The impactor effects were determined for foam filled structures under axial impact loading with parameters such as specific energy absorption, mean and peak crushing force. Crashworthiness behaviors for instance, mode of deformation and structures performance were studied using numerical solution after it validated to relevant experiment. The velocity has more significant influence than mass of impactor as outcomes of this paper. In addition, the correlation of crashworthiness indicators when kinetic energy constant in the various of im pactor mass and velocity

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET)
Volume 10, Issue 05, May 2019, pp. 91-97. Article ID: IJMET_10_05_011
Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=10&IType=5
ISSN Print: 0976-6340 and ISSN Online: 0976-6359
© IAEME Publication
EFFECT OF IMPACTOR FOR STRUCTURE
WITH FOAM UNDER AXIAL LOADS
Fauzan Djamaluddin, Ilyas Renreng
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hasanuddin University,
Gowa, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
ABSTRACT
The impactor effects were determined for foam filled structures under axial impact
loading with parameters such as specific energy absorption, mean and peak crushing
force. Crashworthiness behaviors for instance, mode of deformation and structures
performance were studied using numerical solution after it validated to relevant
experiment. The velocity has more significant influence than mass of impactor as
outcomes of this paper. In addition, the correlation of crashworthiness indicators when
kinetic energy constant in the various of impactor mass and velocity.
Keywords: foam, Crashworthiness, Tube, Finite Element Analysis axial impact.
Cite this Article: Fauzan Djamaluddin, Ilyas Renreng, Effect of Impactor for Structure
with Foam Under Axial Loads, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and
Technology, 10(5), 2019, pp. 91-97.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=10&IType=5
1. INTRODUCTION
The analytical solution of circular tubes was studied by Alexander [1] to derive average
crushing force. Structures under different load condition using experimental and theoretical
solution were studied [2-5]. Researchers [6–11] by using foam to increase performance of tube
behavior. In addition, double-cell profiles [12-20] were studied the crushing ability of foam
filled tubes. Most of previous works investigate the crush behavior based on constant mass of
impactor and it is not considered the impact energy with combination of mass and velocity. The
effect of impactor for foam filled double cell profile under dynamic axial impact still limited
research information. Dynamic responses of double circular tube with impactor mass, impactor
speed and kinetic energy of impactor to determine mode of deformations and crash
performance. After validation of numerical solution using the appropriate experiment then the
effect of impact velocity and mass were determined as the information of foam filled double
cylindrical tubes as energy absorber.
2. DEVELOPMENT OF FINITE ELEMENT MODEL
The schematics in figure 1 shows the circular tubes length (L). The mass block (20, 40 and 60
kg) impacted at top of the structures.

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Figure 1 The structures schematic under axial impact
The outer (to) and inner (ti) thicknesses and the diameter of the outer and inner tubes are do
and di respectively as parameters of structures showed in Fig. 2.
Figure 2 Finite Element Model (FEM) of tube.
The FE models are shown in Fig. 3. To develop tube models and it impacted by block mass
by using the ABAQUS–Explicit. The parametric of material, geometry and loading parameters
used in this study can be seen in table 1.
Table 1 Tube and impactor in parametric studies
L (mm) do (mm) t (mm) M (kg) Vo(mm) ρf (g/cm³)
Tube 250 100 1.6 20, 40, 60 20, 30, 40 0.22
2.1. MATERIAL PROPERTIES
Aluminium alloy A6360 T4 as wall tube, with density =  kg/m3
, Young’s modulus = 68.2
GPa, the Poisson’s ratio = 0.3, initial yielding stress = 80 MPa, and ultimate stress = 215.5 MPa.
Whereas, density ρf = 2700 kg/m3
, Cpow =526 and m =2.17 as the foam properties.
3. MODEL VALIDATION
Fig. 3 and 4 show the correlation of crashworthiness indicators by experiment and simulation
and it is good agreement between both results.

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Figure 3 Correlation of peak crushing force by experiment [16] and simulation
Figure 4 Correlation of mean crushing force by experiment [16] and simulation
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The deformation modes and crush force graph can be seen in Fig. 5 for foam-filled double
structures under axial loading. The circular tube are shown in Figs. 5 the collapse mode of the
tube, with L of 250 mm, t of 1.6 mm, di of 50 mm and di of 100 mm for double circular tube
with block mass M of 20 kg and an impact velocity V of 10 m/s. A wrinkle to be localised into
a buckle was caused dynamic impact and it is called dynamic plastic buckling which arises due
to inertia effects was studied by the FE models.

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Figure 5 Deformation and crushing force of tube
4.1. Influence of Impactor Mass
Dynamic collapse load illustrated in Fig. 6. The initial impact speed was assumed to be 30 m/s
and the mass was varied between 20 kg and 60 kg. Furthermore, Fig. 7 shows the mean crushing
force was increased by less than 4%, when the mass was increased from 20 kg to 40 kg. When
the mass was further increased to 60 kg while insignificant increase was observed. A similar
pattern was observed in the energy absorption level, Fig. 8, where only 2.5% increase was
observed when the mass was increased from 20 kg to 40 kg.
Figure 6 Deformation versus crushing force
Figure 7 Effect of mass impactor on mean crushing force
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
CrushingForce(kN)
Deformation (mm)
60 kg
40 kg
20 kg
13
13.4
13.8
14.2
14.6
15
20 40 60
Fagv(kN)
Mass (kg)

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Figure 8 Effect of mass impactor for EA
4.2. Influence of Impactor Velocity
Varying the initial speed upon the tubes were illustrated in Fig. 9. While the impactor mass was
fixed at 60 kg, the initial impact speed vo of 20 - 40 m/s. With increasing the initial impact
speed, the figure shows noticeable increase in the crushing force level associated. Fig. 10 and
11 show peak collapse load increase in of 13.3% was realised by increasing the initial impact
velocity from 10m/s to 20m/s. When vo was increased from 20 m/s to 30 m/s increase was
achieved about 5.8%. Comparable increases were found for the energy absorption levels as
shown in Fig. 11.
Figure 9 Deformation versus crushing force with different speed
Figure 10 Effect of impactor velocity on Fagv
27.6
27.8
28
28.2
28.4
28.6
28.8
29
20 40 60
EA(kJ)
Mass (kg)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
CrushingForce(kN))
Dispacement (mm)
30 m/s
20 m/s
10 m/s
6
8
10
12
14
16
20 30 40
Fagv(kN)
Velocity (m/s)

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Figure 11 Effect of mass impactor on EA.
4.3. Correlation of Mass and velocity at Constant Energy Kinetic
Finally, we illustrate the effect of simultaneously varying both (mass and velocity) upon the
mode of collapse of the foam-filled structure. The impactor parameters were chosen such that
the initial kinetic energy of the striker is constant. Fig. 12 illustrates the SEA - Favg under
dynamic axial impact loading for the different cases under consideration. It is clearly observed
that although the initial kinetic energy of the impactor is the same in the three cases, yet the
peak crushing force is increasing with the increase in the initial impact speed. This is also
exhibited in the peak collapse load level of the structure, which clearly shows this trend. Fig.
12 shows the correlation between SEA and Favg of the foam-filled double tube at different
stages of deformation for the different cases under investigation. It is observed that varying
both impactor speed and mass have a good correlation (R2
= 0.91) in the kinetic energy value
constant.
Figure 12 Correlation of SEA and Favg in variation mass and speed
5. CONCLUSIONS
Simulation solutions were studied of impactor effects under axial loading. The mass (4%) has
insignificant effect compare to velocity (13.3%) of impactor. Other finding that there are good
correlation (R2
= 0.91) between SEA and Favg with constant value of kinetic energy by various
value of velocity and mass of impactor.
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
20 30 40
EA(kJ)
Velocity (m/s)

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