2. Introduction
Gestational Trophoblastic diseases- heterogeneous
group of interrelated lesions that arise from abnormal
proliferation of placental trophoblast.
GTN-subset of malignancies that have varying
propensities for local invasion & mets
GTN-rare human tumors, cured even in the presence
of widespread dissemination
3. WHO Classification
GTD
Premalignant Diseases
Complete Hydatidiform Mole ( C M )
• Partial Hyadatidiform Mole ( P M )
Malignant Diseases (Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasia)
Nonmetastatic
• Invasive Mole
• Placental site trophoblastic tumor ( PSTT )
• Epitheloid tumour
• Metastatic
• Gestational Choriocarcinoma
4.
5. Epidemiology
It is common in oriental countries- Philippines, China,
Indonesia, Japan, India, Central and Latin America and Africa.
India- 1 in 400 pregnancies
Calculated Incidence of complete mole- 1 in 1945 pregnancies
partial mole- 1 in 695 pregnancies
Age -CMs most common at the extremes of reproductive age
The incidence of CM rises fm I:1000 to 1:76; 1:6.5 in subsequent
pregnancies
CM is the most common antecedent to
Chorio CA. But it can occur after any type of pregnancy 3% after
invasive mole; 16% after CM
6. In the United States,
•1in 600
therapeutic
abortions
•1 in 1,500
pregnancies
In Asian countries,
•The rate is 10 times
higher than in Europe and
North America
In Saudi Arabia;,
•1.48 in 1000 live births
(hospital-based study;
Felemban AA, et al; 1969)
10. GENETICS
P57 cycline dependent kinase inhibitor paternally
imprinted gene which is maternally expressed
P57 kip2 immunostaining is negative in CM in contrast
to PMs Hydropic abortions & normal placenta
Abnormal Methylation
In cases of Familial recurrent molar pregnancy; Defective
locus at 19q 13.4 at single gene NALP7 , it is member of
CATERPILLAR family involved in inflammation &
Apoptosis in genetic CM
Three other genes H19, P57, IGF-2
Chorio CA-specific genes deletion 7p12-q11.2;
Amplification of 7q21-q31 region ; loss of 8p12-p21
11. CLINICAL FEATURES
Complete Mole
Vaginal bleeding
Uterus is larger than POG
Hyperemesis Gravidarum
PET 10-15%
hyperthyroidism 7%
Theca leutin cysts
Beta h CG levels >>
Passage of grapes like vesicle
13. High Risk For Developing Post molar tumor
hCG Levels > 100,000 mIU/L
Excessive Uterine Enlargement
Theca leutin cyst 6cm or larger
14. Clinical features
PARTIALMOLE
Uterus is often not enlarged more than POG
More often presents as Missed or incomplete
abortion
Pre evacuation h CG levels are not more than
100,000IU/ L
Macroscopic : villous swelling is less intense
Embryo is present
15. Management of Molar Pregnancy
Suction Curettage
Cervical preparation with prostaglandins or
misoprostol should be avoided to reduce the risk
of embolisation.
16. Anti-D Prophylaxis (RCOG)
NOT required in Complete Mole: because of poor
vascularisation of the chorionic villi and absence of the
D-antigen.
Required in:
-partial mole: due to presence of RBCs
-complete mole: if diagnosis is not confirmed
histopathologically.
17. Second uterine evacuation
There is NO clinical indication for the routine use
of second uterine evacuation.
It may be useful for symptom control in selected
patients with heavy bleeding or curative if the
recurrent molar tissue is confined to the uterine
cavity
18. FOLLOW UP
HCG:
weekly determination
of B-HCG until these levels
are normal for 3 consecutive
weeks,folld by monthly values
until normal for 6 consecutive
months
Average time for first normal
HCG post evacuation is 9 weeks,
non detectable HCG levels-risk of GTN is 0
19. Contraception
Should NOT conceive until follow up is complete.
Use Barrier method until hCG revert to normal
(?OCPs may act as growth factor for trophoblastic
tissue).
Once hCG has normalised, the combined oral
contraceptive pill may be used.
IUCD should not be used until hCG levels are
normal to reduce the risk of uterine perforation.
20. Role of prophylactic chemotherapy
The long term prognosis for women with a H. Mole is
not improved with prophylactic chemotherapy.
Because toxicity- including death- may be significant,
it is not recommended routinely (ACOG 2004).
It may be useful in the high-risk cases when
follow up are unavailable or unreliable.
HIGH RISK FACTORS:
hCG level >100,000 mIU/ml
Excessive uterine enlargement
Theca lutien cysts 6 cm in diameter
21. Role of hysterectomy
If the patient desires surgical sterilization, a
hysterectomy may be performed with the mole in
situ.
Hysterectomy does not prevent metastasis;
therefore, patients will require follow up with
assessment of hCG levels.
The ovaries may be preserved at the time of
surgery, even in the presence of prominent theca
luiten cysts.
22. Gestational trophoplastic Neoplasia
Nonmetastatic
Invasive Mole:
Clinical features
Clinical diagnosis by persistence or rising titers of Beta h CG in the weeks
after molar evacuation & USG
Persistent bleeding p/v
Lower abdominal pain due to invasion in myometrium, vulva, vagina or
intra abdominal metastasis
It may spread to adjacent pervic structures bladder , rectum; hematuria,
bleeding P/ R
Pulmonary metastasis
Mostly due to initial diagnosis of CM is missed & not on Beta h CG follow
up
23. Invasive H. Mole
Myometrial invasion
Sometimes involving the peritoneum, parametrium, or
vaginal vault. Originate almost always from H. mole
Vesicles
24. Clinical features
Placental Site Trophoblastic Tumor (PSTT):
rare slow growing tumor
menstrual irregularities & lower abdominal pain, galactorrhea due to
hyperprolactinemia increased h PL
Little or no h CG is produced ( Free B hCG fragment )
Rarely presents as nephrotic syndrome, hematuria or DIC
Spread is late local Infiltration & metastasis is through lymphatic
Microscopically: In the normal placenta it is distinct from villous
trophoblast & infiltrates the decidua, myometrium, & spiral arteries.
Mainly from intermediate trophoblast derived fm cytotrophoblast
25. GTN arises when the normal regulatory mechanisms controlling
the proliferation and invasiveness of trophoblastic tissue are
lost.
Diagnosis of the GTN is made on
Clinical presentation
Elevated b-HCG
Evidence of metastasis
Imaging
Tissue for Histology
Metastatic Gestational Trophoblastic
Neoplasia
26. Metastatic Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasia
CHORIOCARCINOMA:
Clinical features
Occurs mainly following any form of pregnancy, mainly
after CM
Clinical features of bleeding p/v , lower abdominal pain,
or in 1/3 of cases no pelvic symptoms but symptoms of
distant metastasis lungs , brain ,liver, skin, cauda equina &
the heart may present
Highly malignant , appears as soft purple largely
hemorrhagic mass
27. Microscopic: implanting blastocyst with central cores of
mononuclear cytotropho surrounded by rim of
multinucleated syncytiotrophoblast & distinct absence of
chorionic villi extensive areas of necrosis & haemorrage
&frequent evidence of tumor in the sinuses
The hypervascularity & absence of connective tissue
support are the reason for its highly malignant
behaviour
DIAGNOSIS IS BY BETA h CG
28. investigations
Quantitative beta hCG
X Ray Chest
Pelvic Doppler USG
Abdominal doppler USG to rule out liver & renal metastasis
CT chest , abdomen
MRI brain
Beta h CG in cerebrospinal fluid
PET
Genetic studies
29. FIGO REQUIREMENT FOR MAKING DIAGNOSIS
OF GTN
1. Four values or more of plateaue hCG over at
least 3 weeks: days 1, 7, 14 and 21.
2. A rise of hCG of 10% or greater for 3 values or
more over at least 2 weeks: days 1, 7, and 14.
3. Histologic diagnosis of choriocarcinoma.
4. Persistence of hCG beyond 6 months after
mole evacuation.
30. Metastatic disease
Sites: Symptoms:
a. Pulmonary-
80%
Chest pain, dyspnoea
b. Vagina- 30% Vagina bleeding , purulent
discharge and nodule.
c. Liver- 10% Epigastric pain, jaundice,
hepatic rupture leading to
intraperitoneal haemorrhage.
d. Brain- 10% Focal neurological deficit.
31. ANATOMIC FIGO STAGING SYSTEM FOR GTN (2000)
Stage Criteria
I. Disease confined to the uterus
II. Disease outside of uterus but is limited to
the genital structures
III. Disease extends to the lungs with or without
known genital tract involvement
IV. All other metastatic sites
32. FIGO prognostic score (2000)
O 1 2 4
Age (years) <39 >39
Antecedent
pregnancy
Hydatidi form
mole
Abortion Term
pregnancy
Interval from index
pregnancy, months
< 4 4-6 7-12 > 12
Pretreatment hCG
(mlU/ml)
< 103 103-104 > 104-105 > 105
Largest tumour size,
including uterus
3-4 cm 5 cm
Site of metastases Spleen,
kidney
GI tract Brain, liver
Previous failed
chemotherapy
Single Two or more
drugs
Low risk (Score 0-6) and high risk (score> 7)
34. Low Risk GTN
FIGO score 6 or less.
Drugs schedules: single agent chemotherapy
Most commonly used regimen.
Methotrexate: 1 mg/kg 1M on days 1, 3, 5, 7
Folinic acid 0.1 mg/kg 1M on days, 2, 4, 6 and 8.
Side Effects: Stomatitis, conjunctivitis, abdominal and
chest pain.
Actinomycin- D: (primary therapy in case of abnormal
liver function)
35. After the first treatment
Further chemotherapy is withheld as long as the
HCG level is falling progressively
Additional single agent chemotherapy is not
administered at any predetermined or fixed
interval
II course of CT if:
If HCG level plateaus for more than 3 consecutive
weeks or begins to rise again
If HCG level does not decline by 1 log within 18
days of completion of first treatment
If response to first treatment was inadequate,dose of
MTX is increased from 1mg/kg/day to 1.5 mg/kg/day
for each of the 4 treatment days
36. If patient does not wish to preserve fertility
hysterectomy with adjuvant single agent
chemotherapy given.
In case of stage-I PSTT.
Role of adjuvant chemotherapy.
1. Decrease dissemination of viable tumor cells at
surgery.
2. Maintain cytotoxic level of chem.
3. To treat any occult metastasis
Role of hysterectomy in non metastatic
disease i.e. Stage-I
37. Follow up in Low risk GTN
Weekly bhCG titre until normal for 3 consecutive
weeks.
Monthly b HCG level until normal for 12 consecutive
months.
Effective contraception during the follow up
FIGO recommends additional 2 courses of
chemotherapy after initial negative b hCG.
38. High Risk GTN
Stage I, II, III With FIGO score 7 or greater or Stage IV
Primary intensive combination chemotherapy
Regimes given :
MAC.
Modified Bagshawe (CHAMOCA)
EMA-CO
EMA-EP.
39. MAC-III Regime
Mtx 1 mg/kg IM/1V Days 1, 3, 5, 7
Folinic acid 0.1 mg/kg IM Days 2, 4, 6, 8
Actinomycin-D 12 g/kg IV Days 1-5
Cyclophosphamide 3 mg/kg IV Days 1-5
To be repeated every 15 days if toxicity permits.
40. EMA-CO Regime
Etoposide, methotrexate, actinomycin D, alternating weekly with
cyclophosphamide and oncovin.
Day 1 Actinomycin D 500 micrograms IV push
IV. Etoposide 100 mg/m2 over 30-50 min.
Methotrexate 100 mg/m2 IV infusion over 1
hr and then
Methotrexate 200 mg/m2 IV infusion over 12 hrs
Day 2 Actinomycin D 500 micrograms IV push new IV
Etoposide 100 mg/m2 over 30-50 min.
Folinic acid 15 mg IV push Q 6 hrs for 8 doses
beginning 24 hrs after methotrexate bolus.
Day 8 Vincristine (Oncovin) 1 mg/m2 IV
Cyclophosphamide 600 mg/m2 IV
SIDE EFFECT:- Myelosuppresion ,Mucositis , Neuropathy ,Reversible
alopecia
41. EMA-EP
In patient resistant to EMA-CO
On day 8
Etoposide- 10 mg/m2 iv.
Cisplatin- 80 mg/m2 iv
treatment – until 3 consecutive weekly titres
normal.
2-4 cycles given further after initial normal b
H.C.G.
.
42. Follow up OF High risk GTN
Weekly bHCG until normal for 3
consecutive weeks.
Monthly bHCG for 24 consecutive
months.
Contraception in follow up period.
43. Management of sites of metastasis
VAGINAL &PELVIS -30%
Single agent chemotherapy –Low risk
Combination chemotherapy –High risk
If bleeding occurs-
Vaginal packing
Wide local excision
Arteriographic embolisation of hypogastric arteries
45. HEPATIC-10%
Worse prognosis.
Usually associated with widespread metastasis Intraperitoneal
bleeding may occur.
Rx
Chemo & concurrent radiation (2000-3000 cGy).
Hepatic resection to excise resistant foci.
Cerebral-10%
Acute focal neurological deficits.
Combination chemo + WBRT (2000-3000).
Patients with metastasis on initial evaluation respond better
than who develop Lesion during therapy.
During period of WBRT- Mtx in EMA-CO be increased to 1 g/m2
with Folinic.Acid rescue.
.
46. For subsequent pregnancy.
Ist trimester TVS to confirm normal pregnancy.
bHCG 6 wks after termination of pregnancy .
After effective treatment for non-malignant GTN molar
pregnancy occur in 1-2% subsequent pregnancies.
47. CASES REGISTERED IN GTD
CLINIC,GRH
Total no of cases-15
Case 1:
Mrs.Kavitha,28 yr old P2L2A2/MTP with TAT done in
FPAI(8.4.15)/C/O bleeding pv/RPOC with secondary
infection/?invasive partial mole(hcg-1247)-GRH admission-
SE 0n 4.5.15-(hcg-141 on 8.5)
Pt was on weekly b-hcg follow up until 3 normal
values,monthly follow up until 6 normal values,
17.02.16-1.02
16.03.16-120.6
Started on methotrexate
49. Case 2:latha 19 yr unmarried/molar pregnancy/SE @
GRH on 12.08.15 for molar/presented with bleeding pv
I mth later with severe anemia/re evacuation done for
retained tissues
In the post molar evacuation surveillance,weekly b-
hcg rising trend-started on single agent CT
EMACO started
51. Case 3:
Mrs,nambuselvi,42 yr old primi/ms 22 yrs/13 wks
GA/partial molar pregnancy/SE done
Pre evacuation B-HCG-1,14,560
Chest x ray-S/O tiny nodular opacity in left midzone
Pt transferred to med onco in view of invasive mole
Single agent CT-MTX