Todays era is an era of machinery. Therefore, approximately all enterprises use machinery or equipments such as computers, machines for manufacturing, processing, packing etc., for the efficient and expeditious working. As the environment of every enterprise is different from each other, all the enterprises generally use internally generated assets which may benefit themselves. The computer software either acquired or internally generated for the purpose of internal use or a website either developed internally or purchased by the enterprise for the purpose of its internal use in the organization, may be recognized as an intangible asset. An expenditure incurred in respect of developing a website should be charged as an expense to the period to which it relates unless such expenditure comes under the purview of recognition criteria. Companies are incurring significant costs to develop Internet web sites. These companies may be "Internet" companies, traditional "brick and mortar" companies, or service companies. The web sites may be used to promote or advertise products or services supplant manual processes or services, sell products (including software) or services, or to do a combination of all three. Further, due to rapid changes in technology, new uses for web sites are being developed. Diversity in practice exists in accounting for website development costs. Some entities capitalize website development costs, others expense such costs, and still others capitalize some of those costs and expense the rest. Hence, the issue is how an entity should account for costs incurred to develop a computer software or website. N. Sharadha | Prof. V. Manickavasagam"An Analysis of Application of Accounting Standards to Computer Software and Website Cost" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-1 , December 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd8281.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/8281/an-analysis-of-application-of-accounting-standards-to-computer-software-and-website-cost/n-sharadha
How Can Enterprise App Development Help Your Business Growth.pdfXDuce Corporation
Enterprise application development is the process of creating and deploying scalable and
reliable apps to help enterprises streamline their business operations, improve productivity,
lower costs, and so on. Enterprise app development is possible to develop for both internal
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advantage of enterprise app development services is that it provides the ability to store a
massive amount of informatio
How Can Enterprise App Development Help Your Business Growth.pptxXDuce Corporation
Organizations have seen growth in the demand for enterprise app development. It has made
developers build multiple apps that help their clients to grow business with enterprise
applications. Such as Automated billing systems, Payment processing systems, Email
marketing systems, Customer Relationship Management (CRM), Enterprise Resource
Planning (ERP), Business Continuity Planning (BCP), Enterprise Application Integration
(EAI), Enterprise Content Management, Enterprise Messaging Systems (EMS), HR
Management
How Can Enterprise App Development Help Your Business Growth.pdfXDuce Corporation
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reliable apps to help enterprises streamline their business operations, improve productivity,
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Streaming Processes: Creating a Start-up Within a Big Corporate (Mohammad Sha...Executive Leaders Network
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return on investment (ROI) that enterprises may realize by
deploying Nintex’s workflow platform. The purpose of this
study is to provide readers with a framework to evaluate the
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within their organizations.
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with the implementation of the Nintex workflow platform, which we will refer to as the Platform, Forrester interviewed several
customers with multiple years of experience using Nintex Workflow and Nintex Forms. These customers recognize the value
inherent in automating processes. Their colleagues and customers are working both in offices and on mobile devices and
are spread across many countries. Content necessaryto collaborate and make business decisions is stored in many
applications across these devices. They have some well-defined processes, but the steps leading up to these processes or
to connect closely related processes are loosely defined and manual. With Nintex Workflow, customers can automate their
processes and create workflows that connect their people, processes, and content. With Nintex Forms, Nintex provides an
easy way to collect data from colleagues and customers within the workflow. Using Nintex Mobile, customers can extend
these workflows to users who are on the go. With Nintex Connectors, customers can easily integrate cloud services and lineof-business applications into their workflows.
Prior to using the Platform, these customers were mostly relying on custom code to automate processes. However, it was
difficult and time-consuming to build workflows, and many processes remained manual (e.g. paper-based,email, excel files)
while a backlog of requests for automation grew. This left customers frustrated with process inefficiencies and the inability to
automate faster. With the Platform, customers are able to automate processes in pace with demand, connect the right
people and data in each process, and easily make changes to workflows as processes change. This results in increased
productivity for end users and IT, reduced costs associated with automation, better collaboration, and higher quality of work.
IT Cost Optimization POC Highlights: Creating Business Value from Software Us...Scalable Software
You probably know that some software at your organization is underused or unused. But did you know that the full extent of the waste can be almost invisible when usage is tracked conventionally?
Without an unconventionally rigorous, almost forensic level of real usage tracking, you are spending more than you should on software. Read how one company discovered that almost 30% of their applications were under-used or not used at all, using this unconventional approach.
Rules for Intangible Asset Recognition, Research and Development, Software De...Wasif Ali Syed
Intangible Asset
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Recognition and Cost of Intangible Assets (IAS 38)
An intangible asset is recognized when it meets all of the criteria below (IAS 38.18,21):
Identifiability
Probability of future economic benefits,
Control over the future economic benefits,
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Research is original and planned investigation, undertaken with the prospect of gaining new scientific or technical knowledge and understanding.
An example of research could be a company in the pharmaceuticals industry undertaking activities or tests aimed at obtaining new knowledge to develop a new vaccine. The company is researching the unknown, and therefore, at this early stage, no future economic benefit can be expected to flow to the entity.
Development is the application of research findings or other knowledge to a plan or design for the production of new or substantially improved materials, devices, products, processes, systems, or services, before the start of commercial production or use.
An example of development is a car manufacturer undertaking the design, construction, and testing of a pre-production model.
A summary of technoloyg projects, showing process is key to technology commercialization. In this summary, we demonstrate our ability to commercialization technologies in biotech, medical, consumer, materials, science, and other fields.
The frequency of software vendor license audits is skyrocketing. Are you ready? This bulletin discusses why many enterprises are unintentionally out of compliance, and self-audit tactics to help minimize or negate audit penalties.
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PYA Managing Principal of Audit & Assurance Services Mike Shamblin presented “Accounting for Software Implementation and Physician Guarantees.” The presentation covers:
Unique accounting rules and industry best practices healthcare providers should know about accounting and financial reporting for software development.
Accounting treatment for physician guarantees.
Running Head Operational Components1Operational Component.docxtodd581
Running Head: Operational Components
1
Operational Components
8
Operational Components
Student Name
Institution Affiliated
The operations plan will solely focus on the provision of cloud technology services – which is my chosen project. To begin with, the organizational chart is as shown below;
(Daud & Rahman, 2017).
Recruitment Plan
All the above employees are to be recruited and hence the need for a recruitment plan. The following are the steps to be developed in the recruitment process;
1. Assessment of requirement for the position/ Preparing an effective job Description
This step involves analyzing the roles in the company that has no personnel to deliver. As seen from the organizational chart, this step has been already done, but there is a need for continuous monitoring to determine any new job positions that may arise from the day-to-day operations. The roles of each post should be well documented as well as the remunerations involved.
2. Publicizing the availability of the position
This step involves advertising the position, e.g., in newspapers, radio, word of mouth, to the public. The organization can also contact agents who deal in labor supply for qualified personnel. Means for viable applicants to apply should also be well stipulated, e.g., uploading of resumes on the company website.
3. Conducting interviews and selection of employees
Methods such as online interviews, face-to-face interviews, sitting exams, should be devised concerning the appropriate line of work that the applicants are applying for. Also, orientation procedures should be put in place for the successful recruits to familiarize themselves with the company’s policies and day-to-day activities.
Employees’ Policies and Code of Ethics
The employees should conduct themselves as per the following stipulations at all times;
a) Code of Conduct
· Dress code – All employees should be dressed in official wear at all times when in the office. The official wear should not be in any way suggestive such that it makes fellow employees or customers uncomfortable.
· Workplace safety - All employees should adhere to the safety standards as stated in each risk policy availed to them. In addition, all employees should react accordingly in the event of emergencies such as fires (all these instructions are availed during the orientation process).
· Attendance – All employees should report for work all the required days as stipulated in their job description. If this is not possible, the appropriate channels should be followed (as specified during the orientation process) to avoid inconveniencing the operations of the company.
· Code of ethics – This section states how the employees should conduct or behave while in the office. Each employee should exhibit the following;
i. Be inclusive – Each employee should interact with fellow employees with no level of discrimination whatsoever. In other words, no employee or customer should be discriminated in whichever way, e.g., racial,.
Running Head Operational Components1Operational Component.docxglendar3
Running Head: Operational Components
1
Operational Components
8
Operational Components
Student Name
Institution Affiliated
The operations plan will solely focus on the provision of cloud technology services – which is my chosen project. To begin with, the organizational chart is as shown below;
(Daud & Rahman, 2017).
Recruitment Plan
All the above employees are to be recruited and hence the need for a recruitment plan. The following are the steps to be developed in the recruitment process;
1. Assessment of requirement for the position/ Preparing an effective job Description
This step involves analyzing the roles in the company that has no personnel to deliver. As seen from the organizational chart, this step has been already done, but there is a need for continuous monitoring to determine any new job positions that may arise from the day-to-day operations. The roles of each post should be well documented as well as the remunerations involved.
2. Publicizing the availability of the position
This step involves advertising the position, e.g., in newspapers, radio, word of mouth, to the public. The organization can also contact agents who deal in labor supply for qualified personnel. Means for viable applicants to apply should also be well stipulated, e.g., uploading of resumes on the company website.
3. Conducting interviews and selection of employees
Methods such as online interviews, face-to-face interviews, sitting exams, should be devised concerning the appropriate line of work that the applicants are applying for. Also, orientation procedures should be put in place for the successful recruits to familiarize themselves with the company’s policies and day-to-day activities.
Employees’ Policies and Code of Ethics
The employees should conduct themselves as per the following stipulations at all times;
a) Code of Conduct
· Dress code – All employees should be dressed in official wear at all times when in the office. The official wear should not be in any way suggestive such that it makes fellow employees or customers uncomfortable.
· Workplace safety - All employees should adhere to the safety standards as stated in each risk policy availed to them. In addition, all employees should react accordingly in the event of emergencies such as fires (all these instructions are availed during the orientation process).
· Attendance – All employees should report for work all the required days as stipulated in their job description. If this is not possible, the appropriate channels should be followed (as specified during the orientation process) to avoid inconveniencing the operations of the company.
· Code of ethics – This section states how the employees should conduct or behave while in the office. Each employee should exhibit the following;
i. Be inclusive – Each employee should interact with fellow employees with no level of discrimination whatsoever. In other words, no employee or customer should be discriminated in whichever way, e.g., racial,.
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
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The operations plan will solely focus on the provision of cloud technology services – which is my chosen project. To begin with, the organizational chart is as shown below;
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Recruitment Plan
All the above employees are to be recruited and hence the need for a recruitment plan. The following are the steps to be developed in the recruitment process;
1. Assessment of requirement for the position/ Preparing an effective job Description
This step involves analyzing the roles in the company that has no personnel to deliver. As seen from the organizational chart, this step has been already done, but there is a need for continuous monitoring to determine any new job positions that may arise from the day-to-day operations. The roles of each post should be well documented as well as the remunerations involved.
2. Publicizing the availability of the position
This step involves advertising the position, e.g., in newspapers, radio, word of mouth, to the public. The organization can also contact agents who deal in labor supply for qualified personnel. Means for viable applicants to apply should also be well stipulated, e.g., uploading of resumes on the company website.
3. Conducting interviews and selection of employees
Methods such as online interviews, face-to-face interviews, sitting exams, should be devised concerning the appropriate line of work that the applicants are applying for. Also, orientation procedures should be put in place for the successful recruits to familiarize themselves with the company’s policies and day-to-day activities.
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The employees should conduct themselves as per the following stipulations at all times;
a) Code of Conduct
· Dress code – All employees should be dressed in official wear at all times when in the office. The official wear should not be in any way suggestive such that it makes fellow employees or customers uncomfortable.
· Workplace safety - All employees should adhere to the safety standards as stated in each risk policy availed to them. In addition, all employees should react accordingly in the event of emergencies such as fires (all these instructions are availed during the orientation process).
· Attendance – All employees should report for work all the required days as stipulated in their job description. If this is not possible, the appropriate channels should be followed (as specified during the orientation process) to avoid inconveniencing the operations of the company.
· Code of ethics – This section states how the employees should conduct or behave while in the office. Each employee should exhibit the following;
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Running Head: Operational Components
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Institution Affiliated
The operations plan will solely focus on the provision of cloud technology services – which is my chosen project. To begin with, the organizational chart is as shown below;
(Daud & Rahman, 2017).
Recruitment Plan
All the above employees are to be recruited and hence the need for a recruitment plan. The following are the steps to be developed in the recruitment process;
1. Assessment of requirement for the position/ Preparing an effective job Description
This step involves analyzing the roles in the company that has no personnel to deliver. As seen from the organizational chart, this step has been already done, but there is a need for continuous monitoring to determine any new job positions that may arise from the day-to-day operations. The roles of each post should be well documented as well as the remunerations involved.
2. Publicizing the availability of the position
This step involves advertising the position, e.g., in newspapers, radio, word of mouth, to the public. The organization can also contact agents who deal in labor supply for qualified personnel. Means for viable applicants to apply should also be well stipulated, e.g., uploading of resumes on the company website.
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The employees should conduct themselves as per the following stipulations at all times;
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· Dress code – All employees should be dressed in official wear at all times when in the office. The official wear should not be in any way suggestive such that it makes fellow employees or customers uncomfortable.
· Workplace safety - All employees should adhere to the safety standards as stated in each risk policy availed to them. In addition, all employees should react accordingly in the event of emergencies such as fires (all these instructions are availed during the orientation process).
· Attendance – All employees should report for work all the required days as stipulated in their job description. If this is not possible, the appropriate channels should be followed (as specified during the orientation process) to avoid inconveniencing the operations of the company.
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Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
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An Analysis of Application of Accounting Standards to Computer Software and Website Cost
1. @ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com
ISSN No: 2456
International
Research
An Analysis of Application
Computer Software
N. Sharadha
Research scholar, Alagappa University,
Karaikudi, India
ABSTRACT
Today’s era is an era of machinery. Therefore,
approximately all enterprises use machinery or
equipments such as computers, machines for
manufacturing, processing, packing etc., for the
efficient and expeditious working. As the environment
of every enterprise is different from each other, all the
enterprises generally use internally generated assets
which may benefit themselves. The computer software
either acquired or internally generated for the purpose
of internal use or a website either developed i
or purchased by the enterprise for the purpose of its
internal use in the organization, may be recognized as
an intangible asset. An expenditure incurred in respect
of developing a website should be charged as an
expense to the period to which it relates unless such
expenditure comes under the purview of recognition
criteria. Companies are incurring significant costs to
develop Internet web sites. These companies may be
"Internet" companies, traditional "brick and mortar"
companies, or service companies. The web sites may be
used to promote or advertise products or services
supplant manual processes or services, sell products
(including software) or services, or to do a combination
of all three. Further, due to rapid changes in
technology, new uses for web sites are being
developed. Diversity in practice exists in accounting for
website development costs. Some entities capitalize
website development costs, others expense such costs,
and still others capitalize some of those costs and
expense the rest. Hence, the issue is how an entity
should account for costs incurred to develop a computer
software or website.
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 1 | Nov-Dec 2017
ISSN No: 2456 - 6470 | www.ijtsrd.com | Volume
International Journal of Trend in Scientific
Research and Development (IJTSRD)
International Open Access Journal
f Application of Accounting Standards
Computer Software and Website Cost
Research scholar, Alagappa University,
Prof. V. Manickavasagam
Dean, Faculty of Management,
Alagappa University, Kara
Today’s era is an era of machinery. Therefore,
approximately all enterprises use machinery or
equipments such as computers, machines for
manufacturing, processing, packing etc., for the
efficient and expeditious working. As the environment
terprise is different from each other, all the
enterprises generally use internally generated assets
which may benefit themselves. The computer software
either acquired or internally generated for the purpose
of internal use or a website either developed internally
or purchased by the enterprise for the purpose of its
internal use in the organization, may be recognized as
an intangible asset. An expenditure incurred in respect
of developing a website should be charged as an
relates unless such
expenditure comes under the purview of recognition
criteria. Companies are incurring significant costs to
develop Internet web sites. These companies may be
"Internet" companies, traditional "brick and mortar"
panies. The web sites may be
used to promote or advertise products or services
supplant manual processes or services, sell products
(including software) or services, or to do a combination
of all three. Further, due to rapid changes in
for web sites are being
developed. Diversity in practice exists in accounting for
website development costs. Some entities capitalize
website development costs, others expense such costs,
and still others capitalize some of those costs and
t. Hence, the issue is how an entity
should account for costs incurred to develop a computer
Keyword: Internally Generated Software, Acquired
software, Website cost, Intangible assets,
Amortization, Capitalization
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Assets are of two types – Tangible assets and Intangible
Assets. Tangible assets are the assets having physical
substance and can be seen and touched like
plant and machinery etc. But intangible assets are the
assets that have no physical substance and hence cannot
be touched or seen like – goodwill, patent, brands, and
trademarks, research and develo
software etc. The expenditure will come under the
scope of an intangible asset only if it is identifiable, it
has control over the resource and it has future economic
benefits. If an enterprise
software for the purpose of its use in the organization
then such software will be recognized as an asset only
when it is probable that will result in future economic
benefits and its costs can be measured reliably.
Similarly a website cost can be measured and attributed
reliably based on the probable future eco
to the enterprise. Therefore, the choice of accounting
for internal use of computer software and website cost
is based on the company’s accounting policy.
1.2 Objectives of this study
Prescribing accounting treatment for software
acquired for internal use.
Prescribing accounting treatment for internally
generated software.
Dec 2017 Page: 1604
www.ijtsrd.com | Volume - 2 | Issue – 1
Scientific
(IJTSRD)
International Open Access Journal
f Accounting Standards to
Manickavasagam
Dean, Faculty of Management,
Alagappa University, Karaikudi, India
Internally Generated Software, Acquired
software, Website cost, Intangible assets,
Tangible assets and Intangible
Assets. Tangible assets are the assets having physical
nce and can be seen and touched like – building,
plant and machinery etc. But intangible assets are the
assets that have no physical substance and hence cannot
goodwill, patent, brands, and
trademarks, research and development, computer
expenditure will come under the
scope of an intangible asset only if it is identifiable, it
has control over the resource and it has future economic
benefits. If an enterprise acquires any computer
software for the purpose of its use in the organization
hen such software will be recognized as an asset only
when it is probable that will result in future economic
benefits and its costs can be measured reliably.
Similarly a website cost can be measured and attributed
based on the probable future economic benefits
the choice of accounting
for internal use of computer software and website cost
is based on the company’s accounting policy.
Prescribing accounting treatment for software
nternal use.
Prescribing accounting treatment for internally
2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
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Prescribing accounting treatment for website
cost.
Recognition of subsequent expenditure.
Method of amortization and capitalization.
1.3 Scope of an intangible asset
An amount of expenditure will come under the
scope of intangible asset, only when it fulfills all the
following criteria:
Identifiable
Non monetary asset and
Without physical substance.
If, expenditure does not meet any of the above criteria
then such expense will be treated as an expense and it
will be totally charged to profit and loss account in the
year of its incurrence.
Identifiable: An asset is said to be identifiable if it is
separable from other assets. Further if the enterprise
could rent, sell, exchange or distribute the specific
future benefits of this asset used in revenue earning
activity. For example, if an intangible asset is acquired
with group of asset, the transaction may involve the
transfer of legal rights that enable the enterprise to
identify the intangible assets.
Non monetary Asset: Intangible assets are non
monetary asset, which means the value received against
this asset is not fixed by contract as in case of goodwill,
patent, trademark etc.
Physical substance: Intangible asset has no physical
substance. However, some intangible assets may have
physical substance like compact disc containing
computer software. Here the cost of physical substance
is compared to intangible asset and if the cost of
physical substance is more, then the asset is treated as
per AS -10 ‘Fixed Asset’ and not by this standard.
1.4 Accounting for internal use of computer
software
For the purpose of accounting, an enterprise has to
recognize, whether the computer software is either acquired
or internally generated for the purpose of its use in the
organization.
Accounting for software acquired for internal use
If an enterprise acquires any computer software for
the purpose of its use in its organization then such
software will be recognized as an asset only when it
is probable that it will result in future economic
benefits and its cost can be measured reliably.
Accounting for internally generated software
An enterprise can develop computer software for
the purpose of its internal use in the organization, so
that it may be generated as per the requirements of
the enterprise. For the purpose of recognition of
internally generated software, the expenditure
incurred in respect of generation of software is
distinguished between the expenditure incurred
during research phase and development phase. Any
expenditure incurred during the research phase is
recognized as an expense in the period in which it is
incurred, whereas any expenditure incurred during
the development stage is recognized as an asset
only when such expenditure meets the recognition
criteria.
Research Phase: Any expenditure incurred
during the research phase should be charged
as an expense in the period in which these
have incurred in the financial statement as
these assets will not generate future
economic benefits to the enterprise.
Development phase: Any expenditure
incurred during the development phase
should be recognized as an asset only when
cost can be measured reliably and the future
economic benefit to the enterprise is certain.
The reasonable and supportable assumptions
in respect of probability of future economic
benefits may include the following events:
Where it is technically feasible that the
internally generated computer software
will be available for internal use for the
enterprise
The enterprise is intending to use that
software for the defined purposes and
within its organization.
The enterprise is able to use that
software within its organization.
The software is useful and befitting to
the circumstances prevailing in the
enterprise and
3. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
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All the resources required for the
development and installation of
internally generated computer software
are adequate.
Cost of internally generated software
Any expenditure incurred after meeting the recognition
criteria i.e cost can be reliably measured and future
economic benefits to the enterprise can be probably
estimated, in respect of internally generated software,
should be recognized as an asset and any expenditure
incurred prior to that period should be recognized as an
expense in the period of its incurrence. However, after
recognition of expenditure as expense, if an asset
comes under the purview of recognition criteria then
such expenditure should not be reversed back and
reinstated.
Recognition of subsequent expenditure
Any expenditure incurred after installation or put to use
of the computer software either purchased or internally
generated should be recognized as an expense in the
period of its incurrence. However, if such expenditure
meets the following criteria then it should be added to
the carrying amount of the existing software, the
criteria is
a. Cost can be measured and attributed to the
software reliable; and
b. Such expenditure increases the future economic
benefits to be achieved from the original
software to the enterprise.
Any expenditure incurred for restoration or
maintenance of future economic benefits to be achieved
from the existing software system is recognized as an
expense at the time of completion of restoration or
maintenance work.
Amortization period for internal use of computer
software
Amortization period means the estimated useful life of
internal use computer software for which such software
will be used by the enterprise. Such useful life should
be determined on the basis of technological
obsolescence. Amortization period should be calculated
because the depreciable amount is allocated or
amortized over the amortization period, of any internal
use computer software. Amortization should be started
from the period from which the asset is available for
use.
As per AS-26, the amortization period of any intangible
asset should not exceed 10 years except under certain
circumstances from the date when the asset is available
for use. However, the amortization period of any
computer software should be shorter than 5 years
because of the fast technological changes.
For example: XYZ Ltd. acquired specialized software
on 1st
April, 2000 for Rs.14 lakhs and writes off the
same over a 5 year period. Under AS-26, applicable to
the company from 1.04.2003, the useful life is
estimated as 7 years only. How it is accountable under
the standard?
Situation: useful life of Intangible asset has not
expired and the enterprise amortizes the intangible
asset over a period and as per the enterprise’s
accounting policy, remaining amortization period is
shorter than the balance useful life.
Analysis: Amortization period for software under
AS - 26 is 7 years from 1.04.2000. However, the
company has decided to write off the same within 5
year period. The amortization period has not
expired, when AS - 26 is applicable for the
enterprise.
Time period differences: Remaining useful life as
per AS-26 as on 1.4.2003 = Total useful life (7
years) – Life elapsed up to 1.4.2003 (3years) = 4
years. However, remaining useful life as per the
company’s accounting policy = 5 years – 3 years =
2 years. This is shorter than the period determined
under AS-26.
Treatment: The Company should continue its
existing amortization policy, i.e writes off the
carrying amount of software over the balance
period of 2 years.
Method of amortization of carrying amount of
internal use computer software
Depreciable amount of any internal use of computer
software can be amortized by using any adequate
method out of the methods available for amortization,
e.g., straight line method, diminishing balance method,
unit of production method, etc. However, while
selecting any adequate method, it should be taken into
4. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
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consideration that such method reflects the pattern in
which the asset’s economic benefits are consumed by
an enterprise. Once any method is selected it should be
applied consistently from period to period unless any
change is required as per the statute or any accounting
standard. In case where any method cannot be selected
reliably then straight line method should be used by the
enterprise for amortization.
Capitalization of software development costs
Software capitalization involves the recognition of
internally-developed software as fixed assets. Software
is considered to be for internal use when it has been
acquired or developed only for the internal needs of a
business. Examples of situations where software is
considered to be developed for internal use are:
Accounting systems
Cash management tracking systems
Membership tracking systems
Production automation systems
Further, there can be no reasonable plan to market the
software outside of the company. A market feasibility
study is not considered as a reasonable possible
marketing plan. However, a history of selling software
that had initially been developed for internal use creates
a reasonable assumption that the latest internal-use
product will also be marketed for sale outside of the
company.
Software Capitalization Accounting Rules
The accounting for internal-use software varies,
depending upon the stage of completion of the project.
The relevant accounting is:
Stage 1: Preliminary - All costs incurred during
the preliminary stage of a development project
should be charged to expense as incurred. This
stage is considered to include making decisions
about the allocation of resources, determining
performance requirements, conducting supplier
demonstrations, evaluating technology, and
supplier selection.
Stage 2: Application development - Capitalize
the costs incurred to develop internal-use
software, which may include coding, hardware
installation, and testing. Any costs related to
data conversion, user training, administration,
and overhead should be charged to expense as
incurred. Only the following costs can be
capitalized:
o Materials and services consumed in the
development effort, such as third party
development fees, software purchase
costs, and travel costs related to
development work.
o The payroll costs of those employees
directly associated with software
development.
o The capitalization of interest costs
incurred to fund the project.
Stage 3. Post-implementation - Charge all post-
implementation costs to expense as incurred.
Samples of these costs are training and
maintenance costs.
Any allowable capitalization of costs should begin after
the preliminary stage has been completed as
management commits to funding the project. It is
probable that the project will be completed, and the
software will be used for its intended function.
The capitalization of costs should end when all
substantial testing has been completed. If it is no longer
probable that a project will be completed, stop
capitalizing the costs associated with it, and conduct
impairment testing on the costs already capitalized. The
cost at which the asset should then be carried is the
lower of its carrying amount or fair value (less costs to
sell). Unless there is evidence to the contrary, the usual
assumption is that uncompleted software has no fair
value.
Accounting for website costs
As per AS -26, intangible asset means an identifiable
non – monetary asset, without physical substance, held
for use in production or supply of goods and services,
for rental to others, or for administrative purposes.
Therefore, as per this definition, a website either
developed internally or purchased by the enterprise for
the purpose of its internal use in the organization, may
be recognized as an intangible asset. Website may be
used for promoting and advertising product and
services, providing electronic services, and selling
product and services.
An expenditure incurred in respect of developing,
enhancing and maintaining a website should be charged
as an expense to the period to which it relates unless
such expenditure comes under the purview of
5. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
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recognition criteria, i.e., cost can be measured and
attributed reliably and probable future economic
benefits to the enterprise, can be estimated on a
reasonable and supportable ground as a consequence of
such expenditure.
Amortization period of a website
The depreciable amount of internally generated website
should be allocated over its useful life starting from the
period in which the website is available for use by the
enterprise. Useful life of website should be determined
on the basis of technological obsolescence and at the
today’s time of rapid technological changes such period
should be lower than 3 to 5 years. However, as per AS
– 26, amortization period of any intangible asset should
not exceed 10 years.
Method of amortization of website
Depreciable amount of internal use website may be
allocated over its useful life by applying any method
such as straight line method, reducing balance method
etc., which may be suitable to the enterprise on the
basis of the pattern in which the asset’s economic
benefits are consumed by the enterprise. Amortization
method should be used consistent from period to period
unless change is required as per any accounting
standard or statute. Amortizable amount should be
recognized as an expense to the period to which it
relates.
This standard requires the capitalization of the cost of
internal use software whether it is purchased, or
internally developed. Such software serves the same
purposes and functions as an operating asset. This
standard provides for guidance regarding the types of
cost elements to capitalize the timing and thresholds of
capitalization, amortization periods, accounting for
impairment, and other guidance. Our economy is
changing from a focus on manufacturing processes
(tangible outputs) to a focus on information flow
(intangible outputs). As a result, the accounting for
computer software products becomes increasingly
important. “It’s unreasonable to expense all software
costs, and it’s unreasonable to capitalize all software
costs,” is the opinion of IBM’s director of financial
reporting.
Indian Accounting Standards - Ind AS – 38 – its
applicability to computer software and website costs.
Some intangible assets may be contained in or on a
physical substance such as a compact disc (in the case
of computer software), legal documentation (in the case
of a license or patent) or film. In determining whether
an asset that incorporates both intangible and tangible
elements should be treated under Ind AS 16, Property,
Plant and Equipment, or as an intangible asset under
this Standard, an entity uses judgement to assess which
element is more significant. For example, computer
software for a computer-controlled machine tool that
cannot operate without that specific software is an
integral part of the related hardware and it is treated as
property, plant and equipment. The same applies to the
operating system of a computer. When the software is
not an integral part of the related hardware, computer
software is treated as an intangible asset.
Issue:
1. An entity may incur internal expenditure on the
development and operation of its own web site for
internal or external access. A web site designed for
external access may be used for various purposes such
as to promote and advertise an entity’s own products
and services, provide electronic services, and sell
products and services. A web site designed for internal
access may be used to store company policies and
customer details, and search relevant information.
2. The stages of a web site’s development can be
described as follows:
(a) Planning – includes undertaking feasibility studies,
defining objectives and specifications, evaluating
alternatives and selecting preferences.
(b) Application and Infrastructure Development –
includes obtaining a domain name, purchasing and
developing hardware and operating software, installing
developed applications and stress testing.
(c) Graphical Design Development – includes
designing the appearance of web pages.
(d) Content Development – includes creating,
purchasing, preparing and uploading information, either
textual or graphical in nature, on the web site before the
completion of the web site’s development. This
information may either be stored in separate databases
that are integrated into (or accessed from) the web site
or coded directly into the web pages.
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3. Once development of a web site has been completed,
the Operating stage begins. During this stage, an entity
maintains and enhances the applications, infrastructure,
graphical design and content of the web site.
4. When accounting for internal expenditure on the
development and operation of an entity’s own web site
for internal or external access, the issues are:
(a) Whether the web site is an internally generated
intangible asset that is subject to the requirements of
Ind AS 38;
(b) The appropriate accounting treatment of such
expenditure.
5. This Appendix does not apply to expenditure on
purchasing, developing, and operating hardware (eg
web servers, staging servers, production servers and
Internet connections) of a web site. Such expenditure is
accounted for under Ind AS 16. Additionally, when an
entity incurs expenditure on an Internet service
provider hosting the entity’s web site, the expenditure
is recognised as an expense under paragraph 88 of Ind
AS 1 and the Framework for the Preparation and
Presentation of Financial Statements in accordance with
Indian Accounting Standards issued by The Institute of
Chartered Accountants of India when the services are
received.
6. Ind AS 38 does not apply to intangible assets held by
an entity for sale in the ordinary course of business (see
Ind AS 2 and Ind AS 115) or leases that fall within the
scope of Ind AS 17. Accordingly, this Appendix does
not apply to expenditure on the development or
operation of a web site (or web site software) for sale to
another entity. When a web site is leased under an
operating lease, the lessor applies this Appendix. When
a web site is leased under a finance lease, the lessee
applies this Appendix after initial recognition of the
leased asset. Accounting Principles
7. An entity’s own web site that arises from
development and is for internal or external access is an
internally generated intangible asset that is subject to
the requirements of Ind AS 38.
8. A web site arising from development shall be
recognised as an intangible asset if, and only if, in
addition to complying with the general requirements
described in paragraph 21 of Ind AS 38 for recognition
and initial measurement, an entity can satisfy the
requirements in paragraph 57 of Ind AS 38. In
particular, an entity may be able to satisfy the
requirement to demonstrate how its web site will
generate probable future economic benefits in
accordance with paragraph 57 (d) of Ind AS 38 when,
for example, the web site is capable of generating
revenues, including direct revenues from enabling
orders to be placed. An entity is not able to demonstrate
how a web site developed solely or primarily for
promoting and advertising its own products and
services will generate probable future economic
benefits, and consequently all expenditure on
developing such a web site shall be recognised as an
expense when incurred.
9. Any internal expenditure on the development and
operation of an entity’s own web site shall be
accounted for in accordance with Ind AS 38. The nature
of each activity for which expenditure is incurred (eg
training employees and maintaining the web site) and
the web site’s stage of development or post-
development shall be evaluated to determine the
appropriate accounting treatment.
For example:
(a) The Planning stage is similar in nature to the
research phase in paragraphs 54-56 of Ind AS- 38.
Expenditure incurred in this stage shall be recognised
as an expense when it is incurred.
(b) The Application and Infrastructure Development
stage, the Graphical Design stage and the Content
Development stage, to the extent that content is
developed for purposes other than to advertise and
promote an entity’s own products and services, are
similar in nature to the development phase in
paragraphs 57-64 of Ind AS 38. Expenditure incurred in
these stages shall be included in the cost of a web site
recognised as an intangible asset in accordance with
paragraph 8 of this Appendix when the expenditure can
be directly attributed and is necessary to creating,
producing or preparing the web site for it to be capable
of operating in the manner intended by management.
For example, expenditure on purchasing or creating
content (other than content that advertises and promotes
an entity’s own products and services) specifically for a
web site, or expenditure to enable use of the content
(e.g. a fee for acquiring a license to reproduce) on the
web site, shall be included in the cost of development
when this condition is met. However, in accordance
with paragraph 71 of Ind AS 38, expenditure on an
intangible item that was initially recognised as an
expense in previous financial statements shall not be
recognised as part of the cost of an intangible asset at a
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later date (e.g. if the costs of a copyright have been
fully amortised, and the content is subsequently
provided on a web site).
(c) Expenditure incurred in the Content Development
stage, to the extent that content is developed to
advertise and promote an entity’s own products and
services (e.g. digital photographs of products), shall be
recognised as an expense when incurred in accordance
with paragraph 69(c) of Ind AS 38. For example, when
accounting for expenditure on professional services for
taking digital photographs of an entity’s own products
and for enhancing their display, expenditure shall be
recognised as an expense as the professional services
are received during the process, not when the digital
photographs are displayed on the web site.
(d) The Operating stage begins once development of a
web site is complete. Expenditure incurred in this stage
shall be recognised as an expense when it is incurred
unless it meets the recognition criteria in paragraph 18
of Ind AS 38. 10 A web site that is recognised as an
intangible asset under paragraph 8 of this Appendix
shall be measured after initial recognition by applying
the requirements of paragraphs 72-87 of Ind AS 38.
The best estimate of a web site’s useful life should be
short.
Reference books and websites:
1. Students’ guide to accounting standards –
D.S.Rawat
2. Accounting standards – G.Sekar and
B.Saravana prasath
3. Chartered Accountants Accounting Standards
Manual – Dr.Avadhesh Ojha, CA.Manoj Gupta
and CS.Pooja Bafna.
4. www.mca.gov.in/Ministry/notification/pdf/AS_
26.pdf
5. www.accountingtools.com
6. higheredbcs.wiley.com/legacy/college/warfield/
0471737933/appendices/appf.pdf
7. mca.gov.in/Ministry/pdf/INDAS38.pdf