life structure for early adulthood Entry life structure for middle adulthoodErikson theorized that after young people develop a sense of identity, they next face the psychosocial crisis of: (Points : 2) Solution Soln: 1) Intimacy versus isolation 2) All of the above are true. 3) Culminating life structure versus early adult transition 4) Mental flexibility 5) Early adult transition 6) Entry life structure for middle adulthood.

Generativity versus stagnation Early adult transitio.pdf

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Genetics Question 2 In the insect sex determination system, the are considered the homogametic sex because they have 2X chromosomes females males Solution In insects, mostly the sex determination is of XX-XY type. In this, females are homogametic i.e. they contain two copies of the same kind of sex chromosomes. Females contain two X chromosomes. Males are heterogametic i.e. they contain two different kinds of sex chromosomes. Hence, males contain one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. Therefore, the correct answer is females..

Genetics Question 2 In the insect sex determination system, th.pdf

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Explain why malaria infection may lead to anemia. How would you classify the anemia that results?(scientific name for the type of anemia that results) Solution Plasmodium falciperum and Plasmodium vivax causes malaria in human and also responsible for anemia .It is due to increase removal of erythrocyte as well as decreased production of erythrocytes in the the bone marrow.Anemia is due to the continous removal/ destruction of erythrocytes in the bone marrow. Parasitie infect RBC and its toxin causes harmful effect to the erythrocyte. It causes severe anemia in human..

Explain why malaria infection may lead to anemia. How would you clas.pdf

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Figure 13.2 of a single pair of homologous chromosomes as they might appear during various stages of either mitosis or meiosis 53) Which diagram(s) represent anaphase II of meiosis? A) II only B) III only C) IV only D) V only E) either II or V Answer: D What\'s wrong with E?? If III V VI /1 /N Solution It Showing various stages of Meiosis because the stages showing 2 anaphases, crossing over and chiasma formation Yaa the answer is D. Anaphase 2 occur in haploid cells, so it contain single chromosome but 2 chromatids. The two chromatids seperate in the Anaphase II. So D is correct.

Figure 13.2 of a single pair of homologous chromosomes as they might.pdf

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Every individual produced by sexual reproduction is unique. This is because of… (circle the TWO correct answers) a) Independent assortment of chromosomes during meiosis. b) Independent assortment of chromosomes during mitosis. c) Recombination occurring in prophase. d) Separation of chromatids occurring in anaphase 2. Solution a. Independent assortment of chromosomes during Meiosis c. Recombination occuring in prophase. After sexual reproduction the gametes that unite to form zygote are haploid. Since the haploid gametes are formed by the reductional divisions of diploid cell, So, The chromosomes that haploid gamete will carry, will be responsible for the characters inherited to the progeny Also the recombination that takes place in the prophase, determines the characters or traits inherited after the crossing over of chromosomes. Thus these two factors will be most responsible in determining the individuality of the progeny..

Every individual produced by sexual reproduction is unique. This is .pdf

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Explain to them the probability of future offspring being normal or having the disease (assume that this is an autosomal disease). Be sure to tell them whether the disease is brought about by a dominant or recessive allele and what fraction of their children (if any) could be carriers for the disease. Be sure to incorporate the following into your explanation: DNA and chromosomes, genes, dominant and recessive alleles, paired alleles on homologous chromosomes, and segregation of alleles during gamete production. You can use words and drawings/diagrams. Sally and Steve are concerned about cystic fibrosis. Neither of them has it, nor do their parents or grandparents, yet each one has a sibling with cystic fibrosis (Sally\'s sister and Steve\'s brother). Sally and Steve want to have a second child (the first one, age 4, appears unaffected). Jess and Jessie want to get married and have children. Unfortunately, they have the same great- grandmother (not the same great-grandfather). The great-grandmother suffered from polycystic kidney disease. No other family members suffered from the disease, but they were told (correctly) that their great-grandmother had passed on the possibility of the disease. Solution Ques-1: Aetiology and Pathophysiology: It is autosomal recessive disease (mode of inheritance), which is familial. Gene for cystic fibrosis is located on the chromosome 7 & this recessive allele propogated to the offspring via parental gamete formation by reduction division & problem will be at segregation of chromosomes. A protein called, CF transmembrane -this gene produces regulator (CFTR). In case of Pleiotrophy one affects 2 or more apparently not linked phenotypic traits there by more gene could be affected (cystic fibrosis). For instance, Sally and Steve are concerned about cystic fibrosis. Neither of them has it, nor do their parents or grandparents, yet each one has a sibling with cystic fibrosis (Sally\'s sister and Steve\'s brother) i.e. both Sally & Steve are carriers of the disease. Therefore, 2/3 (67%), of probability with unaffected child. Sally and Steve want to have a second child but the first child age-4 has no cystic fibrosis Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive condition. In the given example, the unaffected parents will have an affected children Assume that the gene coding for the normal allele is C, and the gene coding for the cystic fibrosis is c and C is dominant over c. Now, cross between two heterozygotes will have the offspring with the following genotypes. Cc* Cc = CC, Cc, Cc, cc (means, 3/4th are unaffected (out of these 2/4 are carriers) and the ¼ are affected -having disease). C c C CC Cc c Cc cc C c C CC Cc c Cc cc.

Explain to them the probability of future offspring being normal or h.pdf

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explain conceptual questions variability? standard devation? z-scores (include a detailed drawing of a sample z-distribution)? what is factorial design and why do we use them in psychology? hypothesis testing( explain the null and alternative hypotheses- which one do we test against in order to determin hte siginficance, alpha levels, and how probability is used to determin significance)? Solution.

explain conceptual questionsvariabilitystandard devationz-sc.pdf

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Explain the difference between fermentation and respiration in biology? Solution Fermentation and Respiration are the two widely used processes in biology. Respiration : It is a biochemical process in which food molecules are broken down by cells of an organism with the release of carbon dioxide , water and ATP ( energy currency of cells). Food + oxygen gives carbondioxide + water + ATP. Types : 1. Aerobic respiration : Occurs in presence of oxygen, performed by eukaryotic cells, yields 38 ATP molecules and Occurs in both cytosol and mitochondria. 2 : Anaerobic Respiration : Occurs in absence of oxygen, performed by prokaryotic cells, yields only 2 ATP molecules and Occurs in cytosol only. Fermentation : Term ist used by Louis Pasteur in 19th century. It is a metabolic process in which sugar is converted to acids or alcohol. It occurs in yeast and bacteria and sometimes in muscle cells ( lactic acid fermentation ) Fermentation Occurs when electron transport chain becomes defunct due to lack of final electron acceptor I,e oxygen. Difference between Respiration and Fermentation: 1. Respiration uses oxygen as electron acceptor to form ATP while fermentation uses inorganic donars ( Sulphur) to form ATP. 2. Both the processes convert nutrients from sugars to form ATP but they differ in their processes and the amount of energy (ATP) produced. 3. Respiration produces 38 ATP molecules while fermentation produces only 2 ATP molecules..

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comparison or words in group. F. Nucleotide, Nucleus G. Mitosis, Cytokinesis H. Apoptosis, Casas especially I. Kinases , Cyclins Solution Nucleus is the central part of the cell and is round in shape and is most important part which forms the basis for the activity and growth of the cell. It is a membrane enclosed organelle in eukaryotic cells and its main function is storing hereditary material (DNA), acts as site of DNA replication and transcription, ribosome formation. DNA is a polymer made up of long chain of sub units called nucleotides. Nucleotide is made up of one sugar (In DNA it is deoxyribose and in RNA it is ribose), one phosphate group and one nitrogenous group. Mitosis is a process, where the nuclear division will occur so that the parent cell can divide to produce two identical daughter cells and it consists of four basic phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm and organelles among the two daughter cells and it is observed in animal cells, that an actin microfilaments will form a circle between the two daughter nuclei during the separation process and it will continue to contract finally forming a furrow ring and it will then squeezes the two daughter cells tighter leading them to separate. Apoptosis and necrosis are the two ways through which a cell can die. Apoptosis is known as programmed cell death. Here a set of proteolytic enzymes called caspasces will cleave specific proteins present in the nucleus and cytoplasm triggering the cell death. These caspasces exist in all cells as inactive precursors in normal condition in the form of procaspases. During apoptosis, these will be activated by other caspasces through cascading reactions and will begin the process. Both kinases and clyclins play an important role in cell cycle regulation. Cdks (Cyclin-Dependent Protein Kinases) through phosphorylation will signal the cell to go to the next stage of the cell cycle. But these Cdks are depedent on cyclones, these Cyclins bind to Cdks and activates them. These play an important role in regulating the cell cycle and also play an important role in regulating transcription, mRNA processing, and the differentiation of nerve cells. Nucleus is the central part of the cell and is round in shape and is most important part which forms the basis for the activity and growth of the cell. It is a membrane enclosed organelle in eukaryotic cells and its main function is storing hereditary material (DNA), acts as site of DNA replication and transcription, ribosome formation. DNA is a polymer made up of long chain of sub units called nucleotides. Nucleotide is made up of one sugar (In DNA it is deoxyribose and in RNA it is ribose), one phosphate group and one nitrogenous group. Mitosis is a process, where the nuclear division will occur so that the parent cell can divide to produce two identical daughter cells and it consists of four basic phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase..

comparison or words in group.F. Nucleotide, NucleusG. Mitosis, C.pdf

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Add these three functions to the class binaryTreeType (provided). Write the definition of the function, nodeCount, that returns the number of nodes in the binary tree. Write the definition of the function, leavesCount, that takes as a parameter a pointer to the root node of a binary tree and returns the number of leaves in a binary tree. Write a function, swapSubtrees, that swaps all of the left and right subtrees of a binary tree. Print the original tree and the resulting tree using a pre-order traversal. Write a program to test your new functions. Use the data provided to build your binary search tree (-999 is the sentinel): (C++) Data: 65 55 22 44 61 19 90 10 78 52 -999 Already completed code is below: //Header File Binary Search Tree #ifndef H_binarySearchTree #define H_binarySearchTree #include \"binaryTree.h\" #include using namespace std; template class bSearchTreeType: public binaryTreeType { public: bool search(const elemType& searchItem) const; //Function to determine if searchItem is in the binary //search tree. //Postcondition: Returns true if searchItem is found in // the binary search tree; otherwise, // returns false. void insert(const elemType& insertItem); //Function to insert insertItem in the binary search tree. //Postcondition: If there is no node in the binary search // tree that has the same info as // insertItem, a node with the info // insertItem is created and inserted in the // binary search tree. void deleteNode(const elemType& deleteItem); //Function to delete deleteItem from the binary search tree //Postcondition: If a node with the same info as deleteItem // is found, it is deleted from the binary // search tree. // If the binary tree is empty or deleteItem // is not in the binary tree, an appropriate // message is printed. private: void deleteFromTree(nodeType* &p); //Function to delete the node to which p points is //deleted from the binary search tree. //Postcondition: The node to which p points is deleted // from the binary search tree. }; template bool bSearchTreeType::search (const elemType& searchItem) const { nodeType *current; bool found = false; if (this->root == NULL) cout << \"Cannot search an empty tree.\" << endl; else { current = this->root; while (current != NULL && !found) { if (current->info == searchItem) found = true; else if (current->info > searchItem) current = current->lLink; else current = current->rLink; }//end while }//end else return found; }//end search template void bSearchTreeType::insert (const elemType& insertItem) { nodeType *current; //pointer to traverse the tree nodeType *trailCurrent; //pointer behind current nodeType *newNode; //pointer to create the node newNode = new nodeType; newNode->info = insertItem; newNode->lLink = NULL; newNode->rLink = NULL; if (this->root == NULL) this->root = newNode; else { current = this->root; while (current != NULL) { trailCurrent = current; if (current->info == insertItem) { cout << \"The item to be inserted is already \"; cout << \"in the t.

Add these three functions to the class binaryTreeType (provided).W.pdf

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4. Describe using examples the main characteristics of infrastructure supply. Solution Infrastructure supply includes economic infrastructure and social infrastructure. Economic infrastructure transportation facilities like rail, road, and airports; water supply, wastewater treatments; power supply and telecommunication facilities. The main characteristics are the capital investment, the durability of the project, environmental impacts, type of project whether it is private, public or public-private partnership etc; usefulness of the project etc..

4. Describe using examples the main characteristics of infrastructure.pdf

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1. How does the ripened condition of an ovary wall allow you to determine the category of fruits? 2. In phylogenetics, what are sister groups? Synapomorphies? Clades? Nodes? 3. How do inflorescences differ? 4. What is the Linnaean system of classification and what are the appropriate endings for common ranks? 5. Why do gymnosperms lack \"fruits\"? 6. What are synapomorphies and how are they indicated on a phylogeny? 7. Why is the development of seeds considered to be a major advance in the evolution of plants? Solution In ripened condition , an ovary develops into a fruit, the ovary wall becomes the pericarp. ============================================ 2. In phylogenetics, what are sister groups? Synapomorphies? Clades? Nodes? Clades : Two clades are sisters if they have an immediate common ancestor. 3. How do inflorescences differ? inflorescence :it is a group of flowers arranged on a stem that is composed of a main branch . 4What is the Linnaean system of classification and what are the appropriate endings for common ranks? In the scientific classification of Linnaeus there are three kingdoms, isolated into classes, and they, thusly, into a term for rank-based characterization of living beings, as a rule. 5. Why do gymnosperms lack \"fruits\"? As the Gymnosperms do not produce flowers and ovaries synapomorphies : it is a characteristic present in a genealogical species Itis shared exclusively. It is in more or less modified form) by its evolutionary descendants. synapomorphies. : a character or attribute that is shared by at least two scientific categorizations and is gotten through advancement from a typical genealogical shape. 7. Why is the development of seeds considered to be a major advance in the evolution of plants? The development of the seed plants speaks to a noteworthy progress over the more primitive Bryophytes and greeneries. In plants and greeneries, single- celled, haploid spores are the essential means for attacking new living spaces. Spores have almost no sustenance stockpiling and once sprouted can\'t endure extraordinary changes in natural conditions. Additionally, both greeneries and greeneries require water for preparation while seed plants depend on air streams and bugs. The seed plants can finish their life cycle completely on dry land, the length of satisfactory soil dampness from the roots is accessible. Preparation happens inside defensive tissues of the sporophyte (called integuments) and requires no outside water. Seed- bearing plants create megaspores (expansive spores) in megasporangia that form into ovules and, at development, deliver seed. They likewise deliver microspores (little spores) in microsporangia that form into dust grains (male gametophytes) that convey the sperm to the female structures to fulfill fertilization. Fertilization must go before preparation..

1. How does the ripened condition of an ovary wall allow you to dete.pdf

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