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Ceh v5 module 13 web based password cracking techniques
1.
Module XIII Web-based Password
Cracking Techniques Ethical Hacking Version 5
2.
EC-Council Copyright © by
EC-Council All Rights reserved. Reproduction is strictly prohibited Module Objective This module will familiarize you with the following: • Authentication • Authentication Mechanisms • Password Cracker • Modus Operandi of an Attacker Using Password Cracker • Operation of a Password Cracker • Classification of Attacks • Password Cracking Tools • Password Cracking Countermeasures
3.
EC-Council Copyright © by
EC-Council All Rights reserved. Reproduction is strictly prohibited Module Flow Understanding Authentication Authentication Mechanisms Password Cracker Modus Operandi of an Attacker Using Password Cracker Operating a Password Cracker Attacks - Classification Password Cracking Tools Password Cracking Countermeasures
4.
EC-Council Copyright © by
EC-Council All Rights reserved. Reproduction is strictly prohibited Authentication – Definition Authentication is the process of determining the user’s identity In private and public computer networks, authentication is commonly done through the use of login IDs and passwords Knowledge of the password is assumed to guarantee that the user is authentic Passwords can often be stolen, accidentally revealed, or forgotten due to inherent loopholes in this type of authentication
5.
EC-Council Copyright © by
EC-Council All Rights reserved. Reproduction is strictly prohibited Authentication Mechanisms HTTP Authentication • Basic Authentication • Digest Authentication Integrated Windows (NTLM) Authentication Negotiate Authentication Certificate-based Authentication Forms-based Authentication RSA Secure Token Biometrics
6.
EC-Council Copyright © by
EC-Council All Rights reserved. Reproduction is strictly prohibited HTTP Authentication There are two techniques for HTTP authentication. They are: • Basic • Digest
7.
EC-Council Copyright © by
EC-Council All Rights reserved. Reproduction is strictly prohibited Basic Authentication It is the most basic form of authentication available to web applications It begins with a client making a request to the web server for a protected resource without any authentication credentials The limitation of this protocol is that it is wide open to eavesdropping attacks The use of 128-bit SSL encryption can thwart these attacks
8.
EC-Council Copyright © by
EC-Council All Rights reserved. Reproduction is strictly prohibited Digest Authentication It is designed to provide a higher level of security vis-à-vis Basic authentication It is based on the challenge- response authentication model It is a significant improvement over Basic authentication, as it does not send the user’s cleartext password over the network
9.
EC-Council Copyright © by
EC-Council All Rights reserved. Reproduction is strictly prohibited Integrated Windows (NTLM) Authentication It uses Microsoft’s proprietary NT LAN Manager (NTLM) authentication program over HTTP It only works with Microsoft’s Internet Explorer browser and IIS web servers Integrated Windows authentication is more suitable for intranet deployment In this type of authentication, no version of the user’s password ever crosses the wire
10.
EC-Council Copyright © by
EC-Council All Rights reserved. Reproduction is strictly prohibited Negotiate Authentication It is an extension of NTLM authentication It provides Kerberos-based authentication It uses a negotiation process to decide on the level of security to be used This configuration is fairly restrictive and uncommon except on corporate intranets
11.
EC-Council Copyright © by
EC-Council All Rights reserved. Reproduction is strictly prohibited Certificate-based Authentication It uses public key cryptography and a digital certificate to authenticate a user It is considered as an implementation of two-factor authentication. In addition to something a user knows (his password), he must authenticate with a certificate A user can be tricked into accepting a spoofed certificate or a fake certificate Very few hacking tools currently support client certificates
12.
EC-Council Copyright © by
EC-Council All Rights reserved. Reproduction is strictly prohibited Forms-based Authentication It does not rely on features supported by the basic web protocols like HTTP and SSL It is a highly customizable authentication mechanism that uses a form, usually composed of HTML It is the most popular authentication technique deployed on the Internet
13.
EC-Council Copyright © by
EC-Council All Rights reserved. Reproduction is strictly prohibited Things to Avoid in Passwords Do not add a single digit or symbol before or after a word – for example, “microsoft1" Do not double up a single word – for example, “msoftmsoft" Do not simply reverse a word – for example, “tfosorcim" Do not remove the vowels – for example, “io" Key sequences that can easily be repeated – for example, “qwerty,” “asdf,” etc. Do not garble letters – for example, converting e to 3, L or i to 1, o to 0, as in "z3r0-10v3"
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EC-Council All Rights reserved. Reproduction is strictly prohibited Changing Your Password Change your password regularly, such as once a month Change your password after you return from a trip You should also change your password whenever you suspect that somebody knows it or even that they may guess it – for example, if someone stood behind you while you typed it
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EC-Council All Rights reserved. Reproduction is strictly prohibited Examples of Bad Passwords “james8" - Based on the user’s name; also, too short. “samatha" - The name of the user’s girlfriend; easy to guess “harpo" - The user’s name (Oprah) backwards “superstitious" - Listed in a dictionary " sUperStiTIous " - Just adding random capitalization doesn't make it safe. “kadhal - Listed in a Tamil foreign language dictionary “obiwan" - Listed in word lists “spicer" - Listed in a geological dictionary "qwertyuiop" - Listed in word lists
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EC-Council All Rights reserved. Reproduction is strictly prohibited The “Mary Had A Little Lamb” Formula Consider a phrase: “Mary had a little lamb. The lamb had white fleece.” 1. Consider the first letter of each word, i.e.: MHALLTLHWF 2. Every second letter of the abbreviation can be put in the lower case, i.e. MhAlLtLhWf 3. Replace “A” with “@” and “L” with “!”. Thus, a new alphanumeric password with more than eight characters will be formed 4. New Password: Mh@l!t!hWf
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EC-Council All Rights reserved. Reproduction is strictly prohibited How Hackers get hold of Passwords ? Steal it • Shoulder surfing – watching while you type the password • Retrieving the paper you wrote the password on Guess it • Simply guess the password • Psychologists say that most men use four-letter obscenities as passwords, and most women use the names of their boyfriends, husbands, or children A brute force attack • This is where every possible combination of letters, numbers, and symbols is used in an attempt to guess the password. While this is an extremely labor-intensive task, with fast, modern processors and software tools, this method is not to be underestimated. A Pentium 100 PC can typically try 200,000 combinations every second, which would mean that a six-character password containing just upper- and lower-case characters could be guessed in only 27½ hours A dictionary attack • Dictionaries with hundreds of thousands of words, as well as specialist, technical, and foreign language dictionaries are available, as are lists of thousands of words that are often used as passwords, such as "qwerty", and "abcdef”
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EC-Council All Rights reserved. Reproduction is strictly prohibited Windows XP: Remove Saved Passwords 1. Click Start & Select ->Run 2. Type "rundll32.exe keymgr.dll, KRShowKeyMgr“, the stored Usernames and Passwords are visible 3. Select -> any of the entries -> select Properties to view the existing information 4. Select-> any entries -> select Remove, to remove a saved password 5. Then, Click -> OK & thus, the account will be removed 6. After using the interface click -> Close button
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EC-Council All Rights reserved. Reproduction is strictly prohibited What is a Password Cracker? According to Maximum Security definition, “A password cracker is any program that can decrypt passwords or otherwise disable password protection” Password crackers use two primary methods to identify correct passwords: brute force and dictionary searches A password cracker may also be able to identify encrypted passwords. After retrieving the password from the computer's memory, the program may be able to decrypt it
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EC-Council All Rights reserved. Reproduction is strictly prohibited Modus Operandi of an Attacker Using Password Cracker The aim of a password cracker is mostly to obtain the root/administrator password of the target system The administrator right gives the attacker access to files and applications and can install a backdoor, such as a Trojan, for future access to the system The attacker can also install a network sniffer to sniff the internal network traffic so that he will have most of the information passed around the network After gaining root access, the attacker escalates privileges to that of the administrator In order to crack passwords efficiently, the attacker should use a system that has a greater computing power
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EC-Council All Rights reserved. Reproduction is strictly prohibited How does a Password Cracker Work? 1. To understand how a password cracker works, it is better to understand how a password generator works. Most of them use some form of cryptography 2. Crypto stems from the Greek word kryptos. Kryptos was used to describe anything that was hidden, obscured, veiled, secret, or mysterious. Graph is derived from graphia, which means writing
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EC-Council All Rights reserved. Reproduction is strictly prohibited How does a Password Cracker Work? (cont’d) 3. Cryptography is concerned with the ways in which communications and data can be encoded to prevent disclosure of their contents through eavesdropping or message interception, using codes, ciphers, and other methods, so that only certain people can see the real message 4. Distributed cracking is where the cracker runs the cracking program in parallel, on separate processors. There are a few ways to do this. One is to break the password file into pieces and crack those pieces on separate machines
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EC-Council All Rights reserved. Reproduction is strictly prohibited How does a Password Cracker Work? (cont’d) 5. The wordlist is sent through the encryption process, generally one word at a time. Rules are applied to the word and, after each application, the word is again compared to the target password (which is also encrypted). If no match occurs, the next word is sent through the process 6. In the final stage, if a match occurs, the password is then deemed cracked. The plain-text word is then piped to a file
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EC-Council All Rights reserved. Reproduction is strictly prohibited Attacks – Classification The various types of attacks that a hacker performs to crack a password are as follows: • Dictionary attack • Hybrid attack • Brute force attack
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EC-Council All Rights reserved. Reproduction is strictly prohibited Query String The query string is the extra bit of data in the URL after the question mark (?) that is used to pass variables The query string is used to transfer data between client and server Example: http://www.mail.com/mail.asp?mailbox=sue&c ompany=abc%20com Sue’s mailbox can be changed by changing the URL to: http://www.mail.com/mail.asp?mailbox=joe&c ompany=abc%20com
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EC-Council All Rights reserved. Reproduction is strictly prohibited Cookies Cookies are a popular form of session management Cookies are often used to store important fields, such as user names and account numbers All the fields can be easily modified using a program like Cookie Spy
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EC-Council All Rights reserved. Reproduction is strictly prohibited Dictionary Maker This tool can build your own dictionaries to create word lists
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EC-Council All Rights reserved. Reproduction is strictly prohibited Password Crackers Available LOphtcrack John The Ripper Brutus Obiwan Authforce Hydra Cain And Abel WebCracker Munga Bunga PassList ReadCookies.html SnadBoy WinSSLMiM RAR Gammaprog
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EC-Council All Rights reserved. Reproduction is strictly prohibited Brutus Brutus is an online or remote password cracker Brutus is used to recover valid access tokens (usually a user name and password) for a given target system
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EC-Council All Rights reserved. Reproduction is strictly prohibited Hacking Tool: Authforce Authforce is an HTTP Basic Authentication brute forcer Using various methods, it attempts to brute force user name and password pairs for a site It is used to test both the security of a site and to prove the insecurity of HTTP Basic Authentication based on the fact that users usually do not choose good passwords
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EC-Council All Rights reserved. Reproduction is strictly prohibited Hacking Tool: Hydra Supports several protocols like TELNET, FTP, HTTP, HTTPS, LDAP, SMB, SMBNT, MYSQL, REXEC, SOCKS5, VNC, POP3,IMAP, NNTP, PCNFS, ICQ, Cisco auth, Cisco enable, Cisco AAA Through the parallizing feature, this password cracker tool can be fast depending on the protocol This tool allows for rapid dictionary attacks and includes SSL support
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EC-Council All Rights reserved. Reproduction is strictly prohibited Hacking Tool: Cain & Abel Cain & Abel is a password cracking tool for Microsoft operating systems It allows easy recovery of various kinds of passwords by sniffing the network, cracking encrypted passwords using dictionary, brute force, and cryptanalysis attacks & so on It contains a feature called APR (ARP Poison Routing), which enables sniffing on switched LANs by hijacking IP traffic of multiple hosts at the same time
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EC-Council All Rights reserved. Reproduction is strictly prohibited Hacking Tool: WebCracker WebCracker is a simple tool that takes text lists of user names and passwords and uses them as dictionaries to implement Basic authentication password guessing It keys on the "HTTP 302 Object Moved" response to indicate successful guesses It will find all successful guesses given in a user name/password
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EC-Council All Rights reserved. Reproduction is strictly prohibited Hacking Tool: Munga Bunga It's a brute forcer, which uses the HTTP protocol to establish its connections
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EC-Council All Rights reserved. Reproduction is strictly prohibited Hacking Tool: PassList PassList is another character-based password generator
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EC-Council All Rights reserved. Reproduction is strictly prohibited Hacking Tool: SnadBoy http://www.snadboy.com "Snadboy Revelation" turns back the asterisk in password fields to plain text passwords
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EC-Council All Rights reserved. Reproduction is strictly prohibited Countermeasures Choose Passwords that have at least eight characters Passwords should have a combination of lower- and upper-case letters, numbers, special characters, etc. Do not use words that can be easily found in a dictionary as passwords Do not use Public information, such as social security number, credit card number, and ATM card number as passwords Never use Personal information as passwords User names and passwords should be different
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EC-Council All Rights reserved. Reproduction is strictly prohibited Countermeasures (cont’d) Managers and administrators can enhance the security of their networks by setting strong password policies. Password requirements should be built into organizational security policies Systems administrators should implement safeguards to ensure that people on their systems are using adequately strong passwords When installing new systems, make sure default passwords are changed immediately
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EC-Council All Rights reserved. Reproduction is strictly prohibited Countermeasures (cont’d) The user can use the SRP protocol. SRP is a secure password-based authentication and key-exchange protocol. It solves the problem of authenticating clients to servers securely, where the user of the client software is required to memorize a small secret (like a password) and carries no other secret information
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EC-Council All Rights reserved. Reproduction is strictly prohibited Summary Authentication is the process of checking the identity of the person claiming to be the legitimate user HTTP, NTLM, Negotiate, Certificate-based, Forms-based, and Microsoft Passport are the different types 0f authentications Password crackers use two primary methods to identify correct passwords: brute force and dictionary searches LOphtcrack, John the Ripper, Brutus, Obiwan, etc. are some of the popular password-cracking tools available today The best technique to prevent the cracking of passwords is to have passwords that are more than eight characters long and to incorporate upper- and lower-case alphanumeric, as well as special, characters into them
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