The document discusses how endocrine and hematological disorders can affect the nervous system. It describes how diseases of the pituitary gland, thyroid, parathyroid glands, thymus, adrenal glands, and pancreas can lead to neurological symptoms through various mechanisms such as hormonal imbalances, compression of structures, and formation of antibodies. Conditions like Cushing's syndrome, myasthenia gravis, and pancreatitis may cause weakness, cognitive changes, vision problems, and even encephalopathy in severe cases. Maintaining proper endocrine and hematological health is therefore important for overall nervous system function.

1. Disturbances of the nervous system
in pathology of the endocrine system
and haematological diseases
By : ibrahim kewan
Group : M1751

4. Central Nervous System
 The central nervous system is composed of two major
interconnected organs:
The brain
The spinal cord
 These organs work together to integrate and coordinate
sensory and motor information for the purpose of controlling
the various tissues, organs, and organ systems of the body.
 The central nervous system is responsible for higher
neural functions, such as memory, learning, and emotion

5. Peripheral Nervous System
 The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is a collection of peripheral
nerves, ganglia and specialized sensory structures that, as a
system, carries sensory and motor information between the
central nervous system and all other organs and tissues of the
body.
 The peripheral nervous system is functionally divided into two
major divisions:–
-The Sensory or Afferent Division
-The Motor or Efferent Division
* The Somatic Nervous System
* The Autonomic (Visceral) Nervous System.

6. Endocrine System
The endocrine system plays an important role in homeostasis
 System of ductless glands that secrete hormones
-Hormones are “messenger molecules”
-Circulate in the blood
-Act on distant target cells
-Target cells respond to the hormones for which they have receptors
-The effects are dependent on the programmed response of the target
cells
-Hormones are just molecular triggers

7. Endocrine Organs
 Purely endocrine organs
-Pituitary gland
-Pineal gland
-Thyroid gland
-Parathyroid glands
-Adrenal: 2 glands (Cortex , Medulla)
 Endocrine cells in other organs
-Pancreas
-Thymus
-Gonads
-Hypothalamus

8.  Pineal Gland
Due to the pineal gland's location, any tumor or cyst formation would lead
to the compression of the aqueduct of Sylvius. It is the aqueduct of Sylvius
that allows the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to circulate out. When there is a
blockage to this area by an abnormal pineal gland, the passage of the duct
is blocked, and CSF pressure builds up, leading to hydrocephalus. This
causes nausea, vomiting, visual changes, headaches, seizures, and memory
changes. This increase in intracranial pressure can even be life-
threatening.

9.  Pineal Gland
The pineal gland is the primary endocrine organ that secretes hormones, such as
melatonin, and controls the circadian rhythms.
Melatonin have multiple roles in the central nervous system (CNS), including
improving neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity, suppressing neuroinflammation,
enhancing memory function, and protecting against oxidative stress.
decrease in pineal gland volume  reduction of melatonin production 
impaired neurogenesis , memory loss in Alzheimer's disease brain
 hypothalamus disorder
include blurred vision, loss of vision, and headaches
Low adrenal function might produce symptoms such as weakness and dizziness

10.  Pituitary gland
-vision problems, such as blurry vision or an inability of the pupils to react to light
quickly
tremor and muscle weakness
-dizziness and fainting upon standing up, or orthostatic hypotension
-inability to alter heart rate with exercise, or exercise intolerance
-sweating abnormalities, which could alternate between sweating too much and
not sweating enough
-digestive difficulties, such as a loss of appetite, bloating, diarrhea, constipation,
or difficulty swallowing
-urinary problems, such as difficulty starting urination, incontinence, and
incomplete emptying of the bladder
-sexual problems in men, such as difficulty with ejaculation or maintaining an
erection
-sexual problems in women, such as vaginal dryness or difficulty having an orgasm

11.  thyroid (hypothyroidism)
-hypothyroidism can cause fluid retention resulting in swollen tissues that exert
pressure on peripheral nerves
peripheral neuropathy : burning sensation , numbness and tingling , muscle
weakness or loss of muscle control .

12.  Parathyroid (hyperparathyroidism)
Hypercalcemia  effect CNS  Confusion, Dementia and Coma.
Hypercalcemia  neuropsychiatric dysfunction  mood and cognitive changes
and rarely, acute psychosis also it can catalyst for the neuronal demise.
Hypercalcemia  decrease neuromuscular excitability  hypotonicity, weakness,
Muscle strength is impaired, respiratory muscular capacity may be decreased.

13.  Thymus
Thymus enlargement produces antibodies that block or destroy the muscles
receptor sites.
Myasthenia gravis: neuromuscular disease that leads to varying degrees of
skeletal muscle weakness
Symptoms:
double vision
drooping eyelids
trouble talking
trouble walking
affected muscles of the eyes, face, and swallowing

14.  adrenal glands
Disorders of the adrenal glands frequently have secondary neurological
manifestations, while some diseases that involve the central nervous system are
accompanied by adrenal gland dysfunction. Excessive corticosteroid secretions
in primary or secondary Cushing's syndrome causes muscle weakness and
behavioral disturbances, such as emotional lability and sometimes depression,
while adrenal insufficiency may cause fatigue, weakness, and depression.
Adrenoleukodystrophy and adrenoneuromyelopathy are X-linked recessive
disorders of the metabolism of very long chain fatty acids that manifest with
white matter abnormalities of the brain, myelopathy and/or neuropathy, as
well as adrenal insufficiency. Other disorders of the adrenal glands include
hyperaldosteroidism, which may cause weakness from hypokalemia. Dysfunction
of the adrenal medulla causes excessive or deficient secretion of catecholamines,
primarily causing cardiovascular symptoms.

15.  Pancreas (Acute pancreatitis)
-Can lead to an encephalopathy, characterised by focal signs, cognitive
impairment, seizures and hallucinations
-Sudden blindness has also been reported secondary to a retinopathy (Purtscher's
syndrome)
-optic neuritis
-Renal failure and an associated thrombotic microangiopathy characterised by confusion
and seizures, and responsiveness to plasma exchange
-severe axonal neuropathy