First Aid Guide for Emergencies

PERTOLONGAN CEMASPERTOLONGAN CEMAS
(FIRST AID)(FIRST AID)
DOLIDIAS MalaysiaDOLIDIAS Malaysia
No. 21, Jalan P9B/10, Presint 9, 62500 PutrajayaNo. 21, Jalan P9B/10, Presint 9, 62500 Putrajaya
Tel/Fax 03 8881 1925 . Cellphone 012 635 3070 . www.mainayaq.comTel/Fax 03 8881 1925 . Cellphone 012 635 3070 . www.mainayaq.com
Professionally coordinates by:Professionally coordinates by: Members and Affiliations:Members and Affiliations:
Disediakan oleh;Disediakan oleh;
Kpt. (KRS) Rohaidah BakarKpt. (KRS) Rohaidah Bakar

??PERTOLONGANPERTOLONGAN
CEMASCEMAS
Professionally coordinates by:Professionally coordinates by:

(1)(1) PENGENALANPENGENALAN
 Rawatan sementara waktu yangRawatan sementara waktu yang
diberikan kepada mangsa; sebelumdiberikan kepada mangsa; sebelum
tibanya bantuan perubatan.tibanya bantuan perubatan.
ProfessionallyProfessionally
coordinates by:coordinates by:
 Variasi nama:Variasi nama:
•First AidFirst Aid
•Bantu MulaBantu Mula
•Pertolongan CemasPertolongan Cemas

 Menyelamat nyawaMenyelamat nyawa
 Mengelak mangsa cedera lebih seriusMengelak mangsa cedera lebih serius
 Mengurangkan kesakitanMengurangkan kesakitan
 Menguruskan pemindahan ke hospitalMenguruskan pemindahan ke hospital
OBJEKTIFOBJEKTIF

 Sesuatu situasi kritikal yangSesuatu situasi kritikal yang
mengancam nyawamengancam nyawa
 Jika tidak diberi rawatan segera,Jika tidak diberi rawatan segera,
kesakitan mangsa menjadi lebihkesakitan mangsa menjadi lebih
serius, lebih mudarat dan mungkinserius, lebih mudarat dan mungkin
menyebabkan kematianmenyebabkan kematian
APA ITU KECEMASAN?APA ITU KECEMASAN?

 BertanggungjawabBertanggungjawab
 Berjiwa cekal, waras dan tenangBerjiwa cekal, waras dan tenang
 Mengamati prinsip keselamatan diriMengamati prinsip keselamatan diri
 Berpengetahuan dan berkeyakinanBerpengetahuan dan berkeyakinan
 TerlatihTerlatih
CIRI-CIRI SEORANG PENYELAMATCIRI-CIRI SEORANG PENYELAMAT

(2)(2) PERALATANPERALATAN
1)1) TermometerTermometer
2)2) Mangkuk EnamelMangkuk Enamel
3)3) Ubat CiumUbat Cium
4)4) AsprinAsprin
5)5) PanadolPanadol
6)6) Ubat MelepuhUbat Melepuh
7)7) Kain Pembalut LukaKain Pembalut Luka
8)8) Kain TekapKain Tekap
9)9) KapasKapas
10)10) GuntingGunting
11)11) Kain KapasKain Kapas
12)12) Pin SematPin Semat
13)13) ElastoplastElastoplast
14)14) Ubat LukaUbat Luka
15)15) Papan TuapPapan Tuap
16)16) Kain SegitigaKain Segitiga
17)17) Ubat Cuci MataUbat Cuci Mata
18)18) Pembalut BerelastikPembalut Berelastik
19)19) Pembalut PembebatPembalut Pembebat
20)20) Pembalut TerbukaPembalut Terbuka
21)21) Adesif Lekat SendiriAdesif Lekat Sendiri
ISI ‘KOTAK FIRST AID’ISI ‘KOTAK FIRST AID’

 Pembebatan digunakan untuk menutup lukaPembebatan digunakan untuk menutup luka
dan mengawal pendarahan.dan mengawal pendarahan.
(3)(3) PEMBEBATANPEMBEBATAN
&& PEMBALUTPEMBALUT
 Pembalut dilakukan untuk membantuPembalut dilakukan untuk membantu
pembebatan.pembebatan.

PEMBEBATANPEMBEBATAN
&& PEMBALUTPEMBALUT

 Pembalut Tiga SegiPembalut Tiga Segi
 Pembalut LebarPembalut Lebar
 Pembalut KecilPembalut Kecil
 Pembalut GulungPembalut Gulung
JENIS KAIN PEMBALUTJENIS KAIN PEMBALUT
&& PEMBALUTPEMBALUT

 Pembalut Tiga SegiPembalut Tiga Segi
&& PEMBALUTPEMBALUT

 Lipatan Tiga SegiLipatan Tiga Segi
&& PEMBALUTPEMBALUT

4.4. IKATAN,IKATAN,
BALUTAN &BALUTAN &
ANDUHANDUH
? Ikatan? Ikatan
? Balutan? Balutan
? Anduh? Anduh

IKATANIKATAN
Simpul SilaSimpul Sila
(4)(4) IKATAN, BALUTANIKATAN, BALUTAN &&
ANDUHANDUH

 Luka TanganLuka Tangan
 Luka DadaLuka Dada
 Luka BahuLuka Bahu
 Luka PehaLuka Peha
 Luka SikuLuka Siku
 Luka LenganLuka Lengan
 Luka LututLuka Lutut
 Luka JariLuka Jari
JENIS BALUTAN LUKAJENIS BALUTAN LUKA
ANDUHANDUH

 Balutan Luka TanganBalutan Luka Tangan
11
22 33 44
ANDUHANDUH

ANDUHANDUH

11 22
33 44
ANDUHANDUH

Luka di bahagian depanLuka di bahagian depan
 Balutan Luka DadaBalutan Luka Dada
ANDUHANDUH

 Balutan Luka DadaBalutan Luka Dada
Luka di bahagian belakangLuka di bahagian belakang
ANDUHANDUH

 BalutanBalutan
Luka BahuLuka Bahu
11
22 33
ANDUHANDUH

 Balutan Luka PehaBalutan Luka Peha
11
22
33
ANDUHANDUH

 Balutan Luka SikuBalutan Luka Siku
11
22
11 22
ANDUHANDUH

 Balutan Luka LututBalutan Luka Lutut
11 22 33
ANDUHANDUH

 Balutan Luka LenganBalutan Luka Lengan
11 22
ANDUHANDUH

 Balutan Luka JariBalutan Luka Jari
11
22
33
44
ANDUHANDUH

 Anduh BesarAnduh Besar
 Anduh KecilAnduh Kecil
 AnduhAnduh Pergelangan TanganPergelangan Tangan
 Anduh MenaikAnduh Menaik
JENIS ANDUHJENIS ANDUH
ANDUHANDUH

 Anduh BesarAnduh Besar
11
22
33
44
ANDUHANDUH

 Anduh MenaikAnduh Menaik
11 22 33
ANDUHANDUH

 Pembalut CincinPembalut Cincin
ANDUHANDUH
11 22 33

JENIS-JENIS LUKAJENIS-JENIS LUKA
1) Luka Terhiris1) Luka Terhiris
(5)(5) JENIS KEMALANGANJENIS KEMALANGAN &&
CARA RAWATANCARA RAWATAN

2) Luka Terkoyak2) Luka Terkoyak

3) Luka Tertikam / Tembus3) Luka Tertikam / Tembus

4) Luka Lebam4) Luka Lebam

5) Luka Kena Tembak5) Luka Kena Tembak

CARA MENAHAN DARAHCARA MENAHAN DARAH

6) Luka Kecil6) Luka Kecil

7) Luka di Perut7) Luka di Perut

8) Luka di Dada8) Luka di Dada

9) Pendarahan bahagian9) Pendarahan bahagian
dalam Telingadalam Telinga

 Di Malaysia terdapatDi Malaysia terdapat
141 spesis ular, di141 spesis ular, di
mana 37 daripadanyamana 37 daripadanya
adalah berbisa.adalah berbisa.
 Terbahagi kepada 21Terbahagi kepada 21
Ular Laut dan 16 UlarUlar Laut dan 16 Ular
Darat.Darat.
4.4.PATUKAN ULARPATUKAN ULAR

1)1) Sepasang lubang bekas patukkan.Sepasang lubang bekas patukkan.
2)2) Terasa sakit yang amat pada tempat yangTerasa sakit yang amat pada tempat yang
kena patuk.kena patuk.
3)3) Bengkak dan merah di sekeliling patukkan.Bengkak dan merah di sekeliling patukkan.
4)4) Pernafasan yang tercungap-cungapPernafasan yang tercungap-cungap
5)5) Kemungkinan terhenti pernafasan.Kemungkinan terhenti pernafasan.
6)6) Berpeluh dan penglihatan berpinar-pinar.Berpeluh dan penglihatan berpinar-pinar.
SIMPTOM / TANDA AWALSIMPTOM / TANDA AWAL

 Patukan ular berbisa bergantung kepadaPatukan ular berbisa bergantung kepada
spesis, amaun racun, kedudukan danspesis, amaun racun, kedudukan dan
kedalaman patukkan.kedalaman patukkan.
 Boleh membawa kepada maut.Boleh membawa kepada maut.
 Mangsa rasa terkejut dan cemas.Mangsa rasa terkejut dan cemas.
BAHAYABAHAYA

SAIZ PATUKANSAIZ PATUKAN

KESAN PATUKANKESAN PATUKAN

Terkelar, terbakar dan melecur adalahTerkelar, terbakar dan melecur adalah
sama keadaannya.sama keadaannya.
Perbezaannya hanya dari segi tahapPerbezaannya hanya dari segi tahap
kecederaan. Kebiasaan terbakarkecederaan. Kebiasaan terbakar
melibatkan kecederaan yang lebihmelibatkan kecederaan yang lebih
serius daripada melecurserius daripada melecur..
5.5.TERKELAR, TERBAKAR DAN MELECURTERKELAR, TERBAKAR DAN MELECUR

Disebabkan terkena:Disebabkan terkena:
 Air panasAir panas
 Minyak panasMinyak panas
 Wap panasWap panas
MELECUR DAN LEBAMMELECUR DAN LEBAM
Simptom:Simptom:
 Kulit melecur danKulit melecur dan
kemerahankemerahan
 Bahagian terbakarBahagian terbakar
mengelembung danmengelembung dan
bengkak dengan cepatbengkak dengan cepat
 Sakit yang amat sangatSakit yang amat sangat

1.1. Baringkan mangsa di tempat teduh, sejukBaringkan mangsa di tempat teduh, sejuk
dan selesa.dan selesa.
2.2. Tanggalkan pakaian dan perhiasan padaTanggalkan pakaian dan perhiasan pada
anggota tercedera seperti; kasut, cincin,anggota tercedera seperti; kasut, cincin,
jam tangan, dll.jam tangan, dll.
3.3. Jika serius elakkan beri minuman danJika serius elakkan beri minuman dan
makanan.makanan.
4.4. Hantar ke hospital jika perlu.Hantar ke hospital jika perlu.

CARA RAWATAN TERBAKAR RINGANCARA RAWATAN TERBAKAR RINGAN
2211

 Renjatan elektrik bolehRenjatan elektrik boleh
menyebabkan maut,menyebabkan maut,
mungkin mereka yangmungkin mereka yang
cuba membantu turutcuba membantu turut
menemui maumenemui maut.t.
6.6.RENJATAN ELEKTRIKRENJATAN ELEKTRIK

 Matikan suis atau suis utama danMatikan suis atau suis utama dan
pastikan elektrik sudah terputus.pastikan elektrik sudah terputus.
 Menggunakan penebat untukMenggunakan penebat untuk
menyelamatkan mangsa:menyelamatkan mangsa:
1.1. Gunakan galah yang panjang dan keringGunakan galah yang panjang dan kering
2.2. Kerusi kayuKerusi kayu
3.3. Tikar getahTikar getah
4.4. Kain sal (tuala yang kering)Kain sal (tuala yang kering)
5.5. Plastik tebalPlastik tebal
6.6. Tali atau tali nylon yang keringTali atau tali nylon yang kering
LANGKAH YANG PERLU DIAMBILLANGKAH YANG PERLU DIAMBIL

CARA MENGALIH BAHAYACARA MENGALIH BAHAYA

 Sekiranya mangsa tidak bernafas,Sekiranya mangsa tidak bernafas,
pulihkan pernafasan dari mulut ke mulut.pulihkan pernafasan dari mulut ke mulut.
 Jika gagal segera lakukan CPR.Jika gagal segera lakukan CPR.
 Jika ada kesan terbakar beri rawatanJika ada kesan terbakar beri rawatan
terbakar.terbakar.
 Segerakan mangsa ke hospital.Segerakan mangsa ke hospital.

 Kecederaan tulang meliputi patah atau retakKecederaan tulang meliputi patah atau retak..
 Kemungkinan kecederaan boleh berlakuKemungkinan kecederaan boleh berlaku
disebabkan pukulan secara langsung ataudisebabkan pukulan secara langsung atau
tidak langsung, terjatuh dari bangunan yangtidak langsung, terjatuh dari bangunan yang
tinggi, tarikan otot anggota yang tertindih,tinggi, tarikan otot anggota yang tertindih,
tembakan atau perlanggaran dantembakan atau perlanggaran dan
sebagainya.sebagainya.
7.7.PATAH & TERSELIUHPATAH & TERSELIUH

Patah tebu Patah kayu muda
JENIS-JENIS PATAHJENIS-JENIS PATAH
11 22

Patah riukPatah riuk Patah melaratPatah melarat
JENIS-JENIS PATAHJENIS-JENIS PATAH
33 44

 Lebam dan bengkakLebam dan bengkak
 Anggota tidak dapat digerakkanAnggota tidak dapat digerakkan
 Terluka atau berubah bentukTerluka atau berubah bentuk
 Tajam/berbonjol pada kulitTajam/berbonjol pada kulit
 SakitSakit
SIMPTOMSIMPTOM

BLANKET LIFT: PreparationBLANKET LIFT: Preparation

BLANKET LIFT: Rolling OnBLANKET LIFT: Rolling On

BLANKET LIFT: LiftingBLANKET LIFT: Lifting

8.8.TERCEKIKTERCEKIK

9.9.LEMAS DI AIRLEMAS DI AIR

 Lakukan pemeriksaan asas seperti,Lakukan pemeriksaan asas seperti,
periksa pernafasan dan nadi.periksa pernafasan dan nadi.
 Periksa tahap kesedaran, buka salurPeriksa tahap kesedaran, buka salur
pernafasan.pernafasan.
 Jika perlu lakukan CPR.Jika perlu lakukan CPR.
RAWATANRAWATAN

 Apa-apa bahan jikaApa-apa bahan jika
dimasukkan kedimasukkan ke
dalam kuantiti yangdalam kuantiti yang
mencukupi bolehmencukupi boleh
mengakibatkanmengakibatkan
kemudaratan.kemudaratan.
10.10.KERACUNANKERACUNAN

 Mulut – makan, minumMulut – makan, minum
 Paru-paru – sedut gas/asapParu-paru – sedut gas/asap
 Suntikan – gigitan, patukan, jarumSuntikan – gigitan, patukan, jarum
 Kulit – semburan racun perosakKulit – semburan racun perosak
PUNCA KERACUNANPUNCA KERACUNAN

1.1. Pastikan persekitaran dan diri anda selamat.Pastikan persekitaran dan diri anda selamat.
2.2. Alihkan mangsa ke tempat yang selamat.Alihkan mangsa ke tempat yang selamat.
3.3. Kesan melecur pada mulut – beri minum airKesan melecur pada mulut – beri minum air
atau susu sedikit demi sedikit.atau susu sedikit demi sedikit.
4.4. Jika sesak nafas, baringkan ke posisi koma.Jika sesak nafas, baringkan ke posisi koma.
5.5. Jika tidak sedar – lakukan ‘primary survey’.Jika tidak sedar – lakukan ‘primary survey’.
RAWATANRAWATAN

MelaluiMelalui 33 cara:cara:
1.1. Resusitasi secara hembusanResusitasi secara hembusan (mulut ke mulut)(mulut ke mulut)
2.2. Resusitasi secara tekananResusitasi secara tekanan (kardio-pulmonari)(kardio-pulmonari)
3.3. Holger NielsonHolger Nielson
TEKNIK-TEKNIKTEKNIK-TEKNIK
(6)(6) PEMULIHANPEMULIHAN
PERNAFASANPERNAFASAN

Holger NeilsonHolger Neilson11

22
Holger NeilsonHolger Neilson

Rescue BreathingRescue Breathing
 Is a way of breathing air into an unconsciousIs a way of breathing air into an unconscious
victim who is not breathing but has a pulse.victim who is not breathing but has a pulse.

CPR (on adults & large children)CPR (on adults & large children)
(see handout)(see handout)
 Giving chest compressions.Giving chest compressions.
 Position the heel of the right hand on the lower half of thePosition the heel of the right hand on the lower half of the
breast bone, right between the nipples.breast bone, right between the nipples.
 Position left hand on top of the right hand.Position left hand on top of the right hand.
 Position shoulders directly over the hands and pushPosition shoulders directly over the hands and push
straight down, pushing the breastbone down 1.5 – 2straight down, pushing the breastbone down 1.5 – 2
inches.inches.
 15 chest compressions, then 2 breaths.15 chest compressions, then 2 breaths.
 After 3 sets of 15 and 2 check for signs of circulation.After 3 sets of 15 and 2 check for signs of circulation.

RICE TreatmentRICE Treatment
 RestRest
 For 24 to 72 hrs. Longer rest may be required for severeFor 24 to 72 hrs. Longer rest may be required for severe
injuries.injuries.
 IceIce
 Apply for 20 min cycles ASAP after injury occurs. Applying coldApply for 20 min cycles ASAP after injury occurs. Applying cold
helps reduce pain, swelling and inflammation.helps reduce pain, swelling and inflammation.
 CompressionCompression
 Wrap the injury to reduce swelling. Make sure it is not tooWrap the injury to reduce swelling. Make sure it is not too
tight!tight!
 ElevationElevation
 Raise the injured part above heart level to reduce swellingRaise the injured part above heart level to reduce swelling
and drain blood and fluid from the area.and drain blood and fluid from the area.

AED (Automated ExternalAED (Automated External
DeDefibrillatorfibrillator))
 What is an automated external defibrillatorWhat is an automated external defibrillator
(AED)?(AED)?
An AED is a device about the size of a laptopAn AED is a device about the size of a laptop
computer that analyzes the heart's rhythm forcomputer that analyzes the heart's rhythm for
any abnormalities and, if necessary, directsany abnormalities and, if necessary, directs
the rescuer to deliver an electrical shock tothe rescuer to deliver an electrical shock to
the victim. This shock, called defibrillation,the victim. This shock, called defibrillation,
may help the heart to reestablish an effectivemay help the heart to reestablish an effective
rhythm of its own.rhythm of its own.

 How does an AED work?How does an AED work?
An AED is easy to operate. It uses voice prompts toAn AED is easy to operate. It uses voice prompts to
instruct the rescuer. Once the machine is turned on,instruct the rescuer. Once the machine is turned on,
the rescuer will be prompted to apply two electrodesthe rescuer will be prompted to apply two electrodes
provided with the AED to the victim's chest. Onceprovided with the AED to the victim's chest. Once
applied, the AED will begin to monitor the victim'sapplied, the AED will begin to monitor the victim's
heart rhythm. If a "shockable" rhythm is detected, theheart rhythm. If a "shockable" rhythm is detected, the
machine will charge itself and instruct the rescuer tomachine will charge itself and instruct the rescuer to
stand clear of the victim and to press the shockstand clear of the victim and to press the shock
button.button.

 AED’s are required to be in most large publicAED’s are required to be in most large public
buildings.buildings.
 Such as malls, schools, and stadiums.Such as malls, schools, and stadiums.

SplintsSplints
 A material or device used to protect andA material or device used to protect and
immobilize a body part.immobilize a body part.
 A splint should be used only if it can beA splint should be used only if it can be
applied without hurting the victim.applied without hurting the victim.
 Two Types of SplintsTwo Types of Splints
Soft splints are made from blankets, towels,Soft splints are made from blankets, towels,
sheets, or bandages.sheets, or bandages.
Rigid splints are made from rolled-up newspapersRigid splints are made from rolled-up newspapers
or boards.or boards.

Appling Splints…Appling Splints…
 Attempt to splint the injury in the position youAttempt to splint the injury in the position you
find it.find it.
 Make sure it is not too tight!Make sure it is not too tight!
 On Fractured BonesOn Fractured Bones
Must include the joint above and below the injuredMust include the joint above and below the injured
bone.bone.
 On Injured JointsOn Injured Joints
Must include the bone above and below theMust include the bone above and below the
injured joint.injured joint.

SlingsSlings
 Is a wide piece of cloth looped under anIs a wide piece of cloth looped under an
inured arm for support.inured arm for support.
 Example: Triangular BandageExample: Triangular Bandage

Treatments for CommonTreatments for Common
InjuriesInjuries

Types Bleeding WoundsTypes Bleeding Wounds
 BruiseBruise
Is a wound blood vessels cause bleeding underIs a wound blood vessels cause bleeding under
the skin.the skin.
 IncisionIncision
Is a cut caused by a sharp-edged object, such aIs a cut caused by a sharp-edged object, such a
razor, scissors, broken glass.razor, scissors, broken glass.
 LacerationLaceration
Is a cut that causes a jagged or irregular tearing ofIs a cut that causes a jagged or irregular tearing of
the skin.the skin.

Types Bleeding WoundsTypes Bleeding Wounds
 AbrasionAbrasion
 AKA a scrape, is a wound caused by rubbing or scrapingAKA a scrape, is a wound caused by rubbing or scraping
away the skin.away the skin.
 AvulsionAvulsion
 Is a wound in which skin or other body tissue is separatedIs a wound in which skin or other body tissue is separated
or completely torn away from the body.or completely torn away from the body.
 PuncturePuncture
 Is a wound produced when a pointed instrument orIs a wound produced when a pointed instrument or
projectile pierces the skin.projectile pierces the skin.
 The risk of infection is high with this type of wound.The risk of infection is high with this type of wound.

Controlling BleedingControlling Bleeding
 What is the procedure for controlling bleedingWhat is the procedure for controlling bleeding
that we covered last class?that we covered last class?

ShockShock
 Is a dangerous reduction in blood flow to theIs a dangerous reduction in blood flow to the
body tissues.body tissues.
 Signs of shock include…rapid, shallowSigns of shock include…rapid, shallow
breathing; cold, clammy skin; rapid, weakbreathing; cold, clammy skin; rapid, weak
pulse; dizziness; weakness; and fainting.pulse; dizziness; weakness; and fainting.
 What is the treatment for shock that weWhat is the treatment for shock that we
covered last class?covered last class?

FracturesFractures
 Is a break or crack in a bone.Is a break or crack in a bone.
 Two TypesTwo Types
Open FractureOpen Fracture
There is also a break in the skin.There is also a break in the skin.
Closed FractureClosed Fracture
There is no break in the skin.There is no break in the skin.
 TreatmentTreatment
Treat for bleeding and shock, splint the injury,Treat for bleeding and shock, splint the injury,
apply ice.apply ice.

DislocationsDislocations
 Is the movement of a bone away from its joint.Is the movement of a bone away from its joint.
 TreatmentTreatment
Splint above and below the dislocated joint, applySplint above and below the dislocated joint, apply
a cold compress.a cold compress.
Never try and set a dislocation!Never try and set a dislocation!

Sprains and StrainsSprains and Strains
 Sprain – is an injury to the ligaments, tendons,Sprain – is an injury to the ligaments, tendons,
and soft tissue around a joint caused byand soft tissue around a joint caused by
undue stretching.undue stretching.
 Strain – is an overstretching of muscles and/orStrain – is an overstretching of muscles and/or
tendons.tendons.
 Treatment – Apply the RICE treatment.Treatment – Apply the RICE treatment.

Weather Related InjuriesWeather Related Injuries
 Heat Cramps – are painful muscle spasms in theHeat Cramps – are painful muscle spasms in the
legs and arms due to excessive fluid loss throughlegs and arms due to excessive fluid loss through
sweating.sweating.
 Treatment – have victim rest in a cool, shaded area; drinkTreatment – have victim rest in a cool, shaded area; drink
cool water; and stretch stiff muscles.cool water; and stretch stiff muscles.
 Heat Exhaustion – is extreme tiredness due to theHeat Exhaustion – is extreme tiredness due to the
body’s inability to regulate its temperature.body’s inability to regulate its temperature.
 Treatment – have victim lie down with feet elevated in aTreatment – have victim lie down with feet elevated in a
cool, shaded area; give cool water to drink.cool, shaded area; give cool water to drink.

 Heat Stroke – is an overheating of the bodyHeat Stroke – is an overheating of the body
that is life-threatening. Sweating ceases, sothat is life-threatening. Sweating ceases, so
that the body cannot regulate its temperature.that the body cannot regulate its temperature.
Treatment – have victim lie in cool, wet towels orTreatment – have victim lie in cool, wet towels or
sheets; place ice backs near the neck, armpits,sheets; place ice backs near the neck, armpits,
and groin.and groin.

 Frostbite – is the freezing of body parts, oftenFrostbite – is the freezing of body parts, often
the tissues of the extremities.the tissues of the extremities.
Treatment – do not attempt rewarming; handle theTreatment – do not attempt rewarming; handle the
affected area carefully and try to keep it warm.affected area carefully and try to keep it warm.
 Hypothermia – is a reduction of the bodyHypothermia – is a reduction of the body
temperature so that it is lower than normal.temperature so that it is lower than normal.
Treatment – move the victim to a warmTreatment – move the victim to a warm
environment; remove any wet clothing; cover theirenvironment; remove any wet clothing; cover their
head with blankets.head with blankets.

First Aid Guide for Emergencies

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First Aid Guide for Emergencies