POL 190 Globalization and Development Development Policies Combinations of economic policies have been used by state officials to foster growth and economic change. Most state leaders see an interest in fostering economic growth, but this is a challenge that may not be completely within the control of the leaders of developing countries. In addition, the policy measures that they take may not actually lead to the desired outcome. Development policy has been a central element in addressing the gap (in wealth, income, industry, technology, health/education, life expectancy, etc) between states. There are two broad approaches: the market/neoliberal/laissez faire, and the state-led/interventionist approaches. Note the way that these ‘schools of thought’ provide different explanations for the problems facing developing countries and opposed strategies: Policy Type Market/Neo-liberal development policy State-led/Interventionist development policy Does Economic policy matter? Yes Yes What causes development? Free markets Strong states/high-quality state interventions What causes underdevelopment? Too much state involvement Weak or poor/low-quality state intervention Main policy recommendation Reduce the state’s economic role Build the state’s economic capabilities Cases that confirm the recommended policy approach UK, US South Korea, Singapore, Japan Test case: Why has China been successful? After 1979, opening to the market has led to economic success After 1979, strong state remains active in managing China’s economy Test Case: Why has sub- Saharan African been unsuccessful? Too much state intervention, corruption Weak states, low capacity for decision making or provision good public policy Economic policy has shifted away from the state-led approach towards the market approach since the 1970s. Developing countries have made this shift in economic policy through two processes:  Being pushed/coerced by other states, global corporations and international organizations  Leaders made the decision to ‘shrink’ the state for domestic political reasons Over the last 40 years, economic policy and differences in economic growth/wealth have also been profoundly shaped by a larger process: ‘globalization’. ‘Globalization’: Basic Features  Increased Trade: States gradually eliminated barriers to trade  Increased Global Investment Flows: States eliminated barriers to investment and speculation. Firms became globally mobile/diversified  The increased power of the global corporations. Businesses organize production around global supply and manufacturing chains  Economic and social problems become ‘globalized’: environment, labor, product standards, financial risk, etc How? Historical Process of Contemporary Globalization: 1970s-2000s The modern global economy is a product of deliberate state policy actions (and is not a ‘natural’ or inevitabl.

1. POL 190 Globalization and Development
Development Policies
Combinations of economic policies have been used by state
officials to foster growth and economic
change. Most state leaders see an interest in fostering economic
growth, but this is a challenge that may
not be completely within the control of the leaders of
developing countries. In addition, the policy
measures that they take may not actually lead to the desired
outcome.
Development policy has been a central element in addressing
the gap (in wealth, income, industry,
technology, health/education, life expectancy, etc) between
states.
There are two broad approaches: the market/neoliberal/laissez
faire, and the state-led/interventionist
approaches. Note the way that these ‘schools of thought’
provide different explanations for the problems
facing developing countries and opposed strategies:
Policy Type Market/Neo-liberal
development policy
State-led/Interventionist
development policy
Does Economic policy matter? Yes

2. Yes
What causes development? Free markets Strong states/high-
quality state
interventions
What causes
underdevelopment?
Too much state involvement Weak or poor/low-quality state
intervention
Main policy recommendation Reduce the state’s economic role
Build the state’s economic
capabilities
Cases that confirm the
recommended policy approach
UK, US South Korea, Singapore, Japan
Test case: Why has China been
successful?
After 1979, opening to the market
has led to economic success
After 1979, strong state remains
active in managing China’s
economy
Test Case: Why has sub-
Saharan African been

3. unsuccessful?
Too much state intervention,
corruption
Weak states, low capacity for
decision making or provision
good public policy
Economic policy has shifted away from the state-led approach
towards the market approach since the
1970s. Developing countries have made this shift in economic
policy through two processes:
international organizations
political reasons
Over the last 40 years, economic policy and differences in
economic growth/wealth have also been
profoundly shaped by a larger process: ‘globalization’.
‘Globalization’: Basic Features
ates eliminated
barriers to investment and speculation.
Firms became globally mobile/diversified

4. organize production around global
supply and manufacturing chains
blems become ‘globalized’:
environment, labor, product standards,
financial risk, etc
How? Historical Process of Contemporary Globalization: 1970s-
2000s
The modern global economy is a product of deliberate state
policy actions (and is not a ‘natural’ or
inevitable outcome of market forces)
POL 190 Globalization and Development 2
1970s: states have largely
abandoned efforts to control the value of currencies which are
now left up to global investors
transactions: 1970s-2000s: global financial
flows become greater than global trade flows by early 1980s
have been based on a global
supply of labor and differences in regulations: lower wages and
lower regulations have attracted
higher levels of investment and industry
export/import of goods), and
communication costs (impact on services) have accelerated

5. global trade. These reductions have
been sped up by state investment in infrastructure across the
globe
alternative economic models, and towards the
adoption of relatively uniform economic policies in developed
and developing countries after 1980s.
Outcome: globalization (should) lead to Convergence
Impact of Globalization
-industrialization: global shift in
industrial process. From high cost/wage
older industrialized regions to low-cost, low regulation regions
of the world
use/demand
cross regions
Problems created by globalization
terrorism, human error.
ion of wealth and power in the hands of
corporations

6. of lower wages.
Basic Questions for the Future of Globalization
o Can the negative consequences by avoided or corrected?
o Is there a role for the state/politics? Does globalization
weaken/erode democracy?
o Is globalization a ‘race to the bottom’ (wages, standards etc
undermined by economic integration
with China, while global firms maximize profits)?
o Will social policies (e.g. those in welfare states) become
obsolete?
o Are international economic organizations the way to ‘govern’
globalization, or will they always be
just promoters of globalization?
o Is globalization sustainable? What will be the environmental
and resource cost of expanded
global production and consumption?
POL 190 Globalization and Development 3
5 EXAMPLE CASES:
The three largest ‘emerging markets’ in the era of globalization

7. (China, India, Brazil) have been important
engines driving the expansion of production, and have been the
largest targets of global investment. Has
this experience been the result of similar/common policies?
What might slow the further expansion of
these economies? Has globalization led to problems/challenges
in those countries?
China
Economy and Economic Policy setting pre-1978
-1978): Heavy industry, mixed
collective and small scale agriculture;
central planning; experimental phases in development
Globalization era: post 1978
global trade
Results
investment, rising role in global
manufacturing, trade, R&D; Capital surplus
lapse of basic socialist era safety

8. net
external markets
uring
growth
workforce
India
Basic Economic Policy: pre 1991
ion
-rural, and regional differences
policies
Globalization and India after 1991
1991
reign investment increased, rising
role in global manufacturing, and

9. services
-scale firms: Infosys, Arcelor/Mittal,
Tata
Results
-tech vs. traditional economy
-owned assets
POL 190 Globalization and Development 4
Brazil
Political Economy in Brazil pre 1990
-led industrialization (ISI policies)
Brazil and Globalization since 1990

10. Impact/Results:
ependence on agricultural
exports
Oil/Mineral Exporters: Globalization has expanded the demand
of raw materials and energy sources.
Has this had a positive or negative impact of this the
producing/exporting countries? What have been the
similarities between raw material/energy exporters?
Nigeria
Economic Policy setting
elite employed in
government. Agricultural exporter in
1960, early oil development.
Nigeria becomes net food importer. Oil
revenue contributes to corruption
-80s: neoliberal policies adopted. Little

11. positive impact
Impact of Globalization, rising demand for oil
revenue, exchange rate
te finances, provision of social
services
-oil sectors of the economy
Russia
Economic Policy since 1991
1990s: transition to a capitalist economy (elimination of the
communist economic system)
Immediate result: economic decline, collapse
of industry
state autonomy
pacity,
rising internal debt
growth/investment
Oil economy since 2001

12. global demand for oil/gas. High
growth, investment
rate
-centralization of
economic power
dustry
POL 190 Notes on Regimes: Non-Democracies 1
POL 190 Non-Democratic Regimes
Overview/Summary
• Basic Features of Non-Democratic Regimes
• Variants/Types of Non-Democratic Regimes and their
Ideologies
I. What are ‘Authoritarian’ or Non-Democratic regimes? Why
should we study them?
• Also called dictatorships, authoritarian, or autocratic regimes.
Oldest forms of government
• Basic defining feature: rule by one person (monarch, dictator),
or by a small group (elite,
party leaders, military leaders)

13. Why study non-democratic regimes?
• Still some remaining in the world today: powerful, wealthy
• A danger to democracy as a form of government
• Knowledge of their how they operate is useful for
understanding prospects for conflict, and for
change
II. How do Non-democratic regimes differ from democratic
ones?
• Greater reliance on coercion/use of force to maintain order,
punish dissent
• The selection of leadership is not open to popular choice
• Human rights abused and freedoms are generally curtailed
• Policy made without public knowledge or input, or approval
• Popular participation is limited, discouraged or punished
(except when it is channeled into
“approved” activities that validate the government and rulers)
III. What are the main variants of non-democratic regimes?
What are their defining qualities?
Scholars have identified 6 basic types: they vary in terms of:
• The level of coercion or force used to control society
• The number of players/leaders in the governing elite
Hybrid regimes or ‘quasi democracies’: e.g. ‘one-party
dominant regimes’. Embrace the label
‘democratic’, but systematic efforts to invalidate the
practice/outcome of democracy

14. • May have constitutions, rights, free press; but the same party
always wins in rigged elections and
obstacles exist to competition/opposition/dissent (e.g.
Singapore, Malaysia, Mexico until 2000,
Venezuela under Chavez? Russia under Putin?)
Theocracy
• Religious doctrine, clergy defines regime; may tolerate some
limited dissent/choice
Totalitarian regimes: 2 variants, both led by ‘mass parties’ that
argue that elite rule and ‘total control’ is
necessary for the transformation of society
• Communist regimes: “total” state control of everyday life,
identities; relies heavily on an ‘extreme
left’ ideology based on economic/historical claims: total state
ownership of the economy
• Fascist regimes: “total” state control of everyday life,
identities; relies heavily on an ‘extreme right’
ideology based on racism, cultural ‘purity’ and exclusion,
nationalism
Modernizing Authoritarian Regimes: Military Dictatorships
• Military officer/s control the state: may or may not justify
themselves. Ruling ideology:
nationalism, modernizing authoritarianism
Absolute Monarchies

15. • Rule by single family, ruling via claim to hereditary authority
(e.g. Saudi Arabia, Gulf states,
Brunei). Ruling ideology: tradition; infallibility of ruling
family; special connection/role of monarch
POL 190 Notes on Regimes: Non-Democracies 2
Personalistic Dictatorships
• A single individual rules the regime for personal/family gain.
Usually non-ideological. May use the
military for support, or may rely on family members or create a
party of followers; main feature is
the development of non-ideological personality cult and
‘patrimonial rule’ e.g. Zaire under
Mobutu; Zimbabwe under Mugabe; Haiti under the Duvaliers;
Nicaragua under the Somozas
IV. Are there General Similarities among Non-Democratic
Regimes?
Concentrated Power by Leaders
Virtually all non-democratic regimes recognize one supreme
leader (although that individual may
lead a larger governing group)
Formal institutions exist and may limit the power of supreme
leader vis-à-vis other leaders, but
there are few restrictions on the leading group’s power over

16. society
Leaders may ‘institutionalize’ politics in order to stabilize
competition, conflict
All non-democratic regimes have problems of succession
(selection of leaders)
Important Role for the Military
A key player in all authoritarian regimes: they rely on
repression; military provides it. BUT not all
regimes with a role for the military is a military regime
Monitoring/Spy networks — military and other government
groups monitor and gather intelligence
on who is opposed to the regime
Existence of a Legislatures and a Judiciary: A Legitimizing but
not governing role
Legislatures and judicial institutions may exist in non-
democracies But are restricted in what they can say
and do
Goal: attempt by elites/leaders to gain legitimacy
Most likely when regime more institutionalized: legislatures
may be allowed to operate, but there
are limitations on what they can do
Authoritarian regimes often allow some rule of law. This is
enforced most regularly for nonpolitical
cases (criminal law): partially ensuring personal safety might
lead to greater legitimacy. The
judiciary often becomes corrupt

17. Role of the Bureaucracy
All states require a bureaucracy: Question in non-democracies:
How capable and independent is the
bureaucracy?
• Usually strong, but not very independent of political
elite/leaders
• Personalistic regimes extensively undercut the bureaucracy:
result is corruption
• In Military regimes, leaders may ‘manage’ a civilian-led
bureaucracy
• Bureaucrats tend to become more corrupt as their autonomy
wanes
Elections, Parties, Civil Society organizations
Many non-democracies create institutions that superficially
resemble elections, parties, and interest
groups, BUT
• There are significant differences from democratic
parties/elections: representatives may be
powerless or pre-selected to support the regime.
• Elections may be restricted or heavily corrupt
• The goal of the regime: bolster legitimacy and provide ‘safe’
participation outlets
Importance of Patron-Client relationships
Non-democracies are characterized by a extensive corruption
via ‘patron-client’ ties: networks that link the
ruling elites/leaders to groups and individuals in society.
Rulers divide people into those with (and

18. without) access to jobs, connections, resources, etc.
POL 190 Notes on Regimes: Non-Democracies 3
Access to resources, power, influence can only come through a
‘patron’. Creates conditions for
‘divide and rule’, but it also makes the stability of the regime
dependent on the supply of
resources.
Patron-client relations are more powerful when there are weak
formal institutions (e.g.,
legislatures, parties, interest groups)
Patron-client ties discourage the organization of ‘civil society’
groups based on collective
interests. This undermines the possibility of rebellion or any
organized effort to change the
system
POL 190 Regimes: Democracies 1
POL 190 Regimes: Democracy as a Regime type
Summary/Overview
• Defining ‘Regimes’
• Types/Classification of Regime types
• Basic Features of Democratic Regimes

19. 1. What is meant by the term ‘regime’?
‘Regime’ refers to the form of government in use within a state,
the basic relationship between the state
and the people: who rules?
Rules and laws that structure government, institutions policy-
making
Practices in politics: how do rulers and people actually
interact?
Beliefs and expectations about legitimacy: what are
appropriate, acceptable actions and goals?
Why classify types of regimes?
Goal: to explain differences in the
• Control of the state: Who rules?
• Definition of rights and access to those rights
• Degree of participation in politics
• Level of conflict and order
• Policy outcomes: Who benefits?
What are the basic regime types? Democracy and Non-
Democracy
Broad definitions:
Democratic regimes:
Based on control of the state by the people (through
representatives)
Provision of broad rights as ‘citizens’
May have different arrangements of government

20. Non-Democratic regimes:
Control of the state by one person, or a small group of persons
(not acting as representatives of
the public).
Limited or very restricted citizenship rights
Wide range of actual types and ideologies justifying non-
democratic regimes
“Democracy” “Non-Democracy”
More ‘free’/most rights less/least ‘free’/few rights
Authoritarian/Autocratic/Dictatorship etc
Between the extremes of ‘Democracy’ and ‘Non-Democracy’:
• A range of complex regimes that combine elements of the two
basic types: Example:
o Weak or poorly ‘consolidated’ democracies
o Semi-authoritarian or ‘hybrid’ regimes
POL 190 Regimes: Democracies 2
2. Defining ‘Democracy’ as a regime type
Democratic Regimes are: Ruled by representatives of the
majority who are selected through a
competitive, fair and transparent process, with guaranteed
protection for all citizens and for those who
dissent, and with means for holding the representatives
accountable.

21. Unpacking the definition
Elements of the Definition How are the Elements Implemented?
Issues created by the definition
1 Ruled by representatives
of the majority
• Majority rule: but how much participation is required?
• Who selects? Need for a definition of basic
membership/citizenship
• The right to vote: at what age? Are there any
restrictions/exclusions?
• A majority, but where? Need for a physical basis for
representation (districts):
what size? How are boundaries created?
2 ….who are selected
through a competitive, fair
and transparent process
• Choices for voters are essential: multiple parties (minimum of
2)
• Competitive elections: there must be a possibility of
alternatives (otherwise, what
is the point?)
• ‘Clean’ elections: an open and uniform process; recount
possible. Results must
lead to the legitimacy of office holders
• Fair campaign rules: rules for campaign finance, public
debate, access to the
media, etc

22. 3 ….with guaranteed
protection for all citizens
• Basic civil and political rights: documented in a
constitution/in law
• Guarantee of rights that are ‘functional’ for democracy: right
to vote, freedom of
speech, freedom of information, right to form/join groups
• How are they guaranteed? Need for competent , un-corrupt,
unbiased, open
access police and courts
4 … and for those who
dissent
• Protection of dissenting political views: protection of freedom
of speech,
membership in organizations, etc
• Protection of the right to protest in public
• Protection victimization/discrimination (e.g. in employment,
housing, etc.)
• Need for competent , un-corrupt, unbiased, open access police
and courts
5 …, and with means for
holding the
representatives
accountable

23. • Regular elections: regular and repeated opportunities to
replace elected officials
• Right to Recall elected officials (before next election)
• Oversight by the public: open meetings, information on
decisions/policies
• Oversight by other public agencies, elected officials (checks
and balances)
• Impartial and effective police and courts
• Independent media: objective information and analysis needed
to judge the
performance of elected representative
The Quality of a Democracy is shaped by
• Competition for power: are there authentic alternatives in
policy-making?
• Participation: is participation inclusive and extensive, or is
there low participation, or limits on
voting rights?
• Elected decision-makers are most important: decisions are
made by elected officials and
those cannot be ‘vetoed’ by unelected groups/leaders (e.g. the
military, bureaucracy, clergy)
• Policy-makers are free from external domination/influence
Note that democracy does NOT mean:
• An efficient/high growth economy and productivity
• An efficient/capable bureaucracy/administration
• A high level of order, political stability or of consensus
• An absence of regulations on society or the economy

24. POL 190 Regimes: Democracies 3
A Final Requirement for a ‘Consolidated’ democracy:
Democratic Values
What are they? Why are they important?
• Principles followed by voters and politicians: These are
usually ‘informal’ (not written in
constitutions) and guarantee the preservation of democratic
procedures and rights. Democratic
values are an informal “culture” necessary for the survival of
democracy.
• The presence of democratic rights (freedom of speech,
assembly etc) and democratic procedures
(elections, parties, etc) are not enough to sustain democracy
over time.
Examples:
• Broad principles: Cooperation, Tolerance, Compromise, Trust
(between politicians, between
voters and politicians, and between voters)
• Procedural principles: Peaceful dispute resolution; ‘winners’
not victimizing/abusing ‘losers’;
‘losers’ respecting the authority/decisions of ‘winners’
Problem Issues for ‘democratic values’:

25. • Are democratic values universal, or do they need to be taught
(if so, how)? A major question for
new democracies
• What happens if democratic values are ‘eroded’ over time
(e.g. through deep political divisions, or
apathy)?
POL 190 Quiz 1 Concepts and Study Guide
Readings for the Quiz
· Orvis/Drogus Ch. 2 Modern State pp. 36-97 [Cases: Russia,
India, UK, Brazil, Mexico, China]
· Orvis/Drogus Ch. 3 States Citizens and Regimes pp. 98-143
[Cases: Iran, Russia, China, Brazil, Mexico]
· Orvis/Drogus Ch. 8 Authoritarian Institutions pp. 398-453
[Cases: China, Iran, Nigeria]
· Acemoglu, Daron and James Robinson. 2012. “10 Reasons
Countries Fall Apart.” Foreign Policy July/August pp. 89-91
· Lampton, David. 2014. “How China is Ruled?” Foreign
Affairs January/February pp. 74-84
Concepts and Terms
· State: strong, weak, failed
· Sovereignty; internal, external
· Recognition
· Bureaucracy
· Legitimacy; types of legitimacy
· Feudal states
· Absolutism
· Peace of Westphalia
· Colonialism
· Failed states

26. · Democracy
· Accountability
· Democratic rights: political, civil, social
· Social contract
· Democratic Values
· Ideology
· Hybrid/semi-authoritarian regimes
· Totalitarian regimes
· Fascism
· Communism
· Democratic centralism
· Theocracy
· ‘Guardian Council’
· Military regimes
· Modernizing authoritarian regimes
· Personalist regimes
· ‘Problem of succession’
· Patron-Client relationships