The document discusses the nutrition transition, defined as the shift in dietary consumption and energy expenditure that accompanies economic, demographic, and epidemiological changes. It outlines the 5 stages of the nutrition transition: 1) collecting food, 2) famine, 3) receding famine, 4) nutrition-related non-communicable diseases, and 5) behavioral change. Urbanization is contributing to nutrition transitions in developing countries as diets shift toward more processed foods and a more sedentary lifestyle. This nutrition transition is creating a double burden of disease and negatively impacting health systems in developing nations.

1. Presented by:
Id: 161-34-474
162-34-519
162-34-521
162-34-524
162-34-539

2. Content
Definition
Stages of nutrition transition
Nutrition transition and Urbanization
Can we raise Output?
Nutrition transition & assessment nutritional status in children
Impact on human health
Impact on different nations

3. What is nutrition transition
Nutrition transition is the shift in
dietary consumption and energy
expenditure that coincides with
economic, demographic, and
epidemiological changes.

4. Nutrition transition cont.
a)Demographic transition
A pattern of high fertility and high mortality transforms to one of low
fertility and low mortality.
b)Epidemiological transition
It occurs, where in a shift from a pattern of high prevalence
of infectious diseases associated with malnutrition, and with periodic
famine and poor environmental sanitation, to a pattern of high
prevalence of chronic and degenerative diseases associated with
urban-industrial lifestyles is shown.

7. The Nutrition Transition’s “Stage 1:
“Collecting Food”
a)Hunter gatherers
b)High in carbohydrates and fiber and low in fat, especially saturated
fat. c)Activity patterns are very high with little obesity

8. The Nutrition Transition’s “Stage 2: “Famine”
Early agriculture and contemporary least developed areas generally
Diet becomes much less varied and subject to larger variations and periods
of acute scarcity of food
Little change in activity levels.

9. The Nutrition Transition’s “Stage 3:
“Receding Famine”
Scientific agriculture, early industrialization, and contemporary
developing areas
Consumption of fruits, vegetables, and animal protein increases, and starchy
staples become less important in the diet
Activity patterns start to shift and inactivity and leisure becomes a part of the
lives of more people

10. The Nutrition Transition’s “Stage 4: “Nutrition-
related Non-communicable Disease (NR-NCD)”
Associated with “modern” industrial lifestyles
A diet high in total fat, cholesterol, sugar, and other refined carbohydrates
and low in polyunsaturated fatty acids and fiber
Often accompanied by an increasingly sedentary life

11. The Nutrition Transition’s “Stage 5:
“Behavioral Change”
“Post-modern” industrial lifestyles
A new dietary pattern => changes in diet associated with the desire to
prevent or delay degenerative diseases and prolong health
May be associated with increased “recreational” or health related exercise

12. Is the biology different?
There is limited but strong evidence that the biology is indeed
different.
Asians, Africans and Latin Americans are more likely than whites in
the USA and Europe to have greater body fat and central fat for the
same BMI and to have a higher likelihood of experiencing CVD
outcomes.

13. Nutrition transition and Urbanization
People living in urban areas consume diets distinctly different from those of their
rural counterparts and the general shifts in their diets enhance energy and fat
density and lead to great potential for chronic disease-related health problems.
A large descriptive literature on comparisons of urban and rural diets can be
summarized as urban diets show trends toward consumption of superior grains
(e.g., rice or wheat, rather than corn or millet); more milled and polished grains
(e.g. rice, wheat); food higher in fat; more animal products; more sugar; More food
Prepared away from the home and more processed foods.

14. Nutrition transition & assessment nutritional
status
• Developing countries are undergoing economic, demographic &
nutrition transition compared to developed countries.
• Dual burden nutrition is the coexistence of under & over nutrition in
some population group, the same household, same person.
• It was common in low and middle income countries.
• The problem of over nutrition was seen in urban people

15. Impact on human health
Whereas common infectious and parasitic diseases such as malaria and the HIV/AIDS remain
major unresolved health problems in many developing countries, emerging non-communicable
diseases relating to diet and lifestyle have been increasing over the last two decades.
Thus creating a double burden of disease and impacting negatively on already over-stretched
health services in these countries.
The present review focuses on the concept of the epidemiological and nutritional transition. It
looks at historical trends in socio-economic status and lifestyle and trends in nutrition-related
non-communicable diseases over the last two decades, particularly in developing countries with
rising income levels, as well as the other extreme of poverty, chronic hunger and coping
strategies and metabolic adaptations in fetal life that predispose to non-communicable disease
risk in later life.

16. Impact on different nations
 It was once believed that current nutrition transition was endemic
only to industrialized nations like the United States, but increasing
research has indicated that not only is nutrition transition occurring
most rapidly in low- and middle-income developing countries.
 Globalization has played a large role in altering the access and
availability of foods in formerly undeveloped nations.
Demographic shifts from rural to urban areas are central to this as
well as the liberalization of food markets, global food marketing, and
the emergence of transnational food companies in developing
countries.
All these forces of globalization are creating lifestyle changes that
contribute to the nutrition transition.