The following paper discusses the effect of particl e size in analysis of creep in an isotropic uniform composite cylinder. The paper is a part of the series of papers published under the analysis of creep in an isotropic uniform composite cylinder.
(INDIRA) Call Girl Aurangabad Call Now 8617697112 Aurangabad Escorts 24x7
ย
EFFECT OF PARTICLE SIZE IN ANALYSIS OF CREEP IN AN ISOTROPIC UNIFORM COMPOSITE CYLINDER
1. NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIONS IN ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY [IJIERT]
ISSN: 2394-3696
VOLUME 2, ISSUE 7, JULY-2015
1 | P a g e
EFFECT OF PARTICLE SIZE IN ANALYSIS OF CREEP IN AN
ISOTROPIC UNIFORM COMPOSITE CYLINDER
Prof. Vyankatesh S. Kulkarni
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Solapur University /BIT/Barshi/India
ABSTRACT
The following paper discusses the effect of particle size in analysis of creep in an isotropic
uniform composite cylinder. The paper is a part of the series of papers published under the
analysis of creep in an isotropic uniform composite cylinder.
INTRODUCTION
In applications such as pressure vessel for industrial gases or a media transportation of high-
pressurized fluids and piping of nuclear reactors, the cylinder has to operate under severe
mechanical and thermal loads, causing significant creep hence reduced service life (Gupta and
Phatak, 2001; Tachibana and Iyoku, 2004; Hagihara and Miyazaki, 2008). As an example, in the
high temperature engineering test reactor, the temperature reaches of the order of 900oC
(Tachibana and Iyoku, 2004). The piping of reactor cooling system are subjected to high
temperature and pressure and may be damaged due to high heat generated from the reactor core
(Hagihara and Miyazaki, 2008). A number of studies pertaining to creep behaviour of the
cylinder assume the cylinder to be made of monolithic material. However, under severe thermo
mechanical loads cylinder made of monolithic materials may not perform well. The weight
reduction achieved in engineering components, resulting from the use of aluminum/aluminum
base alloys, is expected to save power and fuel due to a reduction in the payload of dynamic
systems. However, the enhanced creep of aluminum and its alloys may be a big hindrance in
such applications. Aluminum matrix composites offer a unique combination of properties, unlike
many monolithic materials like metals and alloys, which can be tailored by modifying the
content of reinforcement. Experimental studies on creep under uniaxial loading have
demonstrated that steady state creep rate is reduced by several orders of magnitude in aluminum
or its alloys reinforced with ceramic particles/whiskers like silicon carbide as compared to pure
aluminum or its alloys (Nieh, 1984; Nieh et al, 1988). A significant improvement in specific
strength and stiffness may also be attained in composites based on aluminum and aluminum
alloys containing silicon carbide particles or whiskers. In addition, a suitable choice of variables
such as reinforcement geometry, size and content of reinforcement in these composites can be
used to make the cost-effective components with improved performance. With these
forethoughts, it is decided to investigate the steady state creep in a cylinder made of Al-SiCp
composite and subjected to high pressure and high temperature. A mathematical model has been
2. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIONS IN ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY [IJIERT]
developed to describe the steady state creep behaviour of the composite cylinder. The developed
model is used to investigate the effect of material parameters viz particle size and particle
content, and operating temperature on the steady state creep respon
Fig. No.1 Schematic of closed end, thick
Fig. No. 2 Free body diagram of an element of the composite cylinder
EFFECT OF PARTICLE SIZE
Figure 3 shows the distribution of radial, tangential, axial and effective stresses in the composite
cylinder for varying size of SiCp reinforcement from 1.7
remains compressive over the entire radius, with maximum and minimum valu
the inner and outer radii, under the imposed boundary conditions
NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIONS IN ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY [IJIERT]
VOLUME 2, ISSUE
eveloped to describe the steady state creep behaviour of the composite cylinder. The developed
model is used to investigate the effect of material parameters viz particle size and particle
content, and operating temperature on the steady state creep response of the composite cylinder.
Schematic of closed end, thick-walled composite cylinder subjected to internal
and external pressures.
Free body diagram of an element of the composite cylinder
EFFECT OF PARTICLE SIZE
shows the distribution of radial, tangential, axial and effective stresses in the composite
cylinder for varying size of SiCp reinforcement from 1.7 ยตm to 45.9 ยตm. The radial stress
remains compressive over the entire radius, with maximum and minimum values respectively at
the inner and outer radii, under the imposed boundary conditions given in Eqs. Below
NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIONS IN ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY [IJIERT]
ISSN: 2394-3696
VOLUME 2, ISSUE 7, JULY-2015
2 | P a g e
eveloped to describe the steady state creep behaviour of the composite cylinder. The developed
model is used to investigate the effect of material parameters viz particle size and particle
se of the composite cylinder.
walled composite cylinder subjected to internal
Free body diagram of an element of the composite cylinder
shows the distribution of radial, tangential, axial and effective stresses in the composite
. The radial stress
es respectively at
Below
3. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIONS IN ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY [IJIERT]
The tangential stress varies from maximum compressive value at the inner radius to reach a
maximum tensile value at the outer radius of the cylinder.
of radial and tangential, stresses, Eqn. below
Exhibits a variation similar to that observed for tangential stress. The variation in size of
reinforcement (SiCp) does not exhibit a sizable effect on the values of stresses in the cylinder,
except for some marginal variation observed in tangential stress near th
The maximum variation observed for tangential stress is about 4
outer radius whereas for axial stress the variation observed is less than 1
about 2% at the outer radius of th
those observed for cylinder having finer SiCp of size 1.7
compressive (near the inner radius) as well as tensile (near the outer radius), in the cylinder
having finer sized SiCp (1.7 ยตm
relatively coarser SiCp (i.e. 14.5
from the inner to the outer radius of the cylinder. With the increase in SiC
45.9 ยตm, the effective stress exhibits a marginal increase near the inner radius but it decreases
marginally towards the outer radius.
The strain rates, given by Eqs below
Are dependent on the effective strain rate
difference of effective stress ฯe and threshold stress
below
Therefore, to investigate the effect of reinforcement (SiCp) size on the creep rates, the variation
of stress difference (ฯe-ฯ0).
Is plotted with radial distance in Fig below
NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIONS IN ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY [IJIERT]
VOLUME 2, ISSUE
The tangential stress varies from maximum compressive value at the inner radius to reach a
maximum tensile value at the outer radius of the cylinder. The axial stress, which is the average
s, Eqn. below
a variation similar to that observed for tangential stress. The variation in size of
reinforcement (SiCp) does not exhibit a sizable effect on the values of stresses in the cylinder,
except for some marginal variation observed in tangential stress near the inner and outer radii.
The maximum variation observed for tangential stress is about 4% at the inner as well as at the
outer radius whereas for axial stress the variation observed is less than 1% at the inner radius and
at the outer radius of the cylinder having coarser SiCp of size 45.9 ยตm
those observed for cylinder having finer SiCp of size 1.7 ยตm. The tangential stresses, both
compressive (near the inner radius) as well as tensile (near the outer radius), in the cylinder
ยตm) are marginally higher than those observed in cylinders with
14.5 ยตm and 45.9 ยตm). The effective stress decreases on moving
from the inner to the outer radius of the cylinder. With the increase in SiCp size from 1.7
, the effective stress exhibits a marginal increase near the inner radius but it decreases
marginally towards the outer radius.
below
dependent on the effective strain rate ฮญe which ultimately depends upon (
and threshold stress ฯ0 as evident from creep law given by
Therefore, to investigate the effect of reinforcement (SiCp) size on the creep rates, the variation
ith radial distance in Fig below
NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIONS IN ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY [IJIERT]
ISSN: 2394-3696
VOLUME 2, ISSUE 7, JULY-2015
3 | P a g e
The tangential stress varies from maximum compressive value at the inner radius to reach a
The axial stress, which is the average
a variation similar to that observed for tangential stress. The variation in size of
reinforcement (SiCp) does not exhibit a sizable effect on the values of stresses in the cylinder,
e inner and outer radii.
at the inner as well as at the
at the inner radius and
ยตm as compared to
. The tangential stresses, both
compressive (near the inner radius) as well as tensile (near the outer radius), in the cylinder
) are marginally higher than those observed in cylinders with
). The effective stress decreases on moving
p size from 1.7 ยตm to
, the effective stress exhibits a marginal increase near the inner radius but it decreases
ultimately depends upon (ฯe-ฯ0). The
as evident from creep law given by Eqn.
Therefore, to investigate the effect of reinforcement (SiCp) size on the creep rates, the variation
4. NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIONS IN ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY [IJIERT]
ISSN: 2394-3696
VOLUME 2, ISSUE 7, JULY-2015
4 | P a g e
Fig 3 Variation of creep stresses for varying particle size of SiC (V = 10 vol%, T = 350 ยฐC).
It is noticed that the stress difference (ฯe-ฯ0) decreases significantly over the entire radius with
decreasing SiCp size from 45.9 ยตm to 1.7 ยตm. The decrease observed may be attributed to the
increase in threshold stress with decrease in particle size as evident from Table below
Table.No.1 Creep parameters for Al-SiCp composites (Pandey et al, 1992)
As consequence, the effective strain rate ฮญe also reduces significantly over the entire radius with
decreasing particle (SiCp) size, Fig. given below
5. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIONS IN ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY [IJIERT]
Fig no. 4 Variation of strain rates for varying
The decrease observed is about two orders of magnitude with decrease in SiCp size from 45.9
ยตm to 1.7ยตm. It is quite evident from Eqn. given above
strain rate is due to decrease in parameter
size of SiCp, as revealed from Table 3.1. The radial and tangential
magnitude but have opposite nature due to the incompressibility condition, Eqn.
and the assumption of plane strain condition
(tensile) strain rates in the cylinder for a given size of SiCp reinforcement are 13
the corresponding effective strain rates, Eqn.
As is also evident from Fig no. 4
observed for effective strain rate. Therefore, it may be concluded that the steady state creep rates
in the composite cylinder could be significantly reduced by
reinforcement in aluminum matrix. For the same volume fraction of reinforcement, the smaller
size particles will be larger in number, and therefore lead to more load transfer to the
reinforcement with a corresponding reduction
material, which enhances the substructure strength (Li and Langdon, 1993; Peng
1999; Han and Langdon, 2002) and ultimately helps in restraining the creep flow of composite
cylinder.
SELECTION OF MATERIAL PARAMETERS
It is evident from the above discussion that the creep stresses in a thick composite cylinder do
not vary significantly by varying size and content of reinforcement (SiCp) as compared to the
variation observed in strain rates.
vessel, operating under elevated temperature, the strain rates are considered to be primary design
parameters. In order to reduce the steady state creep rates in the composite
under a given set of operating conditions (
following three options could be employed: (i) using finer size of reinforcement (SiCp) without
NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIONS IN ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY [IJIERT]
VOLUME 2, ISSUE
Variation of strain rates for varying particle size of SiCp (V = 10vol%
The decrease observed is about two orders of magnitude with decrease in SiCp size from 45.9
. It is quite evident from Eqn. given above that the decrease observed in effective
to decrease in parameter M and increase in threshold stress ฯ0
size of SiCp, as revealed from Table 3.1. The radial and tangential strain rates are equal in
magnitude but have opposite nature due to the incompressibility condition, Eqn.
and the assumption of plane strain condition ฮญZ=0 The radial (compressive) and tangential
the cylinder for a given size of SiCp reinforcement are 13
the corresponding effective strain rates, Eqn. below
Fig no. 4 the effect of particle size on strain rates is similar to that
observed for effective strain rate. Therefore, it may be concluded that the steady state creep rates
in the composite cylinder could be significantly reduced by employing finer size of SiCp
reinforcement in aluminum matrix. For the same volume fraction of reinforcement, the smaller
size particles will be larger in number, and therefore lead to more load transfer to the
reinforcement with a corresponding reduction in the level of effective stress shared by the matrix
material, which enhances the substructure strength (Li and Langdon, 1993; Peng
1999; Han and Langdon, 2002) and ultimately helps in restraining the creep flow of composite
TION OF MATERIAL PARAMETERS
It is evident from the above discussion that the creep stresses in a thick composite cylinder do
not vary significantly by varying size and content of reinforcement (SiCp) as compared to the
variation observed in strain rates. From The point of view of designing composite pressure
vessel, operating under elevated temperature, the strain rates are considered to be primary design
parameters. In order to reduce the steady state creep rates in the composite Cylinder, working
given set of operating conditions (i.e. operating pressure and temperature) any of the
following three options could be employed: (i) using finer size of reinforcement (SiCp) without
NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIONS IN ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY [IJIERT]
ISSN: 2394-3696
VOLUME 2, ISSUE 7, JULY-2015
5 | P a g e
vol%, T = 350 ยฐC).
The decrease observed is about two orders of magnitude with decrease in SiCp size from 45.9
that the decrease observed in effective
0 with decreasing
strain rates are equal in
magnitude but have opposite nature due to the incompressibility condition, Eqn. we obtained,
=0 The radial (compressive) and tangential
the cylinder for a given size of SiCp reinforcement are 13% lower than
effect of particle size on strain rates is similar to that
observed for effective strain rate. Therefore, it may be concluded that the steady state creep rates
employing finer size of SiCp
reinforcement in aluminum matrix. For the same volume fraction of reinforcement, the smaller
size particles will be larger in number, and therefore lead to more load transfer to the
in the level of effective stress shared by the matrix
material, which enhances the substructure strength (Li and Langdon, 1993; Peng et al, 1998;
1999; Han and Langdon, 2002) and ultimately helps in restraining the creep flow of composite
It is evident from the above discussion that the creep stresses in a thick composite cylinder do
not vary significantly by varying size and content of reinforcement (SiCp) as compared to the
The point of view of designing composite pressure
vessel, operating under elevated temperature, the strain rates are considered to be primary design
Cylinder, working
operating pressure and temperature) any of the
following three options could be employed: (i) using finer size of reinforcement (SiCp) without
6. NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIONS IN ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY [IJIERT]
ISSN: 2394-3696
VOLUME 2, ISSUE 7, JULY-2015
6 | P a g e
varying its content, (ii) incorporating higher amount of dispersoids (SiCp) without altering its
size, and (iii) simultaneously decreasing the size and increasing the amount of SiCp
reinforcement. The selection of optimum size and content of the reinforcement in a composite
pressure vessel, working under a given set of operating conditions, can be decided by
simultaneously optimizing the cost of composite and the value of maximum strain rate in the
composite cylinder for different combinations of particle size and particle content within the
specified range.
Fig No. 5 Variation of stress difference for varying particle size of SiC (V = 10 vol%, T = 350 ยฐC).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Numerical calculations have been carried out to obtain the steady state creep response of the
composite cylinder for different particle size, particle content and operating temperature.
VALIDATION
Before discussing the results obtained, it is necessary to check the accuracy of analysis carried
out and the computer program developed. To accomplish this task, the tangential, radial and
axial stresses have been computed from the current analysis for a copper cylinder, the results for
which are available in literature (Johnson et al, 1961). The dimensions of the cylinder, operating
pressure and temperature, and the values of creep parameters used for the purpose of validation
are summarized in Table 3.2.
Table no.2 Summary of data used for validation (Johnson et al)
7. NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIONS IN ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY [IJIERT]
ISSN: 2394-3696
VOLUME 2, ISSUE 7, JULY-2015
7 | P a g e
To estimate the values of parameters M and o for copper cylinder, firstly ฯ e have been calculated
at the inner and outer radii of the cylinder by substituting the values of ฯe ฯr ฯฮธ ฯz in Eqn. we
obtained at these locations, as reported in The study of Johnson et al (1961). The values of
stresses ฯr ฯฮธ and ฯz and the tangential strain rate ฮญฮธ reported by Johnson et al (1961) at the inner
and outer radii are substituted in Eqn. we know to estimate the effective strain rates at the
corresponding radial locations. The effective stresses and effective strain rates thus estimated at
the inner radius ฯe = 189.83MPa and ฮญe = 2.168x10-8
s-1
and at the outer radius ฯe = 116 MPa ฮญe =
1.128x10-9
s-1
of the copper cylinder are substituted in creep law, Eqn. obtained above, to obtain
the creep parameters M and o for copper cylinder as given in Table 2. These creep parameters
have been used in the developed software to compute the distribution of tangential strain rate in
the copper cylinder. The tangential strain rates, thus obtained, have been compared with those
reported by Johnson et al (1961). A nice agreement is observed in Figures above verifies the
accuracy of analysis presented and software developed in the current study.
REFERENCES
1. Abrinia, K., Naee, H., Sadeghi, F., and Djavanroodi, F. (2008) new analysis for the FGM thick
cylinders under combined pressure and temperature loading, American J. of Applied Sci., 5
(7): 852โ859.
2. Aggarwal, B.D., and Broatman, L.J. (1980) Analysis and performance of fiber composites,
John Wiley, USA.
3. kira, M., and Watabane, R. (1997) Concept and P/M fabrication of functionally gradient
materials, Ceramics Int., 23: 73โ83.
4. Alman, D.E. (2001) Properties of metal matrix composites, in: ASM Handbook, 21:
Composites, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 838โ858.
5. Altenbach, H., Gorash, Y., and Naumenko, K. (2008) Steady-state creep of a pressurized thick
cylinder in both the linear and the power law ranges,Acta Mech., 195: 263โ274
6. Anne, G., Hecht-Mijic, S., Richter, H., Van der Biest, O., and Vleugels, J. (2006) Strength and
residual stresses of functionally graded Al2O3/ZrO2 discs prepared by Electrophoretic
deposition, Scripta Materialia, 54: 2053โ2056
7. Arai, Y., Kobayashi, H., and Tamura, M. (1990) Analysis on residual stress and deformation of
functionally gradient materials and its optimum design, Proc. 1st Int. Symposium on FGM,
Sendai.
8. Arai, Y., Kobayashi, H., and Tamura, M. (1993) Elastic-plastic thermal stress analysis for
optimum material design of functionally graded material, Trans. Jpn. Soc.Mech. Engg. (in
Japanese), A59: 849.
8. NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIONS IN ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY [IJIERT]
ISSN: 2394-3696
VOLUME 2, ISSUE 7, JULY-2015
8 | P a g e
9. Boyle, J.T., and Spence, J. (1983) Stress analysis for creep, London: Butterworth.
10. Buttlar, W.G., Wagoner, M., You Z., and Brovold, S.T. (2004) Simplifying the hollow
cylinders tensile test procedure through volume-based strain, J. of Association of Asphalt
Paving Technologies (AAPT), 73: 367โ400.
11. Cadek, J., and Sustek, V. (1994) Comment on โSteady state creep behavior of silicon carbide
reinforced aluminium compositeโ discussion, Scr. Metall. Mater., 30(3): 277โ282.
12. Cadek, J., Oikawa, H., and Sustek, V. (1994b) High temperature creep behaviour of silicon
carbide particulate-reinforced aluminium, High Temp. Mater. Processes, 13: 327โ338.
13. Cadek, J., Oikawa, H., and Sustek, V. (1995) Thershold creep behavior of discontinuous
aluminium and aluminium alloy matrix composites: An overview, Mater. Sci.Engng. A190:9โ
21.
14. Cadek, J., Sustek, V., and Pahutova, M. (1994a) Is creep in discontinuous metal matrix
composites lattice diffusion controlled?, Mater. Sci. Engg., A174: 141โ147.
15. Cederbaum, G., and Heller, R.A. (1989) Dynamic deformation of orthotropic cylinders, J.
Pressure Vessel Technol., 111(2): 97โ101.
16. Chan, S.H. (2001) Performance and emissions characteristics of a partially insulated gasoline
engine, Int. J. of Thermal Sci., 40: 255โ261.
17. Ishikawa, H., and Hata, K. (1980) Thermoelastoplastic creep stress analysis for a thick- walled
tube, Int. J. Solids and Structures, 16: 291โ299.
18. Ivosevic, M., Knight, R., Kalidindi, S. R., Palmese, G. R., and Sutter, J. K. (2006) Solid
particle erosion resistance of thermally sprayed functionally graded coatings for polymer
matrix composites, Surf. Coat. Technol., 200: 5145โ5151.
19. Jabbari, M., Sohrabpour, S., and Eslami, M.R. (2002) Mechanical and thermal stresses in a
functionally graded due to radially symmetric load, Int. J. of Pressure Vessels and Piping,
79: 493โ497.
20. Johnson, A.E., Henderson, J., and Khan, B. (1961) Behaviour of metallic thick-walled
cylindrical vessels or tubes subjected to high internal or external pressures at elevated
temperatures, Proc Instn Mech Engrs., 175(25): 1043โ1069.
21. Jolly, M.R. (1990) The Foundry man, Nov., 509.
9. NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIONS IN ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY [IJIERT]
ISSN: 2394-3696
VOLUME 2, ISSUE 7, JULY-2015
9 | P a g e
22. Kang, C.G., and Rohatgi, P.K. (1996) Transient thermal analysis of solidification in a
centrifugal casting for composite materials containing particle segregation, Metallurgical and
Mater.Trans. B, 27(2): 277โ285.
23. Khoshgoftar, M.J, Ghorbanpour, A.A., and Arefi, M. (2009) Thermo elastic analysis of a thick
walled cylinder made of functionally graded piezoelectric material, Smart Mater. Structures,
18(11): Article No.115007.
24. Kieback, B., Neubrand, A., and Riedal, H. (2003) Processing techniques of functionally graded
materials, Mater. Sci. Engg., A362: 81โ105.
25. Park, K.T., Lavernia, E.J., and Mohamed, F.A. (1990) High temperature creep of silicon
carbide particulate reinforced aluminum, Acta Metall Mater., 38(11): 2149โ2159.
26. Pattnayak, D.K., Bapat, B.P., and RamaMohan, T.R. (2001) Techniques for the synthesis of
functionally graded materials, Proc. National Seminar on Functionally Graded Materials
FGM-2001, DRDO, Ambernath, India, 86โ93.
27. Peng, L.M., Zhu, S.J., Ma, Z.Y., Bi, J., Chen, H.R., and Wang, F.G. (1998) Creep behavior in
an AlโFeโVโSi alloy and SiC whisker-reinforced AlโFeโVโSi composite, J. Mater. Sci.,
33(23): 5643โ5652.
28. Perry, J., and Aboudi, J. (2003) Elasto-plastic stresses in thick walled cylinders. ASME J.
Pressure Vessel Technol., 125(3): 248โ252.
29. Peters, S.T. (1998) Handbook of composites, 2nd Edition. Chapman and Hall, London, UK,
905โ956.
30. Pickel, W., Jr., Sidebowom, O.M., and Boresia, P. (1971) Evaluation of creep laws and flow
criteria for two metals subjected to step load and temperature changes, Expert. Mechanics,
11(5): 202โ209.
31. Pindera, M.J., Arnold, S.M., Aboudi, J., and Hui, D. (1994) Special Issue: Use of composites in
functionally graded materials, Composites Engng., 4: 1โ150
32. Popov, E.P. (2001) Engineering mechanics of solids, Singapore: Pearson Education.
33. Povirk, G.L., Needleman, A., and Nutt, S.R. (1991) an analysis of the effect of residual stress
on deformation and damage mechanisms in Al-SiC composites, Mater. Sci. and Engg. A132:
31โ38.