Routers and switches are primary components of most networks and obviously internetworks. Routers are simultaneously the most complex component of networks and the most important. This workshop goes through the basics of routers, routed and routing protocols and the basic rules to follow in building internetworks. If you are using any form of communication system or are applying modern PLCs/SCADA systems this workshop will give you the essential tools in working with networks. It is not an advanced workshop – but a hands-on one.
MORE INFORMATION: http://www.idc-online.com/content/practical-routers-switches-including-tcpip-and-ethernet-engineers-technicians-12?id=6971
Practical Routers and Switches (Including TCP/IP and Ethernet) for Engineers and Technicians
1. Practical Routers & Switches
(Including TCP/IP and Ethernet) for Engineers & Technicians
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2. Topics
• Overview
• Network Communication
• Types of Networks
• Open Systems
• Interoperability/Internetworking
• IEEE Standards
• Topologies
• Media Access Control
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3. Network Connection Methodologies
Two basic methods of communication
for data exchange between computers
and peripherals:
• Circuit Switched
• Packet Switched
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4. F u l l t i m e e x c l u s i v e c o n n e c t i o n e s t a b l i s h e d
a c r o s s n e t w o r k f o r d u r a t i o n o f e a c h c a l l .
A B
S w i t c h
1
T y p i c a l
D a t a F l o w s L o w u t i l i z a t i o n
S w i t c h
2
S w i t c h
n
C i r c u i t S w i t c h e d D a t a
o n e s h a r e d c i r c u i t
P a c k e t A s s e m b l e r
D i s a s s e m b l e r
P a c k e t S w i t c h e d N e t w o r k
0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
e g . A d d r e s s
A t o E B t o D C t o F e t c
H i g h e r u t i l i z a t i o n
P a c k e t S w i t c h e d D a t a
A
B
C
T y p i c a l
D a t a F l o w s
D
E
F
D a t a
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5. Circuit Switched
• Analogous to establishing a digital phone
connection.
• Once connection is established, communication
links is dedicated to user.
• No other communications/network activity affects
circuit capacity.
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6. Packet Switching
• Used extensively in computer and related
systems.
• Data is divided into small units (“Packets”)
and multiplexed onto a common high speed
circuit.
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7. Types of Networks
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8. Local Area Networks
L A N ( 1 0 B a s e 5 ) e x a m p l e
5 0 0 m m a x
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9. WAN Concept
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10. Open Systems Interconnection
T h e O S I R e f e r e n c e M o d e l
A p p l i c a t i o n
P r e s e n t a t i o n
S e s s i o n
T r a n s p o r t
N e t w o r k
D a t a L i n k
P h y s i c a l
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11. Open Systems Interconnection
P r o c e s s A P r o c e s s B
A p p l i c a t i o n
P r e s e n t a t i o n
S e s s i o n
T r a n s p o r t
N e t w o r k
D a t a L i n k
P h y s i c a l
A p p l i c a t i o n
P r e s e n t a t i o n
S e s s i o n
T r a n s p o r t
N e t w o r k
D a t a L i n k
P h y s i c a l
A p p l i c a t i o n P D U
P r e s e n t a t i o n P D U
S e s s i o n P D U
T r a n s p o r t P D U
P a c k e t s
F r a m e s
B i t s
C o m m u n i c a t i o n C h a n n e l
P h y s i c a l
D a t a
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12. P H
P H
P H
M e s s a g e
M e s s a g e
M e s s a g e
M e s s a g e
M e s s a g e
M e s s a g e
M e s s a g e
M e s s a g e
A H
A H
A H
A H
A H
A H
A p p l i c a t i o n
P r e s e n t a t i o n
S e s s i o n
T r a n s p o r t
N T
N T
P r o t o c o l C o n t r o l I n f o m a t i o n
( P C I ) o r H e a d e r
P r e D L H A H
N T
P H
P H
P H
S H
T H S H
S H
S H
S H
N H T H
T H
T H
D L H N H
N H
N e t w o r k
D L T
D L T
D a t a L i n k
P o s t
P y s i c a l
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13. Descriptions of the Seven OSI Layers
• Application Layer (7)
• Presentation Layer (6)
• Session Layer (5)
• Transport Layer (4)
• Network Layer (3)
• Data Link Layer (2)
• Physical Layer (1)
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14. Interoperability
• Defined as:
“the ability of two different networks to work
together”
– How networks can communicate and share data,
even though they may have different architectures.
– Also used to refer to the ability of different
software products to work together in the same
environment
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15. Simplified OSI / RM
User
Application
Data Link
Physical
..........
Function blocks etc
"Layer 8"
Object oriented messages
broadcast, point-to-point
Fieldbus Layer Model
Token-pass, addressing,
error-checking
Twisted pair, fibre optic
bus, star
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16. Physical Topologies
• Physically, there are three structures:
– Bus
– Star
– Ring
• Others ie hybrids are possible
• The logical topology may not reflect the
physical!
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17. Bus Topology
Server
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18. Bus Topology
• Advantages
– Uses relatively little cable compared to other
topologies
– Easy to add or remove nodes
– Simple & flexible architecture
– Broadcast messages are easy
– Failure of node does not affect network
– Inexpensive cable and connectors
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19. Bus Topology
• Disadvantages
– Security problem - every node “hears” every message
– No automatic acknowledgment of messages
– Failure diagnosis can be difficult
– No automatic regeneration of signals
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21. Star Topology
• Advantages
– Troubleshooting & fault isolation are easy
– Easy to add / remove nodes & modify cable layout
– Failure of a node does not isolate any other
– Central hub allows monitoring for management
purposes
• Disadvantages
- Hub fails - network fails!
- Can require a lot of cabling
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23. Ring Topology
• Advantages
- Physical ring has minimal cable requirements
- No wiring centre needed
- Message can be automatically acknowledged
- Each node can regenerate the signal
• Disadvantages
- If a node fails, the ring fails
- Diagnosis & fault finding is difficult
- Adding /removing nodes disrupts network
- Limit on distance between nodes
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24. Media Access
• Networks are for sharing!
• Each node will be connected to the shared
media via a Network Interface Card (also
called NI adapter)
• The card must be compatible with:
– Cable, or medium, type
– Computer bus
– Access method
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25. LAN Access
• Only one node can transmit at a time
• Two main methods are in current use
– Contention
– Token Passing
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26. DO YOU WANT TO KNOW MORE?
If you are interested in further training or information,
please visit:
http://idc-online.com/slideshare
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