2. TABLE OF INFORMATION FOR 2006 and 2007
CONSTANTS AND CONVERSION FACTORS UNITS PREFIXES
1 unified atomic mass unit, 1 u = 1.66 × 10−27 kg Name Symbol Factor Prefix Symbol
9
= 931 MeV c 2 10 giga G
meter m
Proton mass, m p = 1.67 × 10−27 kg 106 mega M
kilogram kg 3
Neutron mass, mn = 1.67 × 10−27 kg 10 kilo k
second s -2
Electron mass, me = 9.11 × 10−31 kg 10 centi c
-3
Electron charge magnitude, e = 1.60 × 10−19 C ampere A 10 milli m
-6
Avogadro’s number, N 0 = 6.02 × 1023 mol−1 10 micro m
kelvin K
-9
Universal gas constant, R = 8.31 J (moli K) 10 nano n
−23
mole mol -12
Boltzmann’s constant, k B = 1.38 × 10 J/K 10 pico p
hertz Hz
Speed of light, c = 3.00 × 10 m/s8
newton N
Planck’s constant, h = 6.63 × 10−34 J is VALUES OF
−15 pascal Pa TRIGONOMETRIC
= 4.14 × 10 eVis FUNCTIONS FOR COMMON
−25 i
hc = 1.99 × 10 Jm joule J ANGLES
= 1.24 × 103 eV i nm θ sin θ cos θ tan θ
watt W
Vacuum permittivity, ⑀0 = 8.85 × 10−12 C 2 N i m 2 0 0 1 0
coulomb C
Coulomb’s law constant, k = 1 4π ⑀0 = 9.0 × 109 Nim 2 C2
volt V 30 1/2 3 /2 3 /3
Vacuum permeability, µ0 = 4π × 10−7 (T i m) A
ohm W
Magnetic constant, k ′ = µ0 /4π = 10−7 (T ⋅ m) A 37 3/5 4/5 3/4
henry H
Universal gravitational constant, G = 6.67 × 10−11 m3 kg is 2
farad F 45 2 /2 2 /2 1
Acceleration due to gravity
at Earth’s surface, g = 9.8 m s 2 tesla T 53 4/5 3/5 4/3
1 atmosphere pressure, 1 atm = 1.0 × 10 N m
5 2
degree
Celsius C 60 3 /2 1/2 3
= 1.0 × 105 Pa
1 electron volt, 1 eV = 1.60 × 10−19 J electron- 90 1 0 •
volt eV
The following conventions are used in this examination.
I. Unless otherwise stated, the frame of reference of any problem is assumed to be inertial.
II. The direction of any electric current is the direction of flow of positive charge (conventional current).
III. For any isolated electric charge, the electric potential is defined as zero at an infinite distance from the charge.
IV. For mechanics and thermodynamics equations, W represents the work done on a system.
2
3. ADVANCED PLACEMENT PHYSICS B EQUATIONS FOR 2006 and 2007
NEWTONIAN MECHANICS ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM
u = u0 + at a = acceleration 1 q1q2 A =area
F =
F = force 4 p⑀0 r 2 B =magnetic field
1 2 f = frequency C =capacitance
x = x0 + u0 t + at F
2 h = height E= d =distance
J = impulse q E =electric field
u 2 = u0 2 + 2a ( x - x0 ) K = kinetic energy e emf
=
1 q1q2
UE = qV =
k = spring constant 4 p⑀0 r F =force
 F = Fnet = ma = length I =current
V
F fric £ m N
m = mass Eavg = - =length
N = normal force d P =power
P = power q Q =charge
ac =
u2 p = momentum V =
1
4 p⑀0 Â rii q =point charge
r i
r = radius or distance R =resistance
t = r F sin q r = position vector Q r =distance
C =
T = period V t =time
p = mv t = time ⑀0 A U =potential (stored) energy
U = potential energy C = V =electric potential or
J = FDt = Dp d
u = velocity or speed potential difference
1 1
1 2 W = work done on a system Uc = QV = CV 2 u = velocity or speed
K = mu 2 2 r = resistivity
2 x = position
m = coefficient of friction DQ fm = magnetic flux
DUg = mgh I avg =
q = angle Dt
t = torque r
W = F Dr cos q R=
A
Pavg =
W V = IR
Dt
P = IV
P = Fu cos q Cp = Â Ci
i
Fs = - k x
1 1
=Â
1 2 Cs i Ci
Us = kx
2
Rs = Â Ri
i
m
Ts = 2 p 1 1
k
Rp
= ÂR
i i
Tp = 2p
g FB = qu B sin q
1 FB = BI sin q
T =
f m0 I
B=
Gm1m2 2p r
FG = - fm = BA cos q
r2
Dfm
UG = -
Gm1m2 eavg =-
r Dt
e = B u
3
4. ADVANCED PLACEMENT PHYSICS B EQUATIONS FOR 2006 and 2007
FLUID MECHANICS AND THERMAL PHYSICS WAVES AND OPTICS
P = P0 + r gh A = area u = fl d = separation
e = efficiency f = frequency or
c
Fbuoy = rVg F = force n= focal length
u
h = depth h = height
A1u1 = A2 u2 H = rate of heat transfer n 1 sin q1 = n 2 sin q2 L = distance
k = thermal conductivity n2 M = magnification
1 sin qc =
P + r gy + ru 2 = const. Kavg = average molecular n1 m = an integer
2 n = index of
kinetic energy 1 1 1
D =a + = refraction
0 DT = length si s0 f
L = thickness R = radius of
kA DT curvature
M = molar mass h s
H = M = i =- i s = distance
L n = number of moles h0 s0 u = speed
N = number of molecules
F R x = position
P= P = pressure f =
A 2 l = wavelength
Q = heat transferred to a
d sin q = ml q = angle
PV = nRT = Nk BT system
T = temperature m lL
3 U = internal energy xm ϳ
K avg = k BT d
2 V = volume
3 RT 3k B T u = velocity or speed GEOMETRY AND TRIGONOMETRY
urms = = urms = root-mean-square
M m Rectangle A= area
velocity A = bh C= circumference
W = - P DV W = work done on a system Triangle V= volume
DU = Q + W y = height 1 S = surface area
a = coefficient of linear A = bh
2 b = base
W expansion Circle
e= h = height
m = mass of molecule
QH A = pr2 = length
r = density C = 2p r w= width
TH - TC Parallelepiped r = radius
ec =
TH V = wh
Cylinder
V = pr2
ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS S = 2p r + 2p r 2
E = hf = pc E= energy Sphere
f = frequency 4
K max = hf - f V = pr3
K= kinetic energy 3
h m= mass S = 4p r 2 c
l = p = momentum Right Triangle a
p
l= wavelength q 90°
a 2 + b2 = c2
D E = ( Dm ) c 2 f= work function b
a
sin q =
c
b
cos q =
c
a
tan q =
b
4
