12.2 Check each of the following arguments to be sure that it contains no hidden premises and, if it is a complex argument, that all parts are expressed. Revise each, as necessary, to make the expression complete. Then evaluate the argument and decide whether it is sound. Explain your judgment. . Having great wealth is a worthy goal because it is difficult to attain and many famous people have pursued it. a. Low grades on a college transcript are a handicap in the job market, so teachers who grade harshly are doing students a disservice. b. The Bible can’t be relevant to today’s problems; it was written many centuries ago and is filled with archaic phrasing. c. It is dishonest to pretend to have knowledge one does not have, so plagiarism is more virtue than vice. d. The credit card habit promotes careless spending, particularly among young people. Therefore, credit card companies should not be permitted to issue credit cards to anyone under age 21. e. No one who ever attended this college achieved distinction after graduation. Marvin attends this college. Therefore, Marvin will not achieve distinction after graduation. f. Drug dealing should not be a crime because it does not directly harm others or force them to harm themselves. g. A mature person is self-directing, so parents who make all their children’s decisions for them are doing their offspring a disservice. h. There’s no point in attending Professor Drone’s class; all he does is lecture in a boring monotone. i. Power must be evil because it can corrupt people. j. If the theory of evolution is true, as scientific evidence overwhelmingly suggests, a human being is nothing more than an ape. k. Rock musicians are contributing to the decline of language by singing in a slurred, mumbling manner. l. If emphasis on error paralyzes effort, this college is paying my English professor to make it impossible for me to learn English. m. Nuclear power is a threat to world peace. Nuclear energy stations generate nuclear power. So nuclear energy stations are a threat to world peace. n. Lew Fairman is the best candidate for governor because he is in favor of the death penalty. o. All religious authorities are concerned about the dangers of nuclear war. All politicians are concerned about the dangers of nuclear war. Therefore, all politicians are religious authorities. p. The government should undertake a comprehensive censorship program because censorship eliminates undesirable books and films from the market. q. If the Social Security system is further weakened, the elderly will have to fear poverty. Therefore, if the Social Security system is not further weakened, the elderly will not have to fear poverty. r. Challenging other people’s opinions is a sign of intolerance, so debating courses have no place on a college campus. s. It’s ridiculous to think that there will be fewer deaths if we ban handguns. Handguns don’t kill people; people kill people. t. The antiabortionists say th.

1. 12.2
Check each of the following arguments to be sure that it
contains no hidden premises and, if it is a complex argument,
that all parts are expressed. Revise each, as necessary, to make
the expression complete. Then evaluate the argument and decide
whether it is sound. Explain your judgment.
. Having great wealth is a worthy goal because it is difficult to
attain and many famous people have pursued it.
a. Low grades on a college transcript are a handicap in the job
market, so teachers who grade harshly are doing students a
disservice.
b. The Bible can’t be relevant to today’s problems; it was
written many centuries ago and is filled with archaic phrasing.
c. It is dishonest to pretend to have knowledge one does not
have, so plagiarism is more virtue than vice.
d. The credit card habit promotes careless spending, particularly
among young people. Therefore, credit card companies should
not be permitted to issue credit cards to anyone under age 21.
e. No one who ever attended this college achieved distinction
after graduation. Marvin attends this college. Therefore, Marvin
will not achieve distinction after graduation.
f. Drug dealing should not be a crime because it does not
directly harm others or force them to harm themselves.
g. A mature person is self-directing, so parents who make all
their children’s decisions for them are doing their offspring a
disservice.

2. h. There’s no point in attending Professor Drone’s class; all he
does is lecture in a boring monotone.
i. Power must be evil because it can corrupt people.
j. If the theory of evolution is true, as scientific evidence
overwhelmingly suggests, a human being is nothing more than
an ape.
k. Rock musicians are contributing to the decline of language by
singing in a slurred, mumbling manner.
l. If emphasis on error paralyzes effort, this college is paying
my English professor to make it impossible for me to learn
English.
m. Nuclear power is a threat to world peace. Nuclear energy
stations generate nuclear power. So nuclear energy stations are
a threat to world peace.
n. Lew Fairman is the best candidate for governor because he is
in favor of the death penalty.
o. All religious authorities are concerned about the dangers of
nuclear war. All politicians are concerned about the dangers of
nuclear war. Therefore, all politicians are religious authorities.
p. The government should undertake a comprehensive
censorship program because censorship eliminates undesirable
books and films from the market.
q. If the Social Security system is further weakened, the elderly
will have to fear poverty. Therefore, if the Social Security
system is not further weakened, the elderly will not have to fear
poverty.

3. r. Challenging other people’s opinions is a sign of intolerance,
so debating courses have no place on a college campus.
s. It’s ridiculous to think that there will be fewer deaths if we
ban handguns. Handguns don’t kill people; people kill people.
t. The antiabortionists say that the fetus is human, but they have
not proved it. Therefore, they have no reasonable basis for
opposing abortion.
u. We must either defeat communism or be defeated by it. To be
defeated by communism is unthinkable. Therefore, we must
defeat communism.
v. There is no way that anyone can ever deserve to live better
than her or his neighbors, so capitalism is an immoral economic
system.
w. If an expectant mother drinks, smokes, takes drugs, or fails
to get proper rest, she may damage her unborn child. Therefore,
if an expectant mother does these things and her child is born
with a defect or ailment that can be traced to them, the mother
should face criminal charges.
x. Custom is a form of folk wisdom. In some parts of the world,
it is customary for “bride buyers” to buy (or sometimes kidnap)
young women from their parents and sell them to men looking
for wives. Even though we might find this practice distasteful,
it would be morally wrong for us to object to others’ practicing
it.
Dear respondent:
We are conducting research on impact of social, personal,
economical and structural barriers on business start-up
intentions on university students. This questionnaire is designed

4. to elicit your response. I assure that information collected
through this questionnaire will only be used for research
purpose. Your assistance is highly appreciated.
Thank you!
Part-1 (Entrepreneurial Barriers)
Use following scale to record your response
(1= Strongly Disagree) (2= Disagree) (3= Neutral)
(3=Agree) (4=Strongly Agree)
Behavioral Factors
1
I am confident that I can start and run a business successfully
1
2
3
4
5
2
I have ability to lead others towards a goal
1
2
3
4
5
3
I can and I will take risk for better future
1
2
3
4
5
4
I have ability to secure the needs and moral values of my
peers/colleagues
1
2

5. 3
4
5
5
If my family supports me financial assistance than I can take my
financial decisions independently
1
2
3
4
5
6
Uncertainties do not affect my professional aptitude
substantially.
1
2
3
4
5
Structural & Financial Factors
7
Loans and financial assistance from financial institutions are
available to students to start their business
1
2
3
4
5
8
Govt. is ambitious in providing young entrepreneurs with latest
equipment. Infrastructure and technology.
1
2
3
4
5

6. 9
Govt. has proper legislation for young entrepreneurs.
1
2
3
4
5
10
There are continuous training programs arranged by government
for new comers.
1
2
3
4
5
Economic Factors
11
Under current scenario, students are encouraged to start their
own business.
1
2
3
4
5
12
Existing industrial giants leave no room for emerging
entrepreneurs to penetrate the corporate sector
1
2
3
4
5
13
Behavior of existing businessman is positive towards young
entrepreneurs
1

7. 2
3
4
5
Social/Cultural Factors
14
Family supports me to take a step towards business start-up
1
2
3
4
5
15
My family allow me to give substantial time to business
1
2
3
4
5
16
Our socio-cultural norms are in favor of business-oriented
people
1
2
3
4
5
17
Society appreciates and encourages new ventures irrespective of
gender
1
2
3
4
5
Entrepreneurial Intentions

8. 18
I would like to choose a career as an entrepreneur.
1
2
3
4
5
19
I prefer to be an entrepreneur rather than to be an employee in a
company.
1
2
3
4
5
20
I’ll leave no stone unturned to start and run my own business.
1
2
3
4
5
21
I’m determined enough to start a business in near future.
1
2
3
4
5
Self-Efficacy
22
When I make plans, I am certain I can materialize them by
Grace of ALLAH..
1
2
3

9. 4
5
23
I am a self-reliant person.
1
2
3
4
5
24
If I can’t do a job the first time, I keep trying until I get it done.
1
2
3
4
5
25
One of my problems is that I cannot get down to work when I
should
1
2
3
4
5
26
I do not seem to be capable of dealing with numerous problems
mostly.
1
2
3
4
5
27
I avoid trying to learn new things when they look too difficult
for me.
1

10. 2
3
4
5
28
Failure just makes me try harder.
1
2
3
4
5
29
When I decide to do something, I go right to work on it
1
2
3
4
5
30
When I face something unpleasant to do, I stick to it until I
finish it
1
2
3
4
5
Locus of Control
31
When I get what I waited for, it is usually because I worked
hard for it.
1
2
3
4
5
32

11. I prefer to games involving some luck, over games requiring
pure skills.
1
2
3
4
5
33
I can learn almost anything if I set my mind to it.
1
2
3
4
5
34
My major accomplishments are entirely due to my diligence and
ability.
1
2
3
4
5
35
On any sort of exam or competition I like to know how well I
perform relative to everyone else.
1
2
3
4
5
Risk Taking
36
My friends and family are always with me, whenever I take
some initiative.
1
2

12. 3
4
5
37
I feel secure about my ability to bear risk in business.
1
2
3
4
5
38
I have a strong believe that greater risk results in greater
reward.
1
2
3
4
5
39
I have the ability to minimize the consequences of risk-taking
by planning ahead and preparing for each outcome
1
2
3
4
5
40. Demographical Information
Age
Gender
Male
Female
Degree
Bachelors

13. Masters
Semester
Specialization
Any entrepreneurs in family
Yes
No.
Personal entrepreneurial experience
Yes
No
Entrepreneurial course
Yes
No
Research Proposal: HAFIZA AROOJ IJAZ
MS-ESME: 1312
Page | 1
Department Of Economics
Research Proposal
Submitted By: Hafiza Arooj Ijaz , 1312 (MS-ESME)
Department Of Economics

14. Topic:
Entrepreneurial career intentions and external factors;
moderating role of personality traits among the technical
graduates in Pakistan.
Purpose of Research
The purpose of the research is to scrutinize the entrepreneurial
career intention of the engineering students in all over the
Pakistan. Venture creation as the increasing dominating force
motivates the current graduates; either business or the non-
business to turn out to be their own boos rather to be ordered by
someone else. This study will support us to investigate the
enthusiasm of the future entrepreneurs in the field of venture
creation as a technical graduate.
Introduction
The research is based on the thinking that the external factors
have the impact on the entrepreneurial intentions of the
technical graduates. Whereas the personality trait of self-
efficacy plying its moderating role.
Literature Review
A drastic change has been faced by the world in the recent past.
It has been witnessed that the change in the world economy,
there are abundant problems that are intensifying. Employment
level has also affected by the recent world development (Alam,
2009). One of the increasing problems is the problem of
unemployment. To hit the new earning opportunities have been
a target for not only developed but also developing countries.
And the solution searched by the world is the opportunities of
self-employment or Entrepreneurship. It brings independence,
offers greater financial returns and contributes towards
advancement of economic construction of a state. Alam (2009)
explains that entrepreneurship to economy as the horse power to
engine for the desired achievement.
This paper investigates the entrepreneurial intentions of
engineering students and the impact of External Factors like

15. Social, political and behavioral factors while social, economic
and political factors. The theory states the intentions are an
originator to entrepreneurship. The single word
entrepreneurship can be studied in various perspectives. This
exciting phenomenon includes many aspects or factors like,
personality as component of entrepreneurship (Yosuf et al.2007;
Shaver and Scott,1991; Gartner, 1988), theory of planned
behavior (Kruenger and Carsrud, 1993), education as
contributing factor of entrepreneurial behavior, (Souitaris et
al.2007; Shepherd and DeTienne, 2005; Frank and Luthje,
2004;Jo and Lee, 2006;Dyer,1996), gender impact on intention
to be an entrepreneur (Gupta et al. 2008; Welter et al. 2006;
Brush et al. 2006; Marlow and Patton, 2005;Boden and Nucci,
2000; Fay and Williams, 1993; Brush, 1992), individual’s
family background (Carr and Sequeira, 2001; Aldrich and Cliff,
2003), family and entrepreneurial inclination and experiences(
Raijman, 2001; Krueger, 1993; Shapero and Sokol, 1982).
But only few people have the ability to figure out the real
benefit of entrepreneurship. Originally these intentions are
affected by both factors either internal or external. So, to look
at the both sides of picture, one needs to study both factors. Out
of all the imagined factors either controllable by human being
or not external factors are considered as most important factor.
Amoros (2009) elaborated that external factors like, social
impact, government regulations, economic structure and other
factors also influence the startup decision. Along with that the
individual’s response has also based on his own perception and
personality. Some individuals have stable and strong ability to
handle the risk, maintain the pressure and make their best even
in worst conditions. So, personality could be another motivating
trait to spotting out the career intentions.
Out of large variety of the personality traits, self-efficacy is
considered as one of the dominating trait. The term self-efficacy
defined as the confidence of one person in his abilities and self-
perception of his abilities. (Bandura, 1989, 1997). During the
discussion of the impact of self-efficacy on entrepreneurial

16. intentions, Markham et al. (2002) originated that self-efficacy
significantly strengthen the career options, their interest in
occupations, determination in difficult situations and conditions
and personal effectiveness. Consequently, the self-efficacy
moderates the relationship, negative influence of external
factors on entrepreneurial intentions of individuals. High self-
efficacy predicts the high rate of tolerating risk and challenges
while troubles created by external factors.
Research Methodology
Questionnaires shall be distributed to the final semester
students of the engineering universities in Pakistan and their
findings shall be studied in detail. Results shall be generalized
to all engineering graduates. Questionnaires shall be structured
so that a qualitative inference can takes place.
Hypothesis:
H1 economic support positively inspires the entrepreneurial
career intentions of the students.
H2 entrepreneurial inclination of the students negatively
influenced because of the absence of social support.
H3 structural support meaningfully influences entrepreneurial
preference of students.
H4entrepreneurial intentions and external factors moderate
because of self-efficacy.
Limitations and further Implication for Research
This study covers only engineering students either female or
male. Implication of findings might be limited, as it only
applies to the graduates of the engineering universities. Sharing
of information might be another constraint for this research.
Gantt chart:
REFERENCES
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at network age population for sustainable development of

17. Bangladesh through human resource advancement, Scientific
Research & Essays. 4(11), 1260-1270.
Aldrich, H.E. & Cliff, J.E. (2003). The pervasive effects of
family on entrepreneurship: towards a family embeddedness
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Bandura, A. (1989). Human agency in social-cognitive
theory.American Psychologist, 44, 1175–1184.
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New
York: Freeman.
Boden, R. J., Jr., &Nucci, A. R. (2000).On the survival
prospects of men’s and women’s new business ventures.Journal
of Business Venturing, 15, 347–362.
Brush, C. G. (1992).Research on women business owners: Past
trends, a new perspective and future directions.Entrepreneurship
Theory and Practice,16(4), 5–30.
Brush, C. G., Carter, N. M., Gatewood, E. J., Greene, P. G., &
Hart, M. M. (2006). Growth-oriented women entrepreneurs and
their businesses: A global research perspective. Cheltenham,
UK: Edward Elgar.
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intent: A theory of Planned Behavior approach. Journal of
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Fay, M., & Williams, L. (1993).Gender bias and the availability
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Franke, N. &Luthje, C. (2004), Entrepreneurial intentions of
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Gartner, W. (1988). ‘Who is an entrepreneur? Is the wrong
question’.American Journal of Small Business, 12, 11-32.
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18. Solution
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http://www.cipe.org/publications/papers, retrieved on Aug 24,
2010.
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149–165.

19. Marlow, S., & Patton, D. (2005). All credit to men?
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Raijman, R. (2001), Determinants of entrepreneurial intentions:
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Shepherd, D.A., DeTienne, D.R. (2005).Prior knowledge,
potential financial reward, and opportunity
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566-591.
Welter, F., Smallbone, D., &Isakova, N. (2006). Enterprising
women in transition economies.Aldershot, UK: Ashgate.
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20. between psychological characteristics and entrepreneurial
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3(2), 12-19.
CompletedProposalProposal ApprovalL.RData GatheringData
AnalysisFinal DraftF.D ApprovalSubmission of
Thesis752530155000RemainingProposalProposal
ApprovalL.RData GatheringData AnalysisFinal DraftF.D
ApprovalSubmission of Thesis2575708595100100100
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