2. DEPT. OF PHYSIOLOGY, GMCM 3
Specific Learning Objectives
⢠Reflex
⢠Reflex Arc
⢠Classification of Reflex
⢠Stretch Reflex
⢠Inverse Stretch Reflex
⢠Reciprocal Innervation
⢠Withdrawal Reflex
⢠Properties of Reflexes
⢠Summary
DEPT. OF PHYSIOLOGY, GMCM
3. The sudden and involuntary response to a stimuli is
called a reflex.
DEPT. OF PHYSIOLOGY, GMCM 4
4. ⢠It is a mechanism by which a sensory impulse is
automatically converted into a motor effect through
the involvement of CNS.
⢠It is mediated at the subcortical level and does not
involve the cerebral cortex.
DEPT. OF PHYSIOLOGY, GMCM 5
5. Specific Learning Objectives
⢠Reflex
⢠Reflex Arc
⢠Classification of Reflex
⢠Stretch Reflex
⢠Inverse Stretch Reflex
⢠Reciprocal Innervation
⢠Withdrawal Reflex
⢠Properties of Reflexes
⢠Summary
DEPT. OF PHYSIOLOGY, GMCM 6
DEPT. OF PHYSIOLOGY, GMCM
6. The basic unit of an integrated reflex activity is the
reflex arc.
DEPT. OF PHYSIOLOGY, GMCM 7
7. The arc consists of
1. Receptor
2. Afferent neuron
3. Centre â one or more synapses
4. Efferent neuron
5. Effector organ
Afferent Limb
Efferent Limb
DEPT. OF PHYSIOLOGY, GMCM 8
9. Afferent neuron carries sensory input from receptor
to center.
⢠Afferent neurons enter the centre in dorsal roots of
spinal nerves or cranial nerves.
⢠Have their cell bodies in DRG or in homologous
ganglia on cranial nerves.
DEPT. OF PHYSIOLOGY, GMCM 10
10. Centre is the part where connection between afferent
and efferent somatic neurons occur- integrating
region
⢠One or more synapses
⢠Generally, in brain or spinal cord.
DEPT. OF PHYSIOLOGY, GMCM 11
11. Efferent nerve transmit motor impulses from center to
effector organ.
⢠Efferent fibers leave via ventral roots or corresponding
motor cranial nerves.
DEPT. OF PHYSIOLOGY, GMCM 12
12. Bell âMagendie law
The principle that in spinal cord the dorsal roots are
sensory and ventral roots are motor is known as Bell
âMagendie law.
DEPT. OF PHYSIOLOGY, GMCM 13
14. Activity in a Reflex Arc
DEPT. OF PHYSIOLOGY, GMCM 15
15. Activity in the reflex arc starts in a sensory receptor with a
receptor potential whose magnitude is proportionate
to the strength of the stimulus (graded).
DEPT. OF PHYSIOLOGY, GMCM 16
16. Activity in a Reflex Arc
DEPT. OF PHYSIOLOGY, GMCM 17
22. Activity in a Reflex Arc
DEPT. OF PHYSIOLOGY, GMCM 23
23. When these reach the effector, they again set up a graded
response, the end plate potential.
DEPT. OF PHYSIOLOGY, GMCM 24
24. Activity in a Reflex Arc
DEPT. OF PHYSIOLOGY, GMCM 25
25. Specific Learning Objectives
⢠Reflex
⢠Reflex Arc
⢠Classification of Reflex
⢠Stretch Reflex
⢠Inverse Stretch Reflex
⢠Reciprocal Innervation
⢠Withdrawal Reflex
⢠Properties of Reflexes
⢠Summary
DEPT. OF PHYSIOLOGY, GMCM 26
DEPT. OF PHYSIOLOGY, GMCM
26. Classification of Reflex
1. Depending on the number of synapses between
afferent and efferent neurons
a. Monosynaptic Reflex
b. Bisynaptic Reflex
c. Polysynaptic Reflex
DEPT. OF PHYSIOLOGY, GMCM 27
27. a. Monosynaptic Reflex Arc
⢠Simplest reflex arc
⢠Single synapse between afferent & efferent neurons
⢠e.g. stretch reflex
DEPT. OF PHYSIOLOGY, GMCM 28
29. b. Bisynaptic or Disynaptic reflex
⢠Two synapses between afferent and efferent neuron
⢠e.g. Inverse stretch reflex , reciprocal innervation
DEPT. OF PHYSIOLOGY, GMCM 30
31. c. Polysynaptic reflex arc
⢠Reflex arc in which one or more interneurons are
interposed between afferent and efferent neurons
⢠Number of synapses in the arc vary from 2 to many
hundreds.
⢠e.g. Withdrawal reflex
DEPT. OF PHYSIOLOGY, GMCM 32
33. a. Monosynaptic
⢠Stretch Reflex
b. Bisynaptic Reflex (2 synapses)
⢠Inverse Stretch Reflex, Reciprocal Innervation
c. Polysynaptic Reflex (upto 100 synapses)
⢠Withdrawal Reflex, Superficial Reflexes
e.g.
DEPT. OF PHYSIOLOGY, GMCM 34
34. 2. Clinical Classification
a. Superficial Reflexes â elicited by stimulating skin or
mucus membrane. e.g.
Conjunctival Reflex
Corneal Reflex
Abdominal Reflex
Plantar Reflex
DEPT. OF PHYSIOLOGY, GMCM 35
35. b. Deep reflexes â basically stretch reflexes, elicited by
striking tendon of muscle
⢠cause stretching of the muscle
⢠results in contraction of the same muscle
e.g. biceps jerk, knee jerk, ankle jerk
DEPT. OF PHYSIOLOGY, GMCM 36
36. c. Visceral Reflex
e.g.
⢠Baroreceptor reflex
⢠Micturition reflex
⢠Defecation reflex
DEPT. OF PHYSIOLOGY, GMCM 37
37. d. Pathological Reflexes
Reflexes found only in pathological states
e.g.
Babinskiâs sign (extensor plantar response)
DEPT. OF PHYSIOLOGY, GMCM 38
38. 3. Based on development
a. Unconditioned / Inborn â present at the time of birth
b. Conditioned /Acquired reflex â develops after birth,
acquired by training or experience
DEPT. OF PHYSIOLOGY, GMCM 39
39. Specific Learning Objectives
⢠Reflex
⢠Reflex Arc
⢠Classification of Reflex
⢠Stretch Reflex
⢠Inverse Stretch Reflex
⢠Reciprocal Innervation
⢠Withdrawal Reflex
⢠Properties of Reflexes
⢠Summary
DEPT. OF PHYSIOLOGY, GMCM 40
DEPT. OF PHYSIOLOGY, GMCM
40. Stretch Reflex
⢠When a skeletal muscle with an intact nerve supply is
stretched, it contracts.
⢠This response is called the stretch reflex.
⢠Sense organ â muscle spindle
DEPT. OF PHYSIOLOGY, GMCM 41
41. ⢠Muscle spindle is a small encapsulated spindle like
structure located within fleshy part of muscle.
⢠Intrafusal muscle fiber- send information to CNS about
muscle length or rate of change of length.
DEPT. OF PHYSIOLOGY, GMCM 42
43. 1. Stimulus - stretch of the muscle
2. Sense organ / receptor - muscle spindle (intrafusal)
3. Afferent nerve â group Ia fibre
4. Centre â spinal cord (alpha motor neuron)
DEPT. OF PHYSIOLOGY, GMCM 44
44. 5. Efferent nerve â axons of alpha motor neuron
6. Effector organ â extrafusal muscle fibres
7. Effect- contraction of same muscle
DEPT. OF PHYSIOLOGY, GMCM 45
45. Stretch Reflex is an example of monosynaptic reflex.
DEPT. OF PHYSIOLOGY, GMCM 46
46. ⢠Typical example â Knee jerk
⢠Tapping on patellar tendon
(Quadriceps muscle) with a
knee hammer stretches the
muscle
⢠Response â extension of knee
⢠Centre - L2, L3 and L4
DEPT. OF PHYSIOLOGY, GMCM 47
48. Reaction time
The time between the application of stimulus and the
response.
For knee jerk , it is 19 â 24 milliseconds
DEPT. OF PHYSIOLOGY, GMCM 49
49. This includes
⢠Time taken for impulse to traverse the afferent and
efferent fibers âConduction time
⢠Central delay âTime taken for reflex activity to traverse
the spinal cord
DEPT. OF PHYSIOLOGY, GMCM 50
50. Conduction time can be calculated from
⢠Conduction velocity in Afferent and Efferent fibers
⢠Distance from muscle to spinal cord
⢠V= L/t
DEPT. OF PHYSIOLOGY, GMCM 51
51. Central Delay is 0.6-0.9 milliseconds for knee jerk
Central Delay = Reaction Time â Conduction Time
DEPT. OF PHYSIOLOGY, GMCM 52
52. ⢠Minimum synaptic delay â 0.5 milliseconds
⢠So in knee jerk, 1 synapse could have been traversed
⢠Hence knee jerk is a monosynaptic reflex.
DEPT. OF PHYSIOLOGY, GMCM 53
53. Other examples of stretch reflex- deep tendon reflexes
1. Biceps jerk
2. Triceps jerk
3. Supinator Jerk
4. Ankle jerk
DEPT. OF PHYSIOLOGY, GMCM 54
55. Function of stretch reflex
1. Muscle spindle regulate the muscle length.
2. Stretch reflex helps to maintain muscle tone and
posture.
DEPT. OF PHYSIOLOGY, GMCM 56
56. Specific Learning Objectives
⢠Reflex
⢠Reflex Arc
⢠Classification of Reflex
⢠Stretch Reflex
⢠Inverse Stretch Reflex
⢠Reciprocal Innervation
⢠Withdrawal Reflex
⢠Properties of Reflexes
⢠Summary
DEPT. OF PHYSIOLOGY, GMCM 57
DEPT. OF PHYSIOLOGY, GMCM
57. Inverse Stretch Reflex
⢠Up to a point, the harder a muscle is stretched, the
stronger is the reflex contraction.
⢠However, when the tension becomes great enough,
contraction suddenly ceases and the muscle relaxes.
DEPT. OF PHYSIOLOGY, GMCM 58
58. This relaxation in response to strong stretch is called the
inverse stretch reflex or autogenic inhibition.
DEPT. OF PHYSIOLOGY, GMCM 59
59. ⢠Stimulus â Strong stretch of the muscle
⢠Sense organ / receptor â Golgi Tendon Organ
⢠Afferent nerve â group Ib fibre
DEPT. OF PHYSIOLOGY, GMCM 60
60. ⢠The Ib fibers enter the spinal cord through dorsal root ,
synapse with an inhibitory interneuron.
⢠It in turn terminate directly on the motor neuron
supplying the same muscle and causes relaxation of
the muscle.
DEPT. OF PHYSIOLOGY, GMCM 61
63. Inverse stretch reflex - protective reflex to prevent
tearing of the muscle or avulsion of the tendon from its
attachments to bone.
DEPT. OF PHYSIOLOGY, GMCM 64
64. Specific Learning Objectives
⢠Reflex
⢠Reflex Arc
⢠Classification of Reflex
⢠Stretch Reflex
⢠Inverse Stretch Reflex
⢠Reciprocal Innervation
⢠Withdrawal Reflex
⢠Properties of Reflexes
⢠Summary
DEPT. OF PHYSIOLOGY, GMCM 65
DEPT. OF PHYSIOLOGY, GMCM
65. ⢠When we stretch the protagonist muscle, it will contract
through the stretch reflex pathway.
⢠The afferent neuron give a collateral which synapse
with an inhibitory interneuron.
Reciprocal Innervation
DEPT. OF PHYSIOLOGY, GMCM 66
66. That in turn inhibit the motor neuron supplying the
antagonist muscle producing relaxation of antagonist
muscle.
DEPT. OF PHYSIOLOGY, GMCM 67
69. DEPT. OF PHYSIOLOGY, GMCM 70
Specific Learning Objectives
⢠Reflex
⢠Reflex Arc
⢠Classification of Reflex
⢠Stretch Reflex
⢠Inverse Stretch Reflex
⢠Reciprocal Innervation
⢠Withdrawal Reflex
⢠Properties of Reflexes
⢠Summary
DEPT. OF PHYSIOLOGY, GMCM
70. Withdrawal Reflex
⢠Typical polysynaptic reflex
⢠Also called as nociceptive reflex.
⢠In response to a noxious stimulation of the skin or
subcutaneous tissues and muscle. e.g. pinprick, heat
DEPT. OF PHYSIOLOGY, GMCM 71
72. ⢠Receptors â Nociceptors, free nerve endings of Aδ & C
fibers
⢠Response âflexor muscle contraction and inhibition of
extensor muscle.
⢠Helps the stimulated body part to be flexed and
withdrawn from the stimulus.
DEPT. OF PHYSIOLOGY, GMCM 73
73. Mild stimulus
⢠Flexor muscle contraction and inhibition of extensor
muscles.
⢠Part stimulated is flexed and withdrawn from the
stimulus.
⢠Flexor reflex
DEPT. OF PHYSIOLOGY, GMCM 74
75. Strong stimulus
⢠Not only flexion and withdrawal of that limb but also
extension of the opposite limb.
⢠This is called crossed extensor response.
⢠This is due to irradiation of stimulus and recruitment
of motor units.
DEPT. OF PHYSIOLOGY, GMCM 76
77. Many interneurons are involved in the circuit between
the incoming sensory neuron and the motor neurons of
the opposite side of the cord - responsible for the
crossed extension.
DEPT. OF PHYSIOLOGY, GMCM 78
78. Survival value of withdrawal reflex is difficult to demonstrate
in normal animals , but can be easily demonstrated in spinal
animal. (Sherrington)
DEPT. OF PHYSIOLOGY, GMCM 79
79. When the hind limb of a spinal cat is pinched
⢠the stimulated limb is withdrawn
⢠the opposite hind limb extends
⢠the ipsilateral forelimb is extended and
⢠the contralateral forelimb is flexed.
Called as Shifting Reaction.
DEPT. OF PHYSIOLOGY, GMCM 80
80. ⢠This puts the animal in a position to run away from the
offending stimulus.
⢠This occurs because of irradiation of stimulus and
recruitment of motor units.
DEPT. OF PHYSIOLOGY, GMCM 81
81. Special features of withdrawal response
1. Withdrawal reflex is a protective reflex
Flexion of the stimulated limb gets it away from the
source of irritation, and extension of the other limb
supports the body.
DEPT. OF PHYSIOLOGY, GMCM 82
82. 2. After Discharge
After the painful stimulus is removed, the crossed
extensor reflex has an even longer period of after
discharge than does the flexor reflex.
DEPT. OF PHYSIOLOGY, GMCM 83
84. a. Because of the synaptic delay at each synapse, activity in
the branches with fewer synapses reaches the motor
neurons first, followed by activity in the longer pathways
Prolonged bombardment of the motor neurons from a
single stimulus - prolonged responses.
DEPT. OF PHYSIOLOGY, GMCM 85
85. b. Some of the branch pathways turn back on themselves,
permitting activity to reverberate.
Such reverberating circuits are common in the brain
and spinal cord.
DEPT. OF PHYSIOLOGY, GMCM 86
86. 3. Withdrawal reflex is prepotent
⢠They block the spinal pathways from any other reflex
activity taking place at the moment.
⢠This reflex gets priority when we consider other
reflexes occurring at that time
DEPT. OF PHYSIOLOGY, GMCM 87
87. 4. Local sign
⢠Dependence of the exact response on the location
of the stimulus.
⢠If the medial surface of the limb is stimulated, the
response includes some abduction, whereas stimulation
of the lateral surface will produce some adduction with
flexion.
DEPT. OF PHYSIOLOGY, GMCM 88
88. DEPT. OF PHYSIOLOGY, GMCM 89
Specific Learning Objectives
⢠Reflex
⢠Reflex Arc
⢠Classification of Reflex
⢠Stretch Reflex
⢠Inverse Stretch Reflex
⢠Reciprocal Innervation
⢠Withdrawal Reflex
⢠Properties of Reflexes
⢠Summary
DEPT. OF PHYSIOLOGY, GMCM
89. 1. Adequate Stimulus
⢠The quality of the stimulus that triggers a reflex is
generally very precise and is called the adequate
stimulus for the particular reflex.
⢠e.g. stretch of the muscle is the adequate stimulus for
stretch reflex.
DEPT. OF PHYSIOLOGY, GMCM 90
90. 2. Final Common Pathway
⢠The motor neurons that supply the extrafusal
fibers in skeletal muscles are the efferent side of
many reflex arcs.
⢠All neural influences affecting muscular contraction
ultimately funnel through them to the muscles.
DEPT. OF PHYSIOLOGY, GMCM 91
91. 3. One way conduction
DEPT. OF PHYSIOLOGY, GMCM 92
92. 4. Convergence
⢠Many to one projection.
⢠Termination of several neurons on one target neuron.
⢠e.g. many group Ia afferent fibers from muscle spindle
converging on a single Îą motor neuron.
DEPT. OF PHYSIOLOGY, GMCM 93
95. Divergence
⢠One to many projection
⢠Single presynaptic neuron divide into many branches.
⢠e.g. termination of pain fibers in withdrawal response on
many motor neurons via different sets of interneurons in
the spinal cord.
DEPT. OF PHYSIOLOGY, GMCM 96
97. 4. Occlusion
Response to simultaneous stimulation of two
presynaptic neurons < sum total of response obtained
when they are stimulated separately.
DEPT. OF PHYSIOLOGY, GMCM 98
98. Decrease in response since pre synaptic fibers overlap and
share post synaptic neurons.
DEPT. OF PHYSIOLOGY, GMCM 99
100. Neurons are in the subliminal fringe if they are not
discharged by an afferent volley, but have their
excitability increased.
DEPT. OF PHYSIOLOGY, GMCM 101
104. 8. Habituation
⢠Progressive decrease of the amplitude or frequency of
a motor response to repeated sensory stimulation.
⢠Not caused by sensory receptor adaptation or motor
fatigue.
DEPT. OF PHYSIOLOGY, GMCM 105
105. 9. Sensitization
Increased response of the target neuron to an afferent
stimulation, when the previously habituated stimulus is
paired with a noxious stimuli.
DEPT. OF PHYSIOLOGY, GMCM 106
106. Properties of Reflex
1. Adequate stimulus
2. Final common pathway
3. One way conduction
4. Reaction time
5. Summation
DEPT. OF PHYSIOLOGY, GMCM 107