Study of refining on sustainability of self-mining ore system

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)
Volume 10, Issue 01, January 2019, pp. 2090-2103, Article ID: IJCIET_10_01_188
Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=10&IType=01
ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316
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STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF REFINING ON
THE SUSTAINABILITY OF THE LEVEL OF THE
SYSTEM WITH ORE SELF-MININGON THE
DEEP LEVELS OF THE “DNK” COLLIERY
Dossanbay Bekbergenov
candidate of technical sciences, head of the laboratory, Integrated development of colliery ral
resources, D.Kunaev Mining Institute, Abay ave. 191, 050046, Republic of Kazakhstan,
Almaty
Gulnar Jangulova
candidate of technical sciences, assistant professor, Departamtnt of Cartography and
Geoinformatics, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Al-farabi st.71, 050040, 3
Republic of
Kazakhstan, Almaty
Leonid Zherebko
candidadate of technical sciences, leading researcher, integrated development of colliery ral
resources, D.Kunaev Mining Institute, Abay ave. 191, 050046, Republic of Kazakhstan,
Almaty
Bakytbek Bektur
Master of Engineering Sciences, Lecturer of the Mining Department,Kazakhstan National
Research technical University after K.Satpayev, Satpaev street 22a, 050013
Zhanerke Seidakhmetova
Master junior researcher, integrated development of colliery ral resources, D.Kunaev Mining
Institute, Abay ave. 191, 050046, Republic of Kazakhstan, Almaty
ABSTRACT
This article presents a study of the effect of refining on the sustainability of the level
of production of a system with self-mining of ore in the deep levels of the “DNK”
colliery, and also provides information on the state of technology in world collieries.
Presents options for working out the second stage (lower part) of the ore body at the
“DNK” colliery. Various options of the mutual arrangement of the ore deposits being
worked out with an assessment of the development of collapse processes in the massif
during the formation of loads on lining workings of the production level are considered.
The results of this study can be used and applied in practice.

Dossanbay Bekbergenov, Gulnar Jangulova, Leonid Zherebko, Bakytbek Bektur and Zhanerke
Seidakhmetova
Keywords: cleaning works, level, self-mining of ore, equipment, collieries.
Cite this Article: Dossanbay Bekbergenov, Gulnar Jangulova, Leonid Zherebko,
Bakytbek Bektur and Zhanerke Seidakhmetova, Study of the Effect of Refining on the
Sustainability of the Level of the System with Ore Self-Miningon the Deep Levels of
the “Dnk” Colliery, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 10(01),
2019, pp. 2090–2103
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=10&IType=01
1. INTRODUCTION
Mining is one of the main types of human activity, ensuring the existence and level of
development of civilization. As a field of industrial production, it covers the exploration of
mineral deposits, the construction and operation of mining enterprises for their development
and the primary processing of mineral raw materials. The basic principles of mining are
manufacturability, economy, environmental friendliness, comfort and safety of working
conditions (Modern technology in the collieries of the world).
The history of mankind is inextricably linked the mining and processing of minerals. At all
times the wealth of the subsoil was the basis of the economic well-being and independence of
states. And in the modern world, the geopolitical role of any state is largely determined by the
state of its mineral and raw material base and the availability of a set of funds necessary for its
most efficient development and use. At the same time, on a global scale, the subsoil is
considered not only as a source of mineral raw materials, water, heat and energy, but also as a
natural resource of life support of the society, which is in the process of constant transformation
based on balanced reproduction and use. From this point of view, the process of exploration of
the subsoil, retaining its significance as the basis of the world economy, acquires even more
important global significance of the safety factor of mankind, providing not just the well-being
of the present generation, but the very existence of future generations on the planet.
The political, social and economic processes occurring in the world over the past two
decades have led to certain changes in the world process of the extraction of mineral raw
materials. By the beginning of the XXI century, the ambiguous situation in the global mining
industry, in general, has stabilized. The decline in the relevant industries in developed
European countries is offset by a boom in the mining sector, the rapid development of energy
and metallurgy in the countries of Asia and Africa. The latter served as an incentive for more
intensive development of mining industries in Latin America, whose governments make
significant investments in creating new and restoring previously mothballed capacities of their
own mining complex in order to obtain the most profitable contracts for the supply of
metallurgical and energy raw materials to Asian markets. A noticeable recovery in the mining
industry is observed in Australia and Oceania. The countries of the post-Soviet space,
especially Russia, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, possessing a rich mineral resource base,
sufficiently developed production and high intellectual potential, are acquiring increasing
importance (World mining industry, 2005; Amangeldykyzy, Nurlambekova & Amanbaev,
2016).
There are underground collieries around the world using a whole kaleidoscope of
techniques and equipment. There are approximately 650 underground collieries, the annual
output of each of which exceeds 150,000 tons, which is 90% of all ore mined by western
countries. In addition, it is estimated that there are 6,000 smaller collieries with an output of
less than 150,000 tons each. Each colliery is unique; the working conditions, the type of
facilities and the nature of the underground works depend on the type of minerals and on the

Study of the Effect of Refining on the Sustainability of the Level of the System with Ore Self-
Miningon the Deep Levels of the “Dnk” Colliery
localization of geological formations, as well on economic conditions: the availability of a
market for a particular type of minerals and the availability of funding sources. Some collieries
have been continuously operating for more than a century, while others are just starting out.
Collieries are high-risk areas where most work involves hard physical labor. There are
various dangers awaiting workers: from catastrophes (landslides, explosions and fires) and
accidents to the harmful effects of dust, noise, high temperatures, etc. With proper organization
of work at the colliery, the protection of the health and safety of workers is one of the central
issues, which in most countries is governed by state laws and departmental rules.
According to Hamrin H. work in the thickness of rocks at a great depth beneath the surface
of the earth requires a special underground infrastructure: a network of shafts, workings and
compartments connected to the surface, along which workers are transported, machinery and
excavated rock, is needed. Colliery shaft - this is the main vertical passage under the ground,
where the side races connect the near-barrel yard with workings. Internal inclined excavation
connects different levels (excavations located at different depths). All underground
infrastructure must be appropriately equipped: have exhaust ventilation, fresh air, electricity,
water and compressed air, a drainage system and pumps for collecting leaked soil water, a
communication system. Self-mining is the most low-cost and high-performance method of
underground mining of ores, capable of competing even with open-pit mining, therefore, in
countries with market economies, interest in it has always been very close. Research on the
factors of process control during self-mining is actively underway. Combining precisely
selected self-mining parameters and modern powerful self-propelled equipment for ore
delivery and transport, crushing equipment, leading mining companies achieved excellent
results both in annual productivity and in production costs, while ensuring high underground
safety.
Companies using ore self-mining systems are the most advanced in the comparative world
assessment, the most competitive in the metals market, the most effective in terms of
production and economic indicators (Kuzmin & Uzbekova, 2006).
Modern world production of ore raw materials is gradually gaining momentum and
expanding the geography of exports. Due to lower prices for shipping, platinum, gold, uranium
and iron are being actively developed in the Republic of South Africa; gold and iron in India;
uranium and iron in Germany; manganese, iron, uranium in Ukraine; nickel, copper, iron in
Russia; gold and iron in Brazil; copper in Zambia; gold, nickel, copper, iron in Canada; gold,
silver, zinc, copper, lead, iron in America; iron in Australia and China; copper in Poland and
Chile; chromite in Finland, etc. The overwhelming majority of countries colliery iron ore and
the experience of using modern mining machines is of great importance for domestic mining
enterprises that are developing the underground method. Ukrainian producers of iron ore raw
materials are represented by the following mining enterprises. The latest developments of
drilling, loading and auxiliary equipment of leading manufacturers are used in collieries in
many countries of the world, such as Canada, South Africa, Latin America, Australia, Poland,
Russia and Ukraine. The main modern direction of improvement of the mining equipment of
the Swedish Atlas Copco and the Finnish Sandvik Tamrock companies is the use of drilling
equipment and loading machines of computers with special software, which has wide
opportunities. The modern level of automation and components for flushing internal systems,
computerization and programming requires the use of the latest developments in mining
engineering. A variety of mining and geological conditions of underground mining of ores of
ferrous and non-ferrous metals in many countries around the world requires the use of highly
automated, high-performance and small-sized equipment. Also, often in the collieries ordered
the manufacture of parts according to the drawings. Ukrainian companies in the activity use

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milling works by the Kiev CNC or locally from local manufacturers. As there is often a need
for unique lining parts or another part of the installations for the extraction of ores and minerals.
In some countries of the world, open pit mining is prohibited by law. Other countries are
switching to underground mining due to increased development depth, higher production costs,
increased environmental problems, etc. Underground mining of ores, taking into account these
factors, requires advanced mining machines that meet the requirements of advanced
technologies. Therefore, global experience in the use of drilling, loading and auxiliary
equipment at leading collieries in the world requires comprehensive study.
About the new collieries of Anglo Platinum Group located in South Africa, is, which is
near the city of Rustenburg, 150 km from Johannesburg. The annual production capacity is 3.2
million tons of ore, the thickness of the seams is 0.6 m with a dip angle. For the development
of platinum ores was selected chamber-and-pillar system development. Clearing chambers
with a height of 1.8 - 2 m are very compact in size. This means that the workings are held with
a minimum cross-section and the use of extremely low equipment. Colliery designers have
collaborated with many mining equipment manufacturers who are able to meet their demands.
The collaboration resulted in an agreement on the manufacture of mining equipment by the
Swedish company. Several of the first versions of these machines work in the workings with a
height of up to 1.7 m.
The first of these models has already been tested at Polkowice-Sieroszowice at a copper
colliery in Poland, where the height of the workings of 1.6 meters produces approximately 28
million tons year of copper ore from the Lubin, Rudna and Polkowice-Sieroszowice collieries.
Part of the ore body at the Rudna colliery is still seams up to 10 m, and here it uses Toro 50D
and Wagner ST-8BS loading and transport machines. For 5 years a large number of thick layers
will be worked out and the company will have to pay attention to the extraction of ore from
thin layers. In order to keep growth costs and maximize production efficiency, the company
moves to underground mining methods with a low reservoir capacity similar to those developed
in South Africa at a platinum colliery. The decision to introduce low-height machines was
made in 1995 and the colliery then began to order the appropriate equipment. Atlas Copco was
among the first supplier companies to offer common and special drilling rigs for anchoring
workings with anchors. The KGHM colliery built the LHD park mainly consisting of loading
machines of the type Toro 400LP LHDs and their prototypes of the Polish production type
DFM Zanam-Legmet. Under such geotechnological conditions, mining operations turn into
very complex operations (Koronovskiy, 2007; Kotenko, 2001). The temperature of the
untouched rock mass reaches almost 55C. Because the KGHM colliery s show a high
geothermal temperature gradient, Atlas Copco’s machines are air-conditioned. But through the
low height of the workings, the machines have curtains, not cabins, and the air conditioning
system was adapted to work with sheds. The canopies are controlled hydraulically, which
makes it possible to change its height from 1.4 m when transporting the machine through
colliery workings to 1.6 m installed in the process drilling. For low altitude machines with the
aim of improving visibility, the company has developed a viewing slot, which can be open
when canopies are lowered. New technology allows drilling rigs to work more or less
autonomously in certain production processes. In addition, on-line diagnostics, software
development, and appropriate hardware help to reduce downtime and increase production
efficiency. As a result, the optimization of such technological processes as drilling, loading and
transportation becomes an actual direction (Avdonin, 2007).
Not surprisingly, companies like Atlas Copco and Sandvik Tamrock are key to more
reliable and more productive drilling. Over the past few years, both manufacturers have created
machines that are equipped with sophisticated control systems. The result of this is the use of

a high level of drilling automation technology, and companies have gained a significant lead
in this area. The latest developments of these companies in the field of drilling are machines
equipped with standard PC technology and operational programs for performing automatic
drilling. Atlas Copco explains that using common networks such as the Internet for data transfer
and Iredes for formatting data will in the future lead to the intellectualization of collieries. The
equipment of all the computers with the Atlas Copco company explains the possibility of
linking the common data transmission network around the colliery, so that the drilling patterns
can be transferred to the required place. The company's latest development is the RRA remote
access device that connects the rig to the customer’s network for data transfer and
troubleshooting. The RRA system is already in use at the Kemi colliery and allows it to obtain
information about the rig at any point in the colliery ’s network through a computer or on the
Internet (Vorob’ev, Nifad’ev, Lotsev, & Kushekov, 2011).
The latest technology and equipment make the chromite colliery in Kem (Finland) special
(Gorbunov, 2015). At the moment, 1.2 million tons of ore per year is colliery d from the quarry.
In 2004, only 20% of ore colliery d came from the colliery, the rest from the quarry. Since
2007, all ore colliery d in the colliery. The Kemi colliery has created its own database and is
benefiting from the latest LAN technologies used on the new machines, one of which is the
selected Boomer L2C drilling rig, equipped with the Remote Access System option. This
broadband LAN technology operates at 1.2 GHz and allows data to be transferred from the
machines directly to the colliery ’s office. Drilling, feed, flush, and tool rotation data can be
verified in real time. The LAN system is planned to be installed on levels of 475 and 500 m,
but in the near future it will be installed on other levels of the colliery. In the future, all
equipment and personnel at the Kemi colliery will have small receivers that will be able to
show their exact location in the colliery.
LAN technology improves equipment utilization, reduces downtime and makes
maintenance more efficient. If the machines make mistakes, a warning is displayed on the
displays in the cockpit as well as in the colliery office. From the colliery ’s office, you can get
in touch with the Atlas Copco Orebro factory in Sweden, using the password the user enters
into the electronic system of the drilling rig and fixes the error. In order to regulate the operating
parameters, the company installs on-board computers with new software on the rig through a
wireless LAN in the colliery. If minor errors occur, the rig may continue to operate, while
troubleshooting is performed using software. All this is like a colliery dream to implement
technology, issues are solved by pressing a few buttons.
Since 1980, Atlas Copco has exported 35 combines for driving vertical workings of the
Robbins 73 RM type. This technique can drill vertical workings with a diameter of 1.8-3.1 m.
In order to improve performance and gain control over engine speeds, the company has
developed and introduced a new AC motor. For the first time, such engines were used on two
Robbins 73 RM combines, which were exported in early 2002 to the Norilsknickel association
(Northern Siberia, Russia). The advantages of the new engine brand AC are efficiency,
reliability and reduced operating costs. The ability to change the speed of the drill is especially
effective for cases with a wide change in geological conditions, namely, from strong rocks to
soft. Soft breeds require more torque than hard ones. The Robbins 73 RM heading machine
uses full torque at low speed, which makes it possible to slow start and stop in the 0.8
revolutions per minute range. The hydraulic system of the engine ensures slow torque, i.e.
without shocks that reduce the life of the combine. In addition, the assembly and disassembly
of such a combine requires a minimum number of personnel (Egart, Rezanov & Sosnov, 2014).
Today is the deepest colliery of the Zambian Copper Colliery s Association (ZCCM). Its
future depends entirely on the successful exploitation of reserves below the level of 1,330 m.

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At present, it is the deepest mining level. In order to exploit more than 27 million tons of copper
ore, the colliery was deepened for future production to the level of 1,570 m. The Mindola ore
deposit has a thickness of 14 m and a dip angle. Modern progress in the field of mining
equipment, blasting technology, rock mechanics can increase colliery productivity. Therefore,
the colliery is widely used machine type Cubex DTH, produced by the Finnish company
Sandvik Tamrock. The machines are equipped with absorbing pneumatic impactors and are
intended for drilling production wells with a diameter of 165 mm and a length of up to 80 m.
For transportation of broken ore in the colliery, loading and transport machines such as Toro
300s and Toro 301s with a 3.5 m bucket capacity are used (Rassel, 2012).
The El-Teniente colliery in Chile develops a copper deposit measuring 2.8 km in length
along strike, 1.9 km wide and 1.8 km deep. Ore reserves are about 4000 million tons and have
been developed for 100 years. Approximately 2,800 miners work on seven levels. The field is
being developed using a development system with a collapse of ore and host rocks. At the
moment, the colliery has almost 1,500 km of underground colliery workings and is ready to
purchase a significant amount of mining equipment, since this area is essential for the
development of the colliery. The new mining equipment park includes 10 large self-propelled
Axera 05 Rikotus Sandvik Tamrock drilling rigs used in preparatory work and for secondary
ore crushing on transport levels. 13 Toro 007 LHDs loading and hauling machines with a
bucket capacity of 5.4 m are involved in the loading of the rock mass during the preparation of
the field. El-Teniente has extensive experience with loading machines such as Toro 350s and
400s. This was the reason for buying a new type of Toro 007s machine. This was also
influenced by the factor of using in the colliery a large range of drilling equipment of other
brands, such as Minimatics, Solos and Robolts. Loading and transporting ore is a major
operation in underground mining. To increase production, reduce downtime, operating costs
and increase the safety of maintenance personnel, automation of mining operations is
necessary. Automation of production processes allows mining companies to generate
substantial productivity gains, although this technology is very expensive. The extensive
experience of Atlas Copco and Sandvik Tamrock automates the loading and delivery process.
And the most important thing is that the automated colliery technology Sandvik Tamrock
already used at the colliery El-Teniente to manage three loading and transport machines such
as Toro 0010 LHDs.
The Barrick Goldstrike Colliery (BGMI) colliery is located north of the small town of
Carlin in Nevada, USA. The large ore body Meikle was explored in 1989 and began to be
developed by the colliery. The ore body includes the highest-grade gold-bearing ore, in which
inclusions of Devon silicate limestone, which formed in the form of fissured intrusions, are
observed. A feature of the underground mining at the BGMI colliery is a wide range of host
rocks, which primarily contribute to the improvement of the anchoring of colliery workings,
using various soluble resins. Today, the BGMI colliery s, with one large colliery, develop many
separate ore bodies. The Rodeo deposit, which is located 1372 m south of Meikle, extends
approximately 244 m, its vertical area is approximately 300 m. deposits, which is located
between Rodeo and Meikle.
On the basis of the geological and geomechanical characteristics, a development system
was adopted for the development of deposits of a deposit with the laying of a goaf. Rodeo's
enclosing rocks are unstable, since they consist mainly of mudstones. When conducting
underground mining without mounting the roof of colliery workings is deformed. Mining
workings are carried out using anchors at the rate of 1 anchor per 1.64 m, and in some areas of
the sediments, shotcrete concrete is used with a thickness of 38 127 mm. Therefore, in BGMI,
it was decided to mechanize the process of securing the colliery workings, as well as to apply

a new anchor bolt. In the development of the Rodeo reservoir, 800 Swellex anchors developed
by Atlas Copco are used annually to fix the colliery workings. In drilling holes for the anchors
and installing them, the BGMI colliery uses the Axera Robolls plant from Sandvik Tamrock.
For the construction of gunned concrete mounts, Normet and Spraymec machines
manufactured by the same company are used, the Normet machine performs auxiliary
operations. Concrete is transported to the place of application by using machines of the type
(Komaschenko, 2011; Smirnov, 2003).
Using the latest technology opens up the possibility of more efficient mining operations
and is the main direction of development of the mining industry of Ukraine. Partial or complete
use of foreign-made mining equipment allows switching to maintenance-free operation of
preparatory and treatment sites, introducing rationalization of process parameters and ensuring
high safety of mining operations.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
In the course of the study, the works were studied as a theoretical basis: “The Mechanics of
Earthquakes and Faulting” by Scholz, C. H. (2002), “Rock bumps in coal mines” by Petuhov,
I.M., “Fundamentals of mining. General information and concepts of mining. Underground,
open and construction technology” by Valiev, N.G., Polov, B.D. & Himich, A.A. (2012),
“History of mining and explosives” by Kutuzov, B.N. (2008), “Fundamentals of mining” by
Shevkun, E.B. (2012), “Fundamentals of mining” by Avdeev, P.B., Oveshnikov, U.M. &
Ryazantsev, S.S. (2016), “Experience of using rock mass classifications in foreign practice” by
Kuzmin, E.V. & Uzbekova, A.R. (2003), “Modern innovative technologies of mining and
processing of minerals. Collection of reports of the II international scientific and technical
conference”, (2017), “Reservoir physics” by Konovalov. L.N., Zinov’eva, L.M. & Gukasyan,
T.K. (2016), “General geology” by Kudelina, I.V., Galyanina, N.P. & Leont’eva, T.V. (2016).
The analysis of the theoretical basis, namely the existing literature on the direction of the article
indicates that the research topic is relevant, and to this day is not fully defined in the global
context. These works were used as a theoretical basis for the study.
3. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Mining and geological and mining conditions for the occurrence of an array of the lower levels
of the “DNK” colliery, in particular, the geostructural structure of the massif and its strength
properties have very low indicators, which makes it necessary for production to solve the issues
of increasing the strength, reliability and safe operation of workings of the production level
(Zherebko, Dzhangulova & Pivovarova, 2012).
For this purpose, we analyzed the results of studies of core material from the near-well
wells of the “DNK” colliery at depths of 800–850 m. According to preliminary data, it was
established that no major changes in the geostructure of the massif are expected. A slight
increase in the degree of fragmentation of the material is to a greater extent explained by the
variational deviations of the data processing results. The most complete picture of the structure
of the array, as shown by the experience of working out the Millionnoye colliery, can be
obtained in the process of opening the levels and obtaining the possibility of conducting
research directly in contact with the object of interest. At this stage of research, we can say
with a sufficient degree of confidence that with increasing depth of development, there is no
tendency to increase the strength of the array and it can be attributed, by analogy to sufficiently
studied arrays, to the fifth category of stability (Bekbergenov, Dzhangulova & Kabdeshev,
2013).

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At the same time, as evidenced by the data: a significant part of the powerful ore bodies is
located on deep levels and they need to be worked out taking into account the mutual influence
of previously spent overlying ore bodies and formed rather extensive zones of crushed rocks
(Coelho et al, 2018).
4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
In this regard, we have considered various options for the mutual arrangement of the ore
deposits being worked out and, at the same time, assessing the development of collapse
processes in the massif and the formation of loads on the lining of the production level, in
particular, the general variant of partial overlapping of ore bodies (Development of ways to
increase the stability of preparatory and rifled workings, passed at great depths in the
intensively disturbed rock masses at the Don Chromite deposit, 2002).
The development of the second stage (lower half) of the ore body with a total capacity of
m = 160 m and a height of cleaning chambers hch = 80m is considered. Mining is conducted
under the previously developed deposit with a thickness of m = 40m and located at a distance
of hm.d = 200m above the lower ore body. A schematically considered option is presented in
Figure 1.

Figure 1. Option of working out the second stage (lower half) of the ore body at the “DNK” colliery.
During the development of the first stage (upper half) of the ore body 2, where the cleaning
chamber was hсh = 80m, a layer of collapsed rocks h'lr was formed. The height of the layer is
detercolliery d from the equation:
h'lr. cp = 1,9735 hch = 260м (1)
Next, we find the geotechnical parameters of the layer h¹lr. The value of the coefficient of
compaction k¹ cp
1,553е ,
. (2)
Degree of fragmentation of the layer of collapsed and compacted rocks hI
lr is determined
from the following correlation:
. .
(3)
Layer h II
lr represented by intact array and degree of fragmentation kf =1.2. The thickness
of the layer over the production level release, for calculations adopted h II
lr = 20m in accordance
with the size of the interstitial space hist = 200m.

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Layer h III
lr formed during the mining of the ore body PT1 with a capacity of 40 m,
respectively, and with the height of the supporting chamber hch =40m. Main technical
parameters for h III
lr are by analogy to h¹lr.
As a result: h III
lr = 120m; kIII
ch = 1,463m; kIII
f = 1.084m
Collapsed area h III
dm formed as a result of mining the lower half of the ore body PT2, with
hch= 80m from the ratio:
ℎ
! " #$
%
& %
'()*& '( #$ ( )-
. 20,01 (4)
Options hcol = 420m give the initial design collapse with the degree of loosening
corresponding to the coefficient of loosening kf =1.6 However, the process of development and
formation of the zone of collapse under the action of gravitational forces, compaction and
shrinkage of the loosened rock mass and subsequent collapses and tumbling develops. As a
result, the size of the collapsed zone increases to the maximum height hcol.r.
We have obtained as a result of analytical studies an empirical dependence of the functional
relationship hcol.r. From primary collapse hcol which has the following form:
ℎ 2).* 0,375ℎ4 .)*
,5
(5)
Thus, when mining ore deposits in the range of 160-170 m under the previously spent ore
body with a capacity of about 40 m, located above at a distance of 200 m in the overlap zone,
the thickness of the zone of collapsed rocks will be hcol = 695m.
When mining the PT2 ore body, the main workings of the production horizon serving the
cleaning and delivery operations will depend on the spatial location relative to the PT1 collapse
zone.
Table 1 and 2 show the results of the development of collapse zones under the waste ore
bodies of the upper horizon to a depth of more than 480 m and more than 520 m.
The table shows that the workings located outside the zone of influence of the zone of
collapsed rocks of the ore body PT1. Take the load caused by the rock pressure functionally
related to the depth of development, i.e. 6Н.
Table 1. Development of the collapse zones under the waste ore bodies of the upper level to a depth
of more than 480 m.
Р.т 1, м 120 160
Р.т 2, м 40 60 40 60
Hm.d., м 160 200 480 160 200 480 160 200 480 160 200 480
Hcol, м 509 509 388 561 561 388 698 695 660 760 721 701
This option was considered earlier in the development of the upper level to a depth of 260
m, the Molodezhnoye deposit, in the studies Zherebko L.N., Shamganova LS, Dzhangulova
G.K. (Development of ways to increase the stability of preparatory and rifled workings, passed
at great depths in the intensively disturbed rock masses at the Don Chromite deposit, 2002).

Table 2. Development of the collapse zones under the waste ore bodies of the upper level to a depth
of more than 520 m.
Р.т1,M 120
Р.т2,M 40 60
Р.т3,M 40 40
hm.d.1, M 180 200 300 180 200 300
hm.d.2, M 100 180 100 180 100 180 100 180 100 180 100 180
Hcol, M 622 509 509 509 388 388 676 561 561 561 388 388
Р.т1,M 160
Р.т2,M 40 60
Р.т3,M 40 40
hm.d.1, M 160 200 480 160 200 480
hm.d.2, M 100 180 100 180 100 180 100 180 100 180 100 180
Hcol, M 818 818 820 820 763 660 885 885 816 812 813 815
In connection with the increase in the depth of mining, the specific load, as the main
indicator increases, and is determined from the relationship:
,
4
св
уд
h
q
πγ
=
(6)
Where γ - specific gravity of rocks within the zone of natural equilibrium;
ℎ - Natural balance dome
During the formation of the lining of workings located in the massif under the zone of
collapsed rocks of the overlying ore body, a different zone of collapse develops, these are
mainly the bottom of the block, the life of which is limited to the start of cleaning work, as well
as the work done at the ore body level RT2. For this group of workings, the calculation of loads
is made by analogy with the previous one with a slight adjustment. When determining the
parameters M (power), the value of the average pressure q is found from the relationship:
8
9п ;#
+ 6 *ℎ ,
(7)
Where: γpr – the proportion of rocks of the host mass;
hcol – the height of the body of collapsed rocks during mining PT1;
k cp - compaction coefficient of goafed rocks PT1;
hp - thickness of the rock layer between the excavation and the zone of collapse.
For the workings of the release level, the load on the lining does not depend on the depth
Нγ , and formed from the power of interplast hp and the height of the zone of collapsed rocks
hcol, performing the role of the discharge layer. As a result, the load on the lining is reduced by
30 ÷ 40% compared with the workings, passed outside the zone of influence of the collapse.
The most difficult situation, in terms of the distribution of loads, is formed on the main
communication development of the bottom of the block. In this case, the set of natural
equilibrium is determined not from the calculated parameters of the inelastic deformation zone,
but from the height of the zone of collapsed rocks, which, as noted above, in the process of
clearing the excavation constantly increases until the completion of the cleaning works and
after, i.e. ℎ = hcol.r the amount of surface pressure will take the expression:

Seidakhmetova
8= =
>9п ;#.$
?
,
(8)
In the above version of our ℎ 2).*
=695m, which corresponds to a specific pressure of 10.0
MPa. The value is prohibitively large and requires the application of radical measures for the
safety of operational work.
At present, the solution of the problem of increasing the stability of the bottom of the block
above the generation of the output level is quite relevant (Author's certificate No. 79933).
In this regard, various options of the artificial bottom of the block are being developed; this
is quite acceptable, especially when mining the lower deep levels of the Don “DNK” colliery.
During the transition of mining and clearing excavations with the use of an artificial bottom of
the block, the question of the influence of the collapse zone of the previously spent overlying
ore body also has positive sides. All auxiliary workings during the construction of the artificial
bottom of the block, the life of which is limited to the start of cleaning, belong to the group of
workings located in the massif under the zone of collapsed rocks of the overlying ore body,
and therefore the load on them is much lower and does not depend on the depth of mining,
which is also very important.
In the practice of mining when mining powerful ore deposits with a system of ore self-
destruction, under man-made ore body collapse zone, technogenic catastrophic phenomena
may occur on the earth's surface, in particular, where production facilities and various
communications may be located that are in a dangerous zone. This situation may occur in the
conditions of mutual influence of ore bodies, namely, when the primary layer of the collapsed
rocks of the lower ore body in the process of mining operations with overlying collapses
(Mnunguli & Kisangiri, 2018).
Practically this situation was previously considered by us with the example of a partial
overlap of ore bodies (Ways and means of ensuring the sustainability of colliery workings
during the mining of powerful deposits of chromite ores under a collapsed massif system with
self-destruction, 2012). As a result of the carried out analytical calculations, it was established
that for the considered variant of mutually located ore bodies the limiting value of the collapse
zone as a result of mining the ore body of the lower deposit will be of the order ℎ 2).*
≈ 700 m.
When the depth of mining of the lower pool Η = 800m, a rock layer (plate) is formed between
the collapse zone and the surface hpl =100m.
With appropriate geotechnical parameters of the plate and its spatial dimensions, there will
be a deflection and subsidence on the weakly compacted mountain mass, completing it with
forces γhpl.
All these negative phenomena are extremely difficult to assess in time frames. In this
connection, constant monitoring and monitoring of the stability of colliery workings are
required by special monitoring methods. As an analogue, it is possible to use the experience of
the “Molodyozhnaya” colliery and studies on the evaluation of combined geotechnology under
the KAZGIPROTSVETMET project during the transition of mining operations to levels -480
m, -640m, “Millionnoye” deposit (Project Adjustment: Explanatory Note, 2011).
5. CONCLUSION
Considered are various options for the mutual arrangement of the ore deposits being worked
out with an assessment of the development of collapse processes in the massif during the
formation of lining loads on the workings of the output level:

- as a result of the conducted analytical studies, an empirical dependence of the functional
relationship was obtained hcol.r from primary collapse hcol.r (when mining ore deposits in the
range of 160-170 m under the previously spent ore body. With a capacity of about 40 m, located
above at a distance of 200m) in the zone of overlapping, the thickness of the zone of collapsed
rocks will be hcol.r =695m;
- the results of the development of collapse zones under the spent ore bodies of the upper
level to a depth of more than 480 m and more than 520 m are given, while the colliery s located
outside the zone of influence of the zone of the collapsed rocks of the ore body PT1 take the
load caused by the rock pressure functionally related to the depth of development i.e. Нγ ;
- as a result of the carried out analytical calculations, it was established that for the
considered variant of mutually located ore bodies the limiting value of the zone of collapse as
a result of mining the ore body of the lower deposit will be of the order hcol.r ≈ 700m, where
the deflection and subsidence will occur on the slightly compacted mountain mass, completing
it by forces γhpl.
All these negative phenomena are extremely difficult to assess in terms of time frames, and
therefore, constant monitoring and monitoring of the stability of colliery workings are required
by special monitoring methods.
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