Women’s and Men’s Health, Infections, and Hematologic Disorders.docx

Women’s and Men’s Health, Infections, and Hematologic
Disorders
Case study
A 14-year-old female is brought to the urgent care by her
mother, who states that the girl has had an abnormal number of
bruises and “funny looking red splotches” on her legs. These
bruises were first noticed about 2 weeks ago and are not related
to trauma. PMH not remarkable and she takes no medications.
The mother does state the girl is recovering from a “bad case of
mono” and was on bedrest at home for the past 3 weeks. The
girl noticed that her gums were slightly bleeding when she
brushed her teeth that morning.
Labs at urgent care demonstrated normal hgb and hct with
normal WBC differential. Platelet count of 100,000/mm3 was
the only abnormal finding. The staff also noticed that the
venipuncture site oozed for a few minutes after pressure was
released. The doctor at urgent care referred the patient and her
mother to the ED for a complete work-up of the low platelet
count, including a peripheral blood smear for suspected immune
thrombocytopenia purpura.
Assignment (2- to 3-page case study analysis)
In your Case Study Analysis related to the scenario provided,
explain the following:
· The factors that affect fertility (STDs).
· Why inflammatory markers rise in STD/PID.
· Why prostatitis and infection happens. Also explain the causes
of systemic reaction.
· Why a patient would need a splenectomy after a diagnosis of
ITP.
· Anemia and the different kinds of anemia (i.e., micro and
macrocytic).

Introduction to Physical Science
PHS 101
Wave Motion, and Sound
Welcome to Introduction to Physical Sciences. In this week’s
lesson we will discuss heat, temperature, wave motion, and
sound.
*
Objectives Upon completion of this lesson you will be able
to:Describe the physical basis for phenomena that are unique to
waves, including interference and the Doppler effect
Upon completion of this lesson you will be able to:
Give examples of how the physical laws governing motion,
energy and heat relate to everyday happenings
Describe the physical basis for phenomena that are unique to
waves, including interference and the Doppler effect
Please go to the next slide.
*
Forces and VibrationsVibration - repetitive back and forth
motionAt the equilibrium position, spring is not
compressedWhen disturbed from equilibrium position, restoring

force acts toward equilibriumCarried by inertia past equilibrium
to other extremeExample of “simple harmonic motion”
Again, you undoubtedly have an intuitive understanding of
what the term vibration means. When something vibrates, it has
a characteristic back and forth motion that repeats over and over
again. In fact, this motion can be in any direction, and if
external forces such as friction were removed, it could continue
on indefinitely.
Let’s look more closely at vibration. Let’s consider, for
example, the string of a harp or guitar. When not being played,
the string is at its equilibrium position. When you pluck or pick
the string, you apply a force that deforms it or moves it away
from equilibrium. When you let go, the restoring force pulls it
back to equilibrium where force is now zero but the string has a
maximum velocity and inertia that carries it past resting and
beyond. The string is now stretched in the opposite direction
and the restoring force will begin to act once again. In the real
world, you note that the path the string follows will get shorter
and shorter due to frictional forces. But if you took those out of
the picture, or added additional force, the string would vibrate
indefinitely with a repeating or periodic motion.
*
Describing VibrationsVariables describing vibration
include:Amplitude Cycle Period Frequency in hertz (Hz)Period
and frequency both describe time factors and are inversely
proportional

Several variables are measured to allow quantitative description
of the motion of a vibrating mass. These variables
are:Amplitude- this is the maximum extent of displacement, or
movement, away from the equilibrium position. The greater the
displacement, the greater the amplitude.Cycle- one complete
vibration. It begins with displacement of the mass to one side,
let’s say the left, then through the complete swing over to the
right, and then back to the starting point.Period- this is the time
it takes to complete one cycle.Frequency- the number of cycles
per second which is measured in units called hertz.
Period and frequency are both variables that describe time
factors. They are related through the mathematical statement
time equals one divided by frequency. Expressed as an equation,
T equals one over f.
*
WavesWave- a disturbance that moves through a mediumCan be
caused by:Periodic motion like a vibrationPulse- single event of
short durationWaves are traveling disturbancesWaves transport
energy without transporting matter
There are two main ways that energy can be transported from
one point to another. The first is through the movement of
particles of matter. The second way is through waves. A wave is
a disturbance that moves through a medium. That medium can
be a solid, a liquid, or a gas. While the wave moves, the matter
composing the medium does not.
The best way to understand this concept is to think of a common
example. And this is one you can illustrate for yourself in your
sink or bath tub. First, fill your tub (or sink) with water. Let it

sit so that the surface is as undisturbed as possible. Now, float a
light object like a leaf or piece of paper gently on the surface.
Next, drop a penny in. As the penny strikes the water, you see a
circular wave traveling outward followed by other, concentric
waves. As this happens, watch the floating leaf or paper. It bobs
up and down on the surface, but note that it stays in one place
and does not move outward. This shows you that the water
molecules, the actual matter composing water, is staying
stationary. It is not traveling outward with the movement of the
waves.
*
Kinds of WavesLongitudinal wave- molecules of medium move
back and forth in the same direction as the waveTransverse
wave- motion of medium is perpendicular to direction of the
wave
There are two kinds of waves that differ in the pattern of motion
of the medium with respect to the direction of the wave motion.
In longitudinal waves, the molecules of the medium move back
and forth, closer together and then farther apart, in the same
direction and plane of motion as the wave. Think again of a
Slinky. This time it is stretched out on the floor with a friend
holding the other end. If you sharply push your end of the
Slinky and then draw back, a wave of compressed coils travels
along the length toward your friend. Note that each individual
coil stays in place, it is just the wave motion that travels.
In transverse wave motion, the molecules of the medium move
in a direction perpendicular to the wave motion. The surface
water waves produced by tossing a penny in your bath tub are
examples.

Gases and liquids support longitudinal wave motion. Solids can
support either.
*
Waves in AirLongitudinal waves move through air, including
sound wavesMolecules of air vibrate back and forth parallel to
direction of wave motionMove closer together and then farther
apartCondensation- regions of crowded moleculesRarefaction-
regions of widely spaced molecules
Air is a gaseous medium, and as we just discussed gas supports
longitudinal wave motion. Sound waves travel through air as
longitudinal waves.
A sound wave, or pressure wave traveling through air creates
pulses of molecular movement in which molecules alternately
move close together and then farther apart. To illustrate this,
let’s think of a tuning fork. When you strike a tuning fork on a
hard surface, its tines vibrate. As a tine vibrates outward, it
exerts pressure on nearby air molecules and crowds them
together. A wave of “crowding”, called condensation, quickly
travels outward through the air. As the tine vibrates in the
opposite direction, it causes the air molecules next to it to
spread out. A wave of “spreading out”, called rarefaction,
travels outward through the air. So the tuning for sends out
repeated pulses of condensation and rarefaction that travel
through the surrounding air. You know that these pulses are
transmitting energy. How do you know? They make your ear
drums vibrate (mechanical energy) with the result that you can
hear the sound!

*
Hearing Waves in AirRange of human hearing- 20 to 20,000
HzSound is a pressure wave that falls within this range Sound
waves converted to mechanical vibrations by tympanic
membrane (ear drum)Vibrations cause action potentials in organ
of corti in inner earTemporal lobe of brain- integrates signals as
sound
Sound waves are pressure waves traveling through air. The
human ear can hear sounds with frequencies between twenty and
twenty thousand hertz. When sound waves enter the auditory
canal, they cause the tympanic membrane to vibrate. Each pitch
of sound creates a specific intensity of vibration. The tympanic
membrane, therefore, converts the sound waves to mechanical
vibrations which are transmitted across the middle ear by the
actions of three small bones, the malleus, the incus, and the
stapes. These form a bridge across the middle ear and attach to
the oval window, the entrance to the inner ear. The inner ear is
fluid filled, and it is within the cochlea of the inner ear that the
receptors for the sense of hearing lie. These are called the organ
of corti, and are composed of fibers of increasing length. Each
fiber vibrates in response to sound of a specific pitch.
Vibrations of the oval window are transmitted to the fluid of the
cochlea, and this results in vibration of specific fibers of the
organ of corti. Each fiber, in turn, is connected to an auditory
neuron that carries information to the temporal lobe of the
brain. The auditory cortex of the brain then interprets the
signals as sound.
Other species can hear pressure waves outside our range of
hearing. You probably already know your dog can hear sounds

of much higher pitch than you can. Of particular note are
species of bats and whales that have a form of “sonar” or
“radar” that allows them to hear sounds well above the range of
human hearing.
*
Describing WavesVariables used to describe wavesWavelength-
length in which wave repeats itself, distance from peak to
peakAmplitude- displacement from rest to crest or rest to
troughFrequency- number of cycles per second Period- time for
wave to repeat itselfWave equation
Variables that are used to quantify and describe waves
include:Wavelength – this is the distance measured from one
wave peak to the next peak, or the length in which the wave
repeats itself. It is measured in distance units, usually
centimeters or meters. Wavelength is represented by the symbol
lambda.Amplitude- this is the displacement measured from rest
to crest, or from rest to trough.Frequency- the number of cycles
per second, measured in hertz.Period- this is the time for the
wave to repeat itself.
The relationship between wavelength, period, and speed is
expressed mathematically as velocity is equal to wavelength
times frequency. This is called the wave equation.
*
Sound WavesSound waves require medium for transmission

Nature of medium determines transmissionInertia of
moleculesStrength of molecular interactionVelocity of sound in
air
Sound waves require a medium for transmission from one point
to another. This medium can be a solid, liquid, or gas but not all
media have equal capabilities for transmitting sound waves.
Two main variables determine if a medium will conduct sound
efficiently. These are the inertia of the molecules of the medium
and their intermolecular attraction.
Large molecules have more inertia than small molecules, and so
substances composed of larger molecules may conduct sound
more slowly. Gases, with widely spaced molecules with low
levels of interaction may also conduct sound slowly in
comparison with media with more intermolecular contact.
Solids, as a rule, conduct sound rapidly because their molecules
are closely bound together and wave motion travels quickly
from molecule to molecule.
Dry air at zero degrees Celsius will conduct sound at the rate of
one thousand and eighty seven feet per second. The temperature
of air affects the rate of sound conduction because it affects the
kinetic energy of the air molecules. The molecules of warm air
have greater kinetic energy and therefore more molecular
motion, and so warm air conducts sound more rapidly than cool
air. For each degree Celsius increase in temperature, sound
travels 2 feet per second faster.
*
Refraction and ReflectionSound wave- spherical waves moving

out from sourceWave front- crest of each condensationWave
motion traced with wave frontsFar from source, wave front
becomes planar Boundary- division between two physical
conditionsBetween different materialsBetween same material
but different conditionsWhen wave strikes boundary, it can
be:Refracted ReflectedAbsorbed
Please go to the next slide
Please insert fig. 5.11 on pg 112
The waves that were generated by dropping a penny into your
bath tub were two-dimensional. They radiated out from the
source in a concentric circular pattern. Sound waves emanate
from a source, too, but they are three-dimensional waves and so
are described as spherical. By identifying a specific part of a
sound wave, like the crest of each condensation, you have
identified a wave front. From one crest to the next is one
wavelength. As each wave front travels farther from the source,
they begin to become more linear, or planar, and less rounded.
As they travel, waves may encounter boundaries that will affect
how they proceed. A boundary is a division between two
different physical conditions. This may be a point where one
medium adjoins a different medium as in an air-water interface,
or it could be different conditions within a single medium as in
a region of temperature change. When a wave front strikes a
boundary, three things can happen: the wave front may undergo
refraction, which is a bending that changes the direction of
travel.The wave front may undergo reflection if the wave front
is parallel to the boundary and bounce backward. If the
reflected sound mixes with additional incoming waves it
produces reverberation. If it does not mix, it causes an echo.The
wave front may be absorbed and not travel farther.
Any combination of the three may also occur.
*

InterferenceConstructive interferencePeaks and troughs of one
aligned with those of anotherEnhances Destructive
interferencePeaks of one aligned with troughs of anotherCancels
out and diminishesBeatsRegularly spaced increase and decrease
in soundBeat frequency is the difference between frequencies of
two interfering waves
When two or more waves interact, wave interference occurs.
Interference in common usage evokes a negative image, but in
wave function this is not always the case.
When two waves interact and their peaks and troughs are
aligned, peak to peak and trough to trough, this is called
constructive interference. The total wave function is enhanced,
and the waves are said to be in phase with eachother.
When two waves interact and the peaks of one are aligned with
the troughs of the other, this is destructive interference and the
waves are described as being out of phase.
Two waves that are alike in all ways except frequency can
produce regularly spaced increases and decreases in sound.
These are called beats. The frequency of the beat is the
difference between the frequencies of the individual waves.
*
Energy and SoundIntensity- energy of sound waveMeasured in
watts per square meter and proportional to square of
amplitudeLoudness is subjective perception related toThe

energy of vibrating objectConditions of the airHow far away
source isIntensity measure by decibel scaleLogarithmic scale
means simpler numbers
Intensity is a measurement of the amount of energy that is
transported through a medium at a given point per unit time.
The greater the amplitude of vibrations the faster the rate at
which energy is transmitted and the more intense the sound.
Intensity is the energy per unit time per area. Since energy per
unit time is the definition of power, we can say intensity is the
power per area. This is expressed in units of Watts per meter
squared.
Loudness of sound is related to the energy of the vibrating
object as we have just seen, and we previously discussed how
conditions of the air like temperature can affect transmission
and therefore loudness of sound. Distance is also a factor in
perception of loudness of sound. Intensity decreases the farther
away you are from the source.
*
ResonanceAll objects vibrate with characteristic frequency or
set of frequenciesCalled natural frequencyDepends on substance
and shapeWhen frequency of applied force matches the natural
frequency of the object, energy transfer is efficientCalled
resonance
When a bow is drawn over a violin string, when a guitar string
is plucked, and when a tuning fork is struck, these objects will
begin to freely vibrate at a constant frequency. This frequency
is called the natural frequency. All material objects will vibrate

at a characteristic natural frequency or group of frequencies
when sufficient force is applied in some way.
The natural frequency of vibration of an object depends upon
the substance it is composed of and its shape. The composition
of the substance determines the speed at which energy is
conducted and the shape or length affects the wavelength. For
example, a loud explosion may cause one window to shatter but
not another. Why does one break and the other not? The differ
in their natural frequency of vibration.
When the frequency of the applied force matches the natural
frequency of an object, energy is transferred very efficiently.
This situation is called resonance.
So can you really hear the ocean inside a sea shell? A romantic
notion, yes, but unfortunately what you hear is just an example
of resonance. Some noise in your environment has a natural
frequency which causes the molecules of the shell to become
disturbed and vibrate, and that’s what you hear. But it’s more
fun to pretend you are hearing the sea!
*
Sources of SoundSound produced by vibrating objectsIf
frequencies fall in range of human hearing, produces
soundRandom, irregular vibrations of multiple frequencies-
unpleasant noiseResonance of single or small set of
frequencies- musicalSounds- combinations of pure frequencies
Interestingly, we tend to think of objects that vibrate at a single
resonant frequency, or perhaps just a few resonant frequencies,
as musical and thus pleasing to the ear. A flute is an example of
an instrument that vibrates at single resonant frequencies and so
has a very pure tone. A tube vibrates at a set of resonant
frequencies and much less clarity of tone but is still pleasant to

listen to. When a stack of dishes crashes to the floor, they
vibrate at many resonant frequencies and the result is not
exactly m.usic to the ear.
The pitch of sound can change with shape or length of the
object. Here’s something you can try at home. Line up a few
plastic water or soda bottles and fill then with different amounts
of water. Blow across the top of each bottle. When you blow,
this disrupts air molecules in the column of air inside the bottle.
Vibrations are produced and you hear these as sound. Note the
differences between the tones produced between bottles. The
longer the column of air (and the less water), the lower the tone
and vice versa.
This relationship between length and pitch holds true for strings
on a harp. The shorter the string, the shorter the wavelength and
the higher the pitch.
*
Vibrating StringsVibrations in strings with fixed endsMultiple
waves present simultaneouslyWaves reflected backward at
endsReflected waves and incoming waves interactStanding
wavesProduced at resonant frequenciesCommonly called
harmonicsPoints of destructive interference- nodesPoints of
constructive interference- anti-nodes
We will now consider what happens in vibrations are generated
in strings that have fixed ends. As a wave travels along the
string, it will be reflected when it hits the fixed end. The
reflected wave then travels backward along the string. If this
reflected wave meets a second incoming wave of the same
amplitude and frequency, a standing wave will result.
A standing wave is so named because at points along the wave
pattern are nodes that appear to be standing still. These nodes

are the result of destructive interference between the reflected
wave and an incoming wave. Between the nodes are areas of
constructive interference called anti-nodes. The anti-nodal
regions rapidly alternate up and down, but do not travel along
the string.
One standing wave consists of three nodes and two anti-nodes.
They are produced at the resonant frequencies of the string
which are determined by the material the string is composed of,
the length of the string, and the tension on the string.
*
Resonance of Vibrating StringsFundamental frequency- lowest
frequency produced by an objectConsists of two nodes and one
anti-nodeHas the longest wavelength and lowest frequency
The fundamental frequency is the lowest possible frequency and
therefore the longest wavelength than an object can produce.
Let’s imagine, again, a guitar string. The longest wavelength
and lowest frequency vibration of that string would consist of
two nodes, one at each end, and a single long anti-node between
them.
When discussing musical instruments, the fundamental
frequency is called the first harmonic. The pattern produced at
this fundamental frequency, then, really looks like half of a
standard wave pattern. Remember, a standard wave pattern
starts at a node, rises to a crest, falls back to a node, then goes
down to a trough and then back up to a node: three nodes and
two anti-nodes. The fundamental frequency begins at a node,

rises to a crest, and then back to a node.
*
Sounds From Moving SourcesThe Doppler EffectChanging wave
pattern from moving sourceAs object approaches, sound has
higher frequencyAs object travels past, frequency
decreasesSupersonic speedsSound waves condense and form
burst
.
You have undoubtedly noticed how when you hear a train
whistle, a fire engine’s siren, or a jet taking off that the pitch of
sound seems to change as the object goes by. It seems to go
from a higher pitched sound to a lower pitched one as it travels
past. This is due to the Doppler effect, named after the physicist
Christian Johann Doppler who first described it.
The Doppler effect occurs when sound is emanating from a
moving source. Remember that sound waves are spherical, and
each burst of sound travels outward as a series of crests. When
you are standing in front of the source, the crests are clustered,
or bunched together so the sound will be higher pitched than if
the source was standing still. As it moves by, the crests emitted
at a new point will be more stretched out, and have a lower
pitch. This continues as the object moves on past and away.
Now, suppose the source of sound is a super sonic jet airplane.
Super sonic means moving faster than the speed of sound. If the
source of sound is moving faster than sound itself, the sound
waves literally pile up and produce one huge shock wave. This
is called a sonic boom. Years ago, military exercises produced
sonic booms across the land, but they were so disruptive that

supersonic speeds are now prohibited over inhabited areas of
the country.
*
SummaryKinetic molecular theory, molecules and molecular
interactions and movement, phases of matterTemperature and
thermometersHeat, measures of heat, specific heat, heat
flowEnergy, heat, and molecular theoryPhase change-
evaporation, condensation, relative
humidityThermodynamicsForce and elastic materialsForces and
vibrations- describing vibrationsWaves- kinds of waves, waves
in air, hearing waves in air, describing waves, refraction and
reflection, and interferenceEnergy and sound- resonance,
sources of sound, vibrating stringsSounds from moving sources
We have now reached the end of this lesson. Let’s take a look at
what we have covered.
We began our discussion by examining the kinetic molecular
theory and studying molecular interactions, molecular
movement, and the three different phases of matter; solid,
liquid, and gas.
We then turned our attention to a discussion of temperature and
how it is measured. We defined three different temperature
scales; Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin and determined how to
interconvert temperatures from one scale to another.
Next, we discussed heat, measures of heat, and defined specific
heat of matter. We looked at heat flow, and described three
mechanisms; conduction, convection, and radiation.
We then looked at the relationships between energy, heat, and
the molecular theory. We considered internal and external
energy and the ability to do work.

From there, we looked at phase changes and how they occur. We
defined evaporation, condensation, and relative humidity.
Next we discussed thermodynamics and looked at applications
of the first and second laws of thermodynamics.
After that, we examined force and elastic materials, and how
these materials are able to regain original shape after being
deformed. We related this to force and vibrations and described
characteristics that describe vibrations.
We discussed waves, how they form, and their characteristics.
We looked at waves in air and how we hear those within the
frequency range of human hearing. We examine different
sources of sound and used vibrating strings as our example.
Lastly we examined the Doppler effect and how sound from a
moving source appears to change frequency.
*

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