This document discusses Bluetooth 5.0 improvements and Wi-Fi/Bluetooth coexistence strategies. It provides an overview of Bluetooth 5.0 features such as increased range and throughput. It also describes techniques for managing interference between Wi-Fi and Bluetooth in close proximity devices, including adaptive frequency hopping, channel selection, and time-based coordination. The document aims to evaluate coexistence between the wireless standards through test case studies.

1. ZESTER
Wi-Fi/BT Test Automation
Bluetooth 5.0 Overview &
Wi-Fi/BT Coexistence Evaluations
!
2017.05.19
!
Ph.D. Hayoung Yoon
!
hyyoon@zvolti.com
This document is confidential and may be reserved. It may be read, copied and used only by the intended person. © 2016 zVolti LLC and zVolti Korea All Rights Reserved.
zVolti

2. ZESTER
Wi-Fi/BT Test Automation
This document is confidential and may be reserved. It may be read, copied and used only by the intended person. © 2016 zVolti LLC and zVolti Korea All Rights Reserved.
Contents
• About zVolti
• Bluetooth 5.0 Overview
• Wi-Fi & Bluetooth Coexistence Overview
• Design Strategy:
• Frequency Domain
• Time Domain
• Application-specific
• Testbed requirements and setup
• Case Study-1: RangeVs Rate under BT-COEX
• Case Study-2: HID QoSVariations
• Case Study-3:A2DP QoS under the WLAN roaming

3. ZESTER
Wi-Fi/BT Test Automation
This document is confidential and may be reserved. It may be read, copied and used only by the intended person. © 2016 zVolti LLC and zVolti Korea All Rights Reserved.
Company

4. ZESTER
Wi-Fi/BT Test Automation
This document is confidential and may be reserved. It may be read, copied and used only by the intended person. © 2016 zVolti LLC and zVolti Korea All Rights Reserved.
Complexity to other chan
comeback
• No additional
network inter
• Average switc
based implem
802.11b 802.11a
802.11g
802.11e
802.11n
WiFi DirectWiFi
3Q/2012
Bluetooth
miDLS
802.11b 802.11a
802.11g
802.11e
802.11n
WiFi
Direct
WiFi
Miracast
WiFi
TDLS
802.11k/r
802.11u
1Q/2017
Concurrency
802.11ac
Multi-User MIMO
Beam-forming
2x2 MIMO
Bluetooth
5.0
Bluetooth
Low Energy
Bluetooth
SINK
ANT/ANT+
MPTCP
Dual A2DP

5. ZESTER
Wi-Fi/BT Test Automation
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Typical BT-COEX Scenario
WI-Fi
Connection
ANT+
Simulation
BLE HOGP
BT HID
ANT Connection
BT HFP Headset x 2
On-demand
Actions
-Wi-Fi Scan
-Reconnections
-Roaming
-BT/BLE Scan
-Pairing-REQ
-ANT Scan
-Data RX/TX
Operations
in Background

6. ZESTER
Wi-Fi/BT Test Automation
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2.4GHz Channel Usages
March 2010 Yes! Wi-Fi and Bluetooth Can Coexist in Handheld Devices Page 5
channels in this band. Wi-Fi channels have a center frequency and are approximately 23 MHz wide, while Bluetooth channels are
only 1 MHz wide.
Figure 4: Wi-Fi and Bluetooth channel allocation.
Center Freq
(2.4xxGHz)
00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41
BTChannel 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39
1 (2.412) 6 (2.437)
2 (2.417) 7 (2.442)
3 (2.422) 8 (2.447)
4 (2.427) 9 (2.452)
5 (2.432)
WLANChannel
(center freqin
GHz)
Guard
Center Freq
(2.4xx GHz)
42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83
BTChannel 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78
6(2.437) 11(2.462)
7(2.442) 12 (2.467)
8 (2.447) 13(2.472)
9 (2.452)
5(2.432) 10 (2.457)
WLANChannel
(center freqin
GHz)
Guard
March 2010 Yes! Wi-Fi and Bluetooth Can Coexist in Handheld Devices Page 5
isolation thereof, 2) transmit power level of the Wi-Fi and Bluetooth devices, 3) flexibility of allowing simultaneous transmit and
receive activities on Wi-Fi and Bluetooth devices and 4) maximum adjacent channel rejection (ACR) of the Wi-Fi and Bluetooth
devices.
Figure 4 below depicts the channel map allocated for Wi-Fi and Bluetooth devices. There are a total of 13 Wi-Fi and 79 Bluetooth
channels in this band. Wi-Fi channels have a center frequency and are approximately 23 MHz wide, while Bluetooth channels are
only 1 MHz wide.
Figure 4: Wi-Fi and Bluetooth channel allocation.
Center Freq
(2.4xxGHz)
00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41
BTChannel 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39
1 (2.412) 6 (2.437)
2 (2.417) 7 (2.442)
3 (2.422) 8 (2.447)
4 (2.427) 9 (2.452)
5 (2.432)
WLANChannel
(center freqin
GHz)
Guard
Center Freq
(2.4xx GHz)
42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83
BTChannel 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78
6(2.437) 11(2.462)
7(2.442) 12 (2.467)
8 (2.447) 13(2.472)
9 (2.452)
5(2.432) 10 (2.457)
WLANChannel
(center freqin
GHz)
Guard
37 38 11 12 13 14 15 16
39
170 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 45 36
Bluetooth LE
Bluetooth LE
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
ZigBee
ZigBee
• Bluetooth Classic hops each channel 1600 times per sec (at 625us int.)
• Basic Channel: Pre-defined hopping sequence
• Adaptive Channel: Modified hopping sequence per interference monitored

7. ZESTER
Wi-Fi/BT Test Automation
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Bluetooth Versions: Quick Overview
Bluetooth Versions
Version Feature Description Year Mode
1 Basic Rate (BR)
Conventional Bluetooth,
low data rate
1999-2003
Classic
(Headsets, HCI
devices)
2
Enhanced Data Rate
(EDR)
Improved transmission
speed
2004-2007
3 High Speed (HS) High-speed mode 2009
4 Low Energy Low energy, IoT 2010-2014
Low Energy
(Beacons, HOGP
devices, Sensors)
5 Improvements for LE
LE: higher data rates,
extended range,
greater throughput
2016
Dual Mode?
2.1: Simple Pairing
1.2: Adaptive Frequency Hopping, eSCO
up-to 24Mbps but optional

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Wi-Fi/BT Test Automation
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Bluetooth Basics (PHY/MAC)
• Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying (GFSK) Modulation
• EDR (up to 3Mbps) - DQPSK (m) and 8DPSK
• Maximum Output Power 100mW (Class1)
• TDD (Time Division Duplex)
• Piconet (Master/Slave) - up to 7 Slaves per Master
• Master-Slave Communication Only
• Master starts transmission in even-numbered slot only
• Slave starts transmission in odd-numbered slot only

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Wi-Fi/BT Test Automation
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Bluetooth Basics (PHY/MAC)
!
• Synchronous Connection Link (SCO)
• Symmetric/Point-to-point
• Up to 3 SCO links per Piconet
• Master starts to send SCO at every Tsco in the master-
to-slave slots
• Fixed 30bytes payload
• Extended SCO (eSCO) - Ver 1.2
• Asynchronous Connection Less (ACL) link
• Exists as soon as connection established
• Packet switched link with any slave
• Up to 341 bytes payload

10. ZESTER
Wi-Fi/BT Test Automation
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Bluetooth 5.0 Improvements
• Low Energy
• Quadruple the range (LE Long Range)
• Double the speed (2 Msym/s)
• Increase data broadcasting capacity by 800% (LE Advertising Extensions)
• Advertisement Packet Offloading
• Common
• Slot Available Mask (SAM)
Drone connectivity to 750m in outdoor
More info packed into the Beacon MSG
!Low latency faster download
Connectionless packet delivery
Exchange TX/RX slot availability or otherwise to schedule better

11. ZESTER
Wi-Fi/BT Test Automation
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LE Long Range & New PHY
Three LE PHYs
PHY
Bluetooth
LE
GFSK gross data rate Coding Net data rate
LE 1M M
Nominal Frequency Deviation 250 kHz
1 Msymbols/s
Uncoded 1 Mbit/s
LE 2M OPT
Nominal Frequency Deviation 500 kHz
2 Msymbols/s
Uncoded
LE coded OPT
Nominal Frequency Deviation 250 kHz
1 Msymbols/s
H-S=8, P-S=2
H-S=8, P-S=8
500 Kbit/s
125 Kbit/s
- MAX TX Power
+10dBm +20dBm
(10 mW) (100 mW)
+ Coding (FEC) x4 Range

12. ZESTER
Wi-Fi/BT Test Automation
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LE Advertising Extensions
- Connectionless data broadcast
Compressed Audio Broadcast!
3 Adv. !
Channels
37 Data !
Channels
Indicate !
(CH, Timing Offset)
Indicate !
(CH, Timing Offset)
< 50 pps < 133.3 pps
Geo-fencing
+

13. ZESTER
Wi-Fi/BT Test Automation
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Wi-Fi and Bluetooth in a Single-chip
• Why?
• Not enough space to have both separately in a handheld form-factor
• Higher the battery utilisation efficiency
• Event better optimisation than IEEE 802.15.2-based non-collaborative approaches
WLAN
BT
Intra-chip
Handshake
Front end!
Module
Control Signals
BT TX/RX
WLAN 2.4GHz TX/RX
*Ref: Marvell WiFi Bluetooth Coexistence (2010)
How to protect BT from !
WLAN Downlink?

14. ZESTER
Wi-Fi/BT Test Automation
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Adaptive Frequency Hopping
• De facto Standard
• Since Bluetooth v1.2
• Specify only protocols (implementation specific)
• Collectively generate AFH Map to block the busy channels identified by
“Channel Assessment” at each BT device in the Pico-net
• Protect BT communications from other communication technologies
• Subsets good channels to hop out of basic channels
• Non-collaborative mechanism
BT Channels Without AFH After AFH Activated
Blocked Out

15. ZESTER
Wi-Fi/BT Test Automation
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Slot Availability Mask (SAM)
• Bluetooth 5.0 new feature
• Enabling two device to communicate within limited slots out of
1600
• Possible to schedule Frequency-Time resource along with AFH
After AFH Activated
Blocked Out
After SAM Exchange
Notavailable

16. ZESTER
Wi-Fi/BT Test AutomationWLAN Channel Skipping
Master
Piconet
Slave
0 - 15
AFH Map
16 - 31
RF Shielded
32 - 47
48 - 63
64 - 78
CH6
Master
Piconet
Slave
RF Shielded
0 - 15
AFH Map
16 - 31
32 - 47
48 - 63
64 - 78
16 - 31
32 - 47
BAD
GOOD

17. ZESTER
Wi-Fi/BT Test Automation
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Avoid Collision from WLAN Downlink (1)
PS-Poll
BT BT
ACK
DATAPacket
ACK
PS-Poll
ACK
DATAPacket
ACK
STA
AP
with a Legacy AP
Contention

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Wi-Fi/BT Test Automation
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Avoid Collision from WLAN Downlink (2)
WMMTrigger
BT BT
ACK
DATAPacket
ACK
STA
AP
with a WMM AP
DATAPacket
ACK
DATAPacket
ACK

19. ZESTER
Wi-Fi/BT Test Automation
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Avoid Collision from WLAN Downlink (3)
COEX for eSCO
eSCO (EV3: 6~8slots)
Tsco = 12 slots (7msec)
NullDataPkt
Set !
PM
NullDataPkt
Set !
PM
Resource for Wi-Fi TXOP
6~4 slots = 2.5 ~ 3.75msec
Rough computation:
to transfer 1500B pkt at 11Mbps took 1.1msec
to transfer 1500B pkt at 6Mbps took 2msec
AP Should NOT rapidly drop
link speed for STA

20. ZESTER
Wi-Fi/BT Test Automation
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CTS-to-Self
CTS-to-Self
BT BT
STA
to AP
BT
NAV (Duration)other Wi-Fi !
Entities
Duration =
Expected BT Utilisation + Guard
Effectiveness on CTS-to-Self?
…

21. ZESTER
Wi-Fi/BT Test Automation
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A2DP Quality Adaptation
• Normally for low-end devices
Master Slave
CH6
Master
A2DP (SBC-MQ)
Slave
RF ShieldedRF Shielded
A2DPBitrate(Kbps)
200
220
240
260
280
300
320
340
A2DP (SBC-HQ)
MQ
HQ
WiFi-Off
No Wi-Fi Connection
Wi-Fi Connection & Traffic
Happens either when !
BT Scan & A2DP Streaming running in parallel
MQ HQ

22. ZESTER
Wi-Fi/BT Test Automation
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Test Requirements
Pan&Tilt Setting
1
1. Connect DUT to ZESTER
- USB Micro B
2. Connect PanTilt Control Box to ZESTER
- USB type B
ZETSER
PanTilt
Control Box
2
DUT
• On the “off-the-shelf” devices
• Extensible
• Dev Assist
➡ Extensive System logs
➡ Benchmark
➡ Air-Logs
➡ System-level view and statistics
➡ User-binary tests
➡ Plug & Play
➡ Interoperability
➡ Test a case incorporate with existing H/W
➡ Export result to well-known formats
➡ Test controls from 3rd party
• Automation
➡ 7x24 overnight test
➡ Progress/Final Report
➡ Notification (Email or Push MSG)
➡ DUT failure recovery

23. ZESTER
Wi-Fi/BT Test Automation
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Conventional Approach
User Scenario
in Real Environments
Interoperability
(spec, non-spec)
RF/Protocol
/App. specific
RequiredVolume
ofTestcases
Component
Driven Test
➡ Hard to test “off-the-shelf” devices
➡ Not so expendable
➡ Almost impossible to test in real user env.
➡ Expensive to make it running in parallel

24. ZESTER
Wi-Fi/BT Test Automation
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API-Driven Test? Why?
Linux Kernel (DR/FW)
!
!
Native
!
Android
Framework
Android APP
Android APIs
Calling APIs
Custom C/C++ Code
JNI
Calling
Custom
C/C++ Code
IOCTLs
Reflection
H/W Chipset / RF
Data
I/O
• Test at User Level
• Test vertically
• Test before UI Fixed
• Test without application failure
• Test a common scenario for
different OEMs, Wi-Fi/BT
Chipsets, Different Platform
Versions
WHY?

25. ZESTER
Wi-Fi/BT Test Automation
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Reminder: MIMO Wireless System (1)
Independent Spatial Path between RX andTX
- Need “X 2TX power” to increase one bit/sec/Hz
- Need N bit/sec/Hz increased with use of N antennas
RX
TX
RX
TX
The Shannon Capacity

26. ZESTER
Wi-Fi/BT Test Automation
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Reminder: MIMO Wireless System (2)
802.11g (2.4GHz)Wireless Router
Though the multiple antenna exist, the system is SISO if only a
pair of TX/RX active at a time
20072006
RX
TX
Use one of two antennas
selectively for better SINR
And such MIMO comes since 802.11n
Multiple Antenna Installation Does
NOT Mean MIMO!

27. ZESTER
Wi-Fi/BT Test Automation
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Reminder: MIMO Wireless System (3)
MIMO: Spatial Diversity vs Spatial Multiplexing
Wider coverage and higher throughput
because it is not likely to fail all on
every available paths at the sometime
RX
TX
Spatial Diversity: Sending/Receiving Redundant Stream Spatial Multiplex: Sending/Receiving Independent Stream
ABCD…ABCD…
RX
TX
BD…AC…
ABCD… ABCD…
Complex but it is like to have multiple
TX/RX system at the same time so the
gain is high

28. ZESTER
Wi-Fi/BT Test Automation
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Rate vs Attenuation - BT Headset
Shield Env.
RF Conducted short distance
Ethernet
Traffic Generator
DUT
Signal Attenuator
Change the Attenuation Value In Time
• Field test costs a lot but
includes errors
• “Range” is replicated by signal
attenuation
Time
Attenuation(dB)
A2DP

29. ZESTER
Wi-Fi/BT Test Automation
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Wi-Fi Tput Evaluation-MIMO (1)
• WLAN Attenuation vs Wi-Fi Tput (RX)
Tput(Mbps)
0
40
80
120
160
WLAN Link Attenuation (dB)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
BT-OFF
BT-A2DP
BT-eSCO
2x2:2

30. ZESTER
Wi-Fi/BT Test Automation
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• WLAN Attenuation vs Wi-Fi Tput (TX)
Tput(Mbps)
0
40
80
120
160
WLAN Link Attenuation (dB)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
BT-OFF
BT-A2DP
BT-eSCO
Wi-Fi Tput Evaluation-MIMO (2)
2x2:2

31. ZESTER
Wi-Fi/BT Test Automation
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Wi-Fi Tput Evaluation-SISO (1)
• WLAN Attenuation vs Wi-Fi Tput (RX)
Tput(Mbps)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
WLAN Link Attenuation (dB)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
BT-OFF
BT-A2DP
BT-eSCO
1x1:1

32. ZESTER
Wi-Fi/BT Test Automation
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• WLAN Attenuation vs Wi-Fi Tput (TX)
Tput(Mbps)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
WLAN Link Attenuation (dB)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
BT-OFF
BT-A2DP
BT-eSCO
Wi-Fi Tput Evaluation-SISO (2)
1x1:1

33. ZESTER
Wi-Fi/BT Test Automation
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• WLAN Linkspeed sampled per second
Linkspeed(Mbps)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Experiment Time
4 110 216 322 428 534 640 746 852 958 1064 1170
BT-OFF
BT-A2DP
BT-eSCO
Wi-Fi Tput Evaluation-SISO (3)
Intentionally picked !
high MCS to pack WLAN !
packets in to the BT packet gaps

34. ZESTER
Wi-Fi/BT Test Automation
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Rate vs Attenuation - BT Keyboard/Mouse
Shield Env.
RF Conducted short distance
Ethernet
Traffic Generator
DUT
Signal Attenuator
Change the Attenuation Value In Time
• Field test costs a lot but
includes errors
• “Range” is replicated by signal
attenuation
Time
Attenuation(dB)
Inject Pre-defined HID events

35. ZESTER
Wi-Fi/BT Test Automation
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HID Mouse Movement Smoothness
Wi-Fi Off Wi-Fi RX-TCP/2.4GHz/CH6/Low-Q
Score: Smooth (2/8) Score: Poor (4/8)
Wi-Fi RX-TCP/2.4GHz/CH6
Score: Bad (4/8)

36. ZESTER
Wi-Fi/BT Test Automation
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A2DP QoS w.r.t Wi-Fi Link State Changes
Shield Env.
RF Conducted short distance
Ethernet
Traffic Generator
DUT
Signal Attenuator
Change the Attenuation Value In Time
• Change Attenuation Level to
emulateWi-Fi Disconnection/
Reconnection
• Observe the A2DP QoS
(MuteRate Per Sec)
Time
Attenuation(dB)
A2DP

37. ZESTER
Wi-Fi/BT Test Automation
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Summary
• Overview latest Bluetooth standard version 5.0
• Overview well-known design strategies for BT/Wi-Fi
coexistence deployed in modern BT/Wi-Fi combo chipsets
• We introduce
• A realistic testbed setup for WLAN performance and BT profile
QoS evaluations under the BT-COEX scenarios using off-the-shelf
devices
• WLAN Tput performance of MIMO Wi-Fi agains SISO Wi-Fi
• HID/A2DP QoS Evaluation with respect to the Wi-Fi status
• A2DP QoS variation with respect to the Wi-Fi Link state transition

38. This document is confidential and may be reserved. It may be read, copied and used only by the intended person. © 2016 zVolti LLC and zVolti Korea All Rights Reserved.
Thank You!
hyyoon@zvolti.com