The relationship between emotional traits and rhythm skills

학습자중심교과교육연구
Journal of Learner-Centered Curriculum and Instruction
2010. 제10권 제3호, pp. 271-285.

The relationship between
emotional-behavioral traits and rhythm
imitation tasks in elementary school students
*
Cho Rong Won(Seoul Dangsan Elementary School)*
Hyun Ju Chong(Ewha Womans University)****

<ABSTRACT>

Current studies have raised many issues regarding children's emotional and
behavioral problems in school setting which has been increasing with time. Various
educational and therapeutic strategies are implemented to alleviate these problems by
meeting the students' needs.
In light of this, the purpose of this study was to examine if there is any
relationship between the students' emotional-behavioral traits and rhythm task
performances. A total of 100 students in 5th grade participated in the study. In order
to assess their emotional-behavioral trait, Koirean Children Behavior Check
Llist(K-CBCL) and Korean Youth Self Report (K-YSR) was administered. To assess
their rhythm task performance, Music Assessment on Cognitive,
Emotional-Behavioral Domain (MACEB) was used as an assessment tool and data
were collected in the following criteria: task completion, accuracy of imitation,
intensity, pace, and grouping skills involved in the task.
The results indicated that there were significant differences in rhythm imitation
task between internalized emotional-behavioral traits and externalized traits, in terms
of rhythm accuracy, task completion, intensity, grouping and pacing in the
performance. Results indicated that there were significant difference between the
students with internalized and externalized emotional-behavioral traits for the task
completion(t=4.47**), accuracy, (t=2.76**), intensity (t=-15.46**), and pacing(t=5.54**).
These results imply that one's musical behavior is part of the human behavior,
therefore, their rhythm performance carry certain attributes of human emotional and
behavioral traits. The results further suggest that rhythm activity can be one medium

* First author
** Corresponding author (hju@ewha.ac.kr)

272 학습자중심교과교육연구 10(3)

which can used as an efficient intervention depending on the behavioral traits.

⋆ Key words: Rhythm Imitation Performance, Emotional Behavioral
Traits, Music Assessment

Ⅰ. Introduction

It is the global interest to enhance one's emotional health to become a better
functioning person. This is also the case for the elementary school which is the
first educational institute where students learn appropriate emotional and social
skills in growing up as an agent of the society. According to the study on the
mental health of elementary school students carried out by the Seoul National
Psychiatric Team in 2006, the result showed that every one out of three have
significant emotional and behavioral problems(Seoul District of Education, 2006).
This result throws a critical agenda for the school related officials and teachers.
Emotional and behavioral issues negatively effect healthy adjustment of
students in their school setting and brings poor social skills in the relationships
with peers (Kauffman, 1993: Lee & Park, 2006). Students with these problems
lack motivation in the school work which brings attention deficit hindering their
academic achievement as well (Kim, 2006). Students' emotional and behavioral
problems are manifested in two different ways: either they are externalized or
internalized(Achenbach & Edelbrock, 1983). Some students repress and inhibit their
impulse or needs, whereas the others express and discharge them either verbally
or physically(Park, 2002).
In order to help these students in the extra-curricular setting using educational
and therapeutic strategies, various after-school programs are implemented. Among
the many programs initiated by the schools were arts programs which involved
both music and art. Because arts medium carry intrinsic attributes which deal
with human emotionality and nonverbal expression, their efficiency for working on
the emotional and behavior problems were shown to be evident. Mason and
Chung (2001) found out that arts-oriented programs in the after-school setting
promoted students' self-esteem, social skills and leadership. These changes were
especially vivid for children who are from low-income families as they were more
vulnerable to the delinquency. Gottfredson and his colleges(2004) stated that
after-school programs were not only effective as intervention for the emotional

The relationship between emotional-behavioral traits and rhythm imitation tasks in elementary school students 273

problems, but also as the preventive strategy for the students. These findings are
also consistent with the studies by Riggs and Greenberg(2004) and Tebes and
others(2007).
With these findings arts-oriented programs are developed to integrate the
educational and therapeutic attributes of arts medium for students who have
emotional and behavioral difficulties(Haeberlin, 1990: Speck, 1991). Among the arts
media, music has been an active intervention where students sublimated their
energy which could not be ventilated elsewhere. Music programs in elementary
school setting specifically were developed and distributed for students who have
emotional and behavioral problems(Cripe, 1986: Jackson, 2003). Group music
activities and musical plays served to be a moment to interact and establish
relationships among peers(Gunsberg, 1998; Jellison, Brooks & Huck, 1990). Among
all the music activities, rhythm activity was found to be very effective for
ventilating students' repressed energy(Montello & Coons, 1998; Rickson &
Watkins, 2003; Took & Weiss, 1994).
Rhythm is the periodic succession or regular recurrent of events in time which
constitute the organization of temporal relationships (Rider, 1981). Along with this
cognitive processes of rhythm, it has also been assumed that rhythm can be
perceived in various ways, since all of the senses are capable of experiencing
rhythmic organization of sensations.
Rhythm can moderate human energy and physical activity since it has the
entrainment function, namely called as pacemaker, or timekeeper(Thaut, 1999).
Brower(1993) has found out that rhythmic task not only structures human
physical response but also cognitive skills to reproduce the beats in certain
rhythmic pattern, understanding the meter system using temporal reasoning.
Rhythm task as part of performance task, offered students to control their impulse
and strengthen their attention span, since rhythm making and imitating task
involved listening, remembering, memory retrieving, reproducing and grouping of
the beats (Lipscomb, 1996).
Grouping tasks in rhythmic and melodic patterns involve identifying part-whole
relationship in the patterns. Organizing sound elements with one another to form
a coherent whole is a high-level mental ability(Sloboda, 1985). Sorting out the
auditory information between figure and ground, and grouping or "chunking" the
message by meaningful units involves cognitive skills to comprehend the musical
units and make relationships among them. Such processing of auditory grouping


mechanism employs several Gestalt principles such as principles of proximity,
continuity, closure, and constancy (Drake, 1998; Handel, 1993; Ledahl &
Jackendoff, 1983).
According to Bruscia(1987)'s assessment profile, rhythm manifests one's energy
level. The tempo is considered berg the gauge of the energy level. According to
the theories and concepts behind this profile, performance in rhythm and melody
can be indicatives of one's affective behavior. Bruscia(1987) stated that tempo is
the indicative of the energy level: fast tempo indicating increased activity,
whereas slower tempo indicated decreased activity.
Instrument performance accompanies both cognitive and emotional ability. One's
attitude towards producing his or her own sound is good indicative of how each
of them is comfortable with expressing oneself. Those who are self-conscious
would have more passive use of the instrument, whereas those who are more
active will play the instrument with fuller sound. Therefore, a soft volume may
manifest internalized emotional tendencies, whereas the loud volume may manifest
the externalized tendencies(Chong & Duerksen, 2009).
When it comes to student's ability to complete the music tasks, it also
indicates the students' compliance to following directions and impulse
control(Boxil, 1985; Hanser, 2002). If the student has hyperactive tendencies, task
completion may be challenging. At the same time, the overall level of task
performance will indicate whether the student is able to maintain the initial tempo
with appropriate impulse control by following the musical cues.
With these findings, this study purported to examine if there is any significant
difference in the rhythm imitation performance between the students who have
internalized emotional-behavior traits and those who have externalized traits.

Ⅱ. METHOD

Participants:
A total of 104 students in 5th grade were selected to participate in the study.
They were recruited from 5 different classes with recommendations of the
teachers who were informed of the study's purpose and scope. In order to
minimize the gender difference equal number of female and male students
participated. However, in the assessment procedures, four participants did not
complete the task, therefore, their data were excluded from the analyses.


The participants did not have any developmental or clinical diagnosis. Upon the
teacher's recommendation, their parents were contacted for consent and
participants were selected accordingly upon the consent.

Procedures
In the first stage, the assessment of participatns emotional-behavioral traits
was administered. Upon the result, they were categorized into two: externalized
behavior and internalized behavior traits. Secondly, all participants had rhythm
imitation task. Each students were test individually which took about 15 minutes.
All of their rhythmic responses and playing were recorded for analysis. Lastly,
the results of the K-CBCL and K-YSR scores were analyzed along with
rhythmic performance scores for the significant differences.

Measurement Tools:
In order to assess students' emotional and behavioral traits, two kinds of
assessment tools were selected. One is administered by the parents and one by
the student.

1. Korean Children Behavior Checklist (K-CBCL)
This tool is developed by Achenbach (1991) for age 6 to 18 in order to
evaluate children's behavioral and emotional functioning, social problems and
competencies. This tool was translated into Korean namely as Korean Children
Behavior Checlist(K-CBCL) by Kyung Ja Oh, Hye Ryun Lee, Kang Yui, Hong
and Eun Hye, Ha (2007). CBCBL also comes with Youth Self Report which is
translated as Korean Youth Self Report(K-YSR).
CBCL is a standardized assessment tool which has subscales to assess
children's internalizing behavior, externalizing behavior and social, attention and
thought problems. The subscale of CBCL for internalized behavior evaluates
children direct emotions and feelings inward. Three kinds of internalizing
behaviors measured by the CBCL include somatic complaints, anxious/depressed
behavior and withdrawn behavior. Somatic problems include tired, headaches and
dizziness and complaints about stomach. Withdrawn behaviors are addressed by
questions regarding social withdrawal, shyness, staring, sulking and sadness.
Problems with anxiety/depression are identified by questions regarding crying,


fear, loneliness, nervousness, worthlessness, suspiciousness, guilt, fear and worries.
For externalizing behavior, emotional problems are directed outward into
aggressive or delinquent behavior. Delinquent externalizing behaviors assessed by
the CBCL include lying, swearing, truancy, stealing and vandalism. The CBCL
assess several types of aggressive behaviors, including arguing, screaming,
attention-seeking, teasing, demanding, threatening and displaying a temper.

2. Music Assessment on Cognitive-Emotional-Behavioral Domain (MACED)
MACED is developed by Chong & Duerksen(2009) to assess skills in cognitive,
emotional and behavioral domain using music as the assessment medium. MACED
consists of two major categories of Rhythmic Components, and Melodic
Components. Items in each section are sequenced in developmentally referring to
the comprehensive capacity of the student in mental development. For this study,
only the Rhythmic Components items were used. Rhythmic section has 15 rhythm
tasks developing from a simple rhythms and moving to more complex rhythms
based on the Bloom’s Taxonomy.
Before the main experiment, three exercise items were provided so that the
participants understand the procedure. All the items were recorded in a CD with
the tempo of 90BMP. Each item is played at the loudness of 70 decibel, and then
the participant is asked to play back.
From the reproduction task, the following measures are obtained and analyzed.
i. Task Completion: Measures the amount of items reproduced during the
assessment
ii. Accuracy: Measures the rhythmic accuracy of the temporal distances
among the beats duplicated
iii. Loudness: Measures the amount of energy put into the sound production
iv. Pacing: Measures the general tempo of the rhythm reproduction.
v. Grouping: Measures the chunking of rhythmic units with an appropriate
gestalt in order to organize the information for short-term memory.

Data Collection

The experiment took 8 weeks and the students were test individually. The data
were collected along with the experiments for four weeks. The test was carried


out in a music room with sound proof system to minimize the external sound
input. The digital roll-up drum kit was installed to the computer using USB
cable. The equipment allows the sounds played by the student to be recorded,
saved and reproduced. The data were analyzed for following criteria:
i. Task Completion: The number of items completed for rhythm imitation was
counted.
ii. Accuracy: Degree of accuracy in the rhythmic task was measured by
analyzing the difference from the item presented by counting the number of beats,
based on the temporal distances. In order to derive accuracy on this, each playing
back was recorded both audio and visual recording equipment.
iii. Loudness: The intensity of the rhythmic playing was measured. In order
to convert the intensity of the playing to the quantitative figure, TES-1352A was
used which not only gives the quantified measure of the loudness in decibel for
each beat, but also the minimum and maximum loudness for the playing of whole
item.
iv. Pacing: Consistent tempo of the rhythm was measured. In order to
measure the pacing of the rhythm task, metronome Intelli IMT-301 was used to
tract the number of beats played per minute.
v. Grouping: Participant's ability to chunk the beat into grouping was
measured as it indicates the skills for cognitively identifying the temporal gestalt.

From the K-CBCL and K-YSL, the participants' score collected to determine
their internalized and externalized emotional-behavior traits. Following this step,
the scores were analyzed using a t-test if there was any significant differences
between the two traits for the rhythmic tasks performance in terms of completion,
accuracy, loudness, pacing, and grouping.

Ⅲ. RESULTS

1. Emotional-behavioral traits of the Participants
Upon the test results, scores of each subscale for internalized and externalized
behavior are analyzed based on its t-score and the result showed that 46
participants had internalized behavior and 54 had externalized behavior. Among
the male participants, 19 had internalized behavior, and 31 had externalized
behavior, whereas for female, 27 had internal and 23 had externalized behavior


<Table 1>.

<Table 1> Number of participants with internalized and externalized behavior.

Internalized Behavior Externalized Behavior

Male 19 31

Female 27 23

Total 46 54

2. Rhythm imitation task in relation to emotional-behavioral traits.
The study examined if there was any significant difference in the rhythm
imitation performances in terms of task completion, accuracy, loudness, pacing and
grouping depending on the emotional-behavioral traits<Table 2>. For task
completion, the result showed that there was a significant difference in the task
completion between the internalized and externalized emotional-behavior traits
(p=.000). The internalized group completed more items than the externalized
groups.
Regarding the rhythmic accuracy, the result showed that there was a
significance difference as well showing that the internal group performed better
accuracy than the external group(p=.007).
For loudness criteria, the external group showed significantly higher
loudness(dB) than the internalized group (p=.000). This implied that those with
externalized emotional-behavioral traits discharge their energy in rhythm playing.
For pacing, the result showed that internalized group was able to maintain more
consistent pace with coherence to the original rhythm's pace than that of the
externalized group (p=.000).


<Table 2> Difference between behavior traits in rhythm imitation task criteria

N M SD t p
Internalized
Task Group ***
46 7.57 1.928 4.477 .000
Completion Externalized
Group 54 5.91 1.773
Internalized
Accuracy Group 46 12.07 3.422 2.768** .007
Externalized
Group 54 10.15 3.477
Internalized
Loudness Group ***
46 70.37 1.746 -15.466 .000
Externalized
Group 54 76.02 1.886
Internalized
Pacing Group 46 89.12 2.962 -5.542*** .000
Externalized
Group 54 93.61 4.764
Internalized
Grouping Group **
46 3.86 .916 2.654 .009
Externalized
Group 54 3.33 1.073

These results imply that one's musical behavior as a part of the human
behavior, manifesting certain attributes of human emotional and behavioral traits.
The results further suggest that rhythm activity can be one medium which can
used as an behavioral intervention depending on the characteristics of traits.

Ⅳ. Discussion

In this study the difference in the rhythm imitation task depending on the traits
of emotional behavioral behavior was examined. Firstly, the results showed that
musical behavior being part of human behavior, the students' coping of energy is
also manifested in the musical behavior as well. As mentioned in Choi(2005)'s
study that the externalized traits often showed low academic performance, this


study also has shown that their rhythm performance was lower than the group
who had externalized traits. Along the same line, the results of this study also
supported the findings of Kim(2003) who stated that students who have
externalized behavioral traits have negative corelation with logical and positive
problem solving skill. This was partially consistent in the result of this study as
the students with internalized traits completed higher number of rhythm imitation
task.
Secondly, this study further supported the assumption that there is some
relationship between the cognitive skills involved in the task with
emotional-behavioral traits. For example, Sarason, Shearin, Pierce & Sarason(1987)
showed that students with internalized emotional problems often accompany high
anxiety and tension which adversely effect academic performance. Likely in this
study, the students who had internalized traits showed less of task accuracy than
that of the students with externalized traits.
Third, it was very vivid that the loudness performed by the students with
externalized traits was much higher than those with internalized traits. Again, this
result is consistent with the finding of Yook(2007)'s study which stated that
those with externalized emotional-behavioral traits carry much higher level of
energy. This was certainly evident in their rhythm playing task. Furthermore this
is one implication that rhythm activity can be an efficient intervention for the
students with externalized traits. Unless their high energy is sublimated
elsewhere, it constantly effects their academic attitude and performance which
work as a vicious circle negatively influencing each other.
Along with the above statements, students with externalized traits had faster
pacing compare to those with internalized traits. As Bruscia (1987) stated that the
tempo can be considered as the gauge of the energy level, the result supported
this statement as well.
Lastly, when it comes to the grouping task, the students with internalized
behavior trait performed better which implies that unlike the externalized trait,
they use the contained energy for creating a musical output. Rhythm grouping
involves much of the cognitive skills. According to the gestalt concepts, sorting
the incoming musical information into chunks are crucial skills in learning. For
both academic and music learning, auditory and visual grouping and segregation
are important concepts.
Rhythm playing involves various skills in cognitive, emotional and behavioral


domain for task engagement and reproduction. The results of this study provided
implications of significant relationship between rhythm performance and behavioral
traits, however, it is difficult to draw any linear relationship among them as the
emotional-behavioral traits have significant qualitative attributes that can not be
quantified. Therefore, for the future studies, more feasible tools with higher
reliability to measure children's emotional-behavioral traits are needed.


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논문 접수: 2010년 10월 30일
논문 심사: 2010년 11월 15일
게재 승인: 2010년 12월 20일


아동의 정서 행동적 특성과
리듬 모방 수행력의 상관관계 연구

원초롱(서울당산초등학교)
정현주(이화여자대학교)

<국문초록>

본 연구에서는 아동의 정서행동특성에 따라 리듬모방 수행력이 어떠한 차이가
있는지를 보고자 하였다. 본 연구에는 초등학교 5학년의 일반 아동 100명을 대상
으로 실시하였으며 아동의 정서 행동적 특성을 파악하기 위하여 학부모가
‘K-CBCL' 검사를, 아동 자신이 ’K-YSR' 검사를 실시하였다. 두 번째로 ‘MACED'
의 리듬으로 아동의 리듬 모방 능력을 평가하는 개별 진단 세션을 실시하였다. 아
동의 리듬 과제 수행도, 리듬 정확도, 리듬 강도, 리듬 빠르기, 리듬 덩이짓기 수를
수치화하여 이러한 모방 수행력이 정서행동 특성과 유의미한 차이가 있는지를 분
석하였다. 마지막으로 정서 행동 검사 결과와 리듬 모방 활동에서 보인 리듬 모방
능력의 상관관계를 분석하였다.
연구 결과 아동의 정서 행동적 특성별로 우세한 리듬 모방 수행력이 각각 다르게
나타난다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 내재화 정서 행동적 특성을 보이는 아동은 외현화
정서 행동적 특성을 보이는 아동보다 리듬 과제 수행도(t=4.477***)와 리듬 정확도
(t=2.768**)에서 더 높은 점수를 나타냈다. 이에 반하여 리듬 강도(t=-15.466***)와
리듬 빠르기(t=-5.542***)에 있어서는 외현화 정서 행동적 특성을 보이는 아동이
내재화 정서 행동적 특성을 보이는 아동보다 더 높은 점수를 나타냈다. 또한 내재
화 정서 행동적 특성을 보이는 아동이 외현화 정서 행동적 특성을 보이는 아동보다
리듬 덩이짓기를 많이 하였다(t=2.654**).
본 연구에서는 아동의 내재화 또는 외현화 정서 행동 특성에 따라 리듬 모방 수
행력에 유의미한 차이가 있음을 보여주었으며 이는 음악이 인간 행동의 한 부분으
로서 아동의 정서적 상태와 행동적 특성을 충분히 반영함을 의미한다. 또한 이러한
결과는 리듬 연주가 아동의 정서 행동 진단과 행동 문제에 대한 개입 및 예방 차원
에서도 효과적인 음악활동이 될 수 있음을 시사한다.

⋆ 주제어: 리듬모방 수행, 정서 행동적 특성, 음악 측정

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