Solution Three of the many ways pathogens can cause tissue damage.pdf

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Solution : Three of the many ways pathogens can cause tissue damage in the host are - 1)Various pathogens like virus disturb the synthesis of genetic material(DNA,RNA). in host cell. 2)Protein synthesis also affected by the pathogens due to tissue damage in host cell. 3)Pathogens during exit out of the cell affect the physical structure of the cell. =>Ways in which pathogens subvert or evade the immune system are- 1)Pathogen hide itself in cell like that immune system can not recongnize them.So in this way they inhabit the activation of immune system. 2)Pathogens deactivate many important cells of immune system which are most harmful to them..

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The equation isE = hcL where E is the energy, h is planc.pdf

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The white matter of the cerebellum is called arbor vitae which means.pdf

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The following organs are arranged from anterior to posterior as follows: clitoris, urethral orifice, vaginal orifice and anus. Woman are having higher frequency of urinary tract infections because the vaginal orifice and urethral orifice are near to each other. Thus bacteria enter into the vaginal orifice can go to urethra. Thus causing urinary tract infections. Solution The following organs are arranged from anterior to posterior as follows: clitoris, urethral orifice, vaginal orifice and anus. Woman are having higher frequency of urinary tract infections because the vaginal orifice and urethral orifice are near to each other. Thus bacteria enter into the vaginal orifice can go to urethra. Thus causing urinary tract infections..

The following organs are arranged from anterior to posterior as foll.pdf

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The Open Systems Interconnect (OSI) model has seven layers. this text describes and explains them, starting with the \'lowest\' within the hierarchy (the physical) and continuing to the \'highest\' (the application). The layers area unit stacked this way: Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical PHYSICAL LAYER The physical layer, very cheap layer of the OSI model, worries with the transmission and reception of the unstructured raw bit stream over a physical medium. It describes the electrical/optical, mechanical, and useful interfaces to the physical medium, and carries the signals for all of the upper layers. It provides: Data encoding: modifies the easy digital signal pattern (1s and 0s) employed by the computer to higher accommodate the characteristics of the physical medium, and to help in bit and frame synchronization. It determines: What signal state represents a binary one How the receiving station is aware of once a \"bit-time\" starts How the receiving station delimits a frame Physical medium attachment, accommodating varied potentialities within the medium: Will associate degree external transceiver (MAU) be accustomed connect with the medium? How many pins do the connectors have and what\'s every pin used for? Transmission technique: determines whether or not the encoded bits are transmitted by baseband (digital) or broadband (analog) signal. Physical medium transmission: transmits bits as electrical or optical signals applicable for the physical medium, and determines: What physical medium choices will be used How many volts/db ought to be accustomed represent a given signal state, employing a given physical medium DATA LINK LAYER The data link layer provides error-free transfer of information frames from one node to a different over the physical layer, permitting layers on top of it to assume just about error-free transmission over the link. To do this, the info link layer provides: Link institution and termination: establishes and terminates the logical link between 2 nodes. Frame traffic control: tells the transmittal node to \"back-off\" once no frame buffers area unit obtainable. Frame sequencing: transmits/receives frames consecutive. Frame acknowledgment: provides/expects frame acknowledgments. Detects and recovers from errors that occur within the physical layer by retransmitting non-acknowledged frames and handling duplicate frame receipt. Frame delimiting: creates and acknowledges frame boundaries. Frame error checking: checks received frames for integrity. Media access management: determines once the node \"has the right\" to use the physical medium. NETWORK LAYER The network layer controls the operation of the subnet, deciding that physical path the info ought to take supported network conditions, priority of service, and different factors. It provides: Routing: routes frames among networks. Subnet traffic control: routers (network layer intermediate systems) will instruct a causing station.

The Open Systems Interconnect (OSI) model has seven layers. this tex.pdf

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The transition in phosphorescence, from a ground singlet state to a excited triplet state is forbidden, it has a much lower probability ,i.e., a slower rate. The transition in fluorescence is singlet to singlet (allowed). Solution The transition in phosphorescence, from a ground singlet state to a excited triplet state is forbidden, it has a much lower probability ,i.e., a slower rate. The transition in fluorescence is singlet to singlet (allowed)..

The transition in phosphorescence, from a ground singlet state to a .pdf

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this is wrong the answer is 2.1 because x is small and doesnt cont.pdf

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There are four basic principles required by IMA ethical standards,viz.Integrity,credibility,competence and confidentiality.The objectivity expected from a management accountant is related to their obligation to communicate information correctly,objectively even if this information is not favourable to the requester or collegues.Management accountant must be incorrectable.Management accountants have the obligation not to communicate confedential information. In the given scenario, Mr.Steve must be confidential regarding the obligation entrusted upon him and should have communicate the findings correctly,objectively even if this not favourable Solution There are four basic principles required by IMA ethical standards,viz.Integrity,credibility,competence and confidentiality.The objectivity expected from a management accountant is related to their obligation to communicate information correctly,objectively even if this information is not favourable to the requester or collegues.Management accountant must be incorrectable.Management accountants have the obligation not to communicate confedential information. In the given scenario, Mr.Steve must be confidential regarding the obligation entrusted upon him and should have communicate the findings correctly,objectively even if this not favourable.

There are four basic principles required by IMA ethical standards,vi.pdf

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The synthesis of particular gene products is controlled by mechanisms collectively called gene regulation. In prokaryotes, some enzymes are synthesized constitutively (i.e., continuously), indicating that transcription of mRNA is constantly occurring in them. However, other enzymes are synthesized only when a need for their action arises, and when this need has been fulfilled, enzyme synthesis stops. In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, the regulation of gene expression may occur at three levels : 1. Transcription 2.Translation 3. Post-translation ( folding and processing of proteins). (i) Chromatin packing is the compression of DNA to fit into a cell for the DNA repair and for mitosis (the process of cell division in growth in which DNA replication is needed). (ii) In eukaryotes, in RNA polymerase II -dependent transcription, there are main six transcription factors are required for the initiation of transcription complex. They are TFIIA, TFIIB, TFIID, TFIIF, and TFIIH and involved in the initiation of transcription.Transcription initiation is regulated by additional proteins, known as activators and repressors and, in some cases, associated coactivators or corepressors which amend function and formation of the transcription initiation complex. (iii) Small interfering RNA or siRNA is the most commonly used RNA interference tool for inducing short-term silencing of protein-coding genes. The siRNA is a synthetic RNA duplex designed to exclusively target a particular mRNA for degradation. (iv) The ubiquitin-proteasome system is required for the degradation of intracellular proteins and thus plays a crucial regulatory role in cellular processes including cell cycle progression, differentiation, proliferation, angiogenesis and apoptosis. Solution The synthesis of particular gene products is controlled by mechanisms collectively called gene regulation. In prokaryotes, some enzymes are synthesized constitutively (i.e., continuously), indicating that transcription of mRNA is constantly occurring in them. However, other enzymes are synthesized only when a need for their action arises, and when this need has been fulfilled, enzyme synthesis stops. In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, the regulation of gene expression may occur at three levels : 1. Transcription 2.Translation 3. Post-translation ( folding and processing of proteins). (i) Chromatin packing is the compression of DNA to fit into a cell for the DNA repair and for mitosis (the process of cell division in growth in which DNA replication is needed). (ii) In eukaryotes, in RNA polymerase II -dependent transcription, there are main six transcription factors are required for the initiation of transcription complex. They are TFIIA, TFIIB, TFIID, TFIIF, and TFIIH and involved in the initiation of transcription.Transcription initiation is regulated by additional proteins, known as activators and repressors and, in some cases, associated coactivators or corepressors which amend function and formation .

The synthesis of particular gene products is controlled by mechanism.pdf

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Risk assessment is the process which - identify hazards, analyzes and evaluates the risk associated with that hazard, determines appropriate ways to eliminate or control the hazard. In practical terms, a risk assessment is a thorough look of a workplace to identify those things, situations, processes, etc that may cause harm, particularly to people. After identification is made, you evaluate how likely and severe the risk is, and then decide what measures should be in place to effectively prevent or control the harm from happening. Risk assessments are not easy and they are not meant to be. If companies could easily identify and understand all the types of risks to their business and could evaluate how to effectively mitigate those risks, then the world would be a much more boring place. Fundamentally, while there are different titles used across formal methodologies, the expected end result is still the same: to understand what risks exist to your business and have idea solid understanding of the likelihood and impact of a realized risk. Too often I see that an information technology or information security team member is assigned to conduct a risk assessment that naturally, because of their role in the organization, becomes IT focused. While there are some technology specific risks that are adequately addressed in this manner, the intent I am focusing on is an organizational risk assessment. Information security/technology teams usually do not know the business processes and will focus their efforts on specific threats and technology and then are unable to justify, in business terms, the need for new security products. On the other side of the fence, business personnel will know their processes and what data is important for them, but most likely have little knowledge of the technology supporting their processes. This can result in “risk reducing” proposals for complicated process changes that may not be needed if new technical tools can be introduced. Bringing the teams together and bridging that knowledge gap is a key action to conducting a thorough risk assessment. To solve this issue, it is best to have a team dedicated to risk management for an organization. As an organization gets bigger, it may be appropriate to have a team or, or members of a team, assigned to different business units. While this team may be charged with drafting the formal risk assessment report(s), the purpose of this team should not be to conduct the risk assessment, but to bring together the appropriate business and technical stakeholders and facilitate the risk assessment process. Whoever is responsible for facilitating the risk assessment should be able to establish with the organization that protecting data is the primary goal and that all of the people processes, hardware, software and other technology are tools used to do something with the data. Once the premise of the assessment is understood and sensitive data elements are identified, then it is time to .

Risk assessment is the process which - identify hazards, analyzes an.pdf

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Solution : We will assign letters to the first column of graphs and consecutivly to the second column of graphs. Observation: when constants add to the functions, them same they move in the axis \"y\". In addition, on having multiplied by the sign less the function, the same one it is invested with regard to the axis \"x\". a) The function is the option D. b)The function is the option F. c)The function is the option E. d)The function is the option G. e)The function is the option C. f)The function is the option B. g)The function is the option A. h)The function is the option H..

SolutionWe will assign letters to the first column of graphs and .pdf

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Legal & Political factors having significant impact on the U.S. restaurant industry – Taxes – Restaurants have a very wide impact by the tax laws and other financial regulations that include card swipe fees, food donations rules & depreciation (amortization) write offs etc. Tax credits offered, sales tax and other regulations are to be always known for any changes and its impact on business. Export & Import laws also have a considerable impact on restaurants. Human Resource – Proposed wage and immigration laws are the biggest issues for any restaurants worldwide. Being the leading work opportunity creators, restaurants in the U.S. have to deal with many workforce related issues such as, health care/insurance, leaves, tip allowances & union organizing. Compulsions/Mandates – Nutrition related issues like obesity, diseases, food safety & menu labeling are among the political factors affecting the restaurants in the U.S. The government has laid down certain amount of nutrition level required in the food and also the hygiene of the kitchen area used to cook & also to store food in the restaurants. There are certain mandatory food products to be listed on the menus of the restaurants. Helping the environment – Energy initiatives, agricultural policies and packaging restrictions affect how you do business. Some restaurants view obstacles as opportunities. They’re off- loading used fryer oil to alternative fuel providers or advertising sustainable use policies that attract eco-minded customers, such as featuring local produce and products. McDonald’s in the U.S. Despite many published reports on fast food industry and child obesity, there is very minimal or no government intervention in the operations of McDonald’s in the U.S. The political system as a whole tends to be far more committed to laissez-faire economics and the fast food industry has an aggressive and concentrated presence in the capital of which McDonald’s plays a very significant role. The fast food industry is politically savvy enough to avoid or negate any proposed regulation that can hamper their growth. Thus it has defeated proposed restrictions on Trans Fat content, proposed soda tax on drinks and policies aiming to control the amount of sugar, salt and fat in children’s meals. All countries in which McDonald’s operates, has some form of public health inspection systems with regards to restaurants and food producers. In U.S. it is the Food and Drug Administration. Every employee with food handling capabilities must take part in the food hygiene training at the company’s expense. McDonald’s adds additional controls to those required by the health agencies. Even their website states “there are at least 70 checks on beef and chicken every day. Due to this, their dedication to food safety over and above of what is required by the law is used as a marketing tool, to emphasize their commitment to quality. McDonald’s also adheres to the number of employment laws in U.S., including those .

Legal & Political factors having significant impact on the U.S. rest.pdf

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New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase 1 (NDM-1) strains of bacteria can spread easily in medical tourism & medical camps by the physicians, attendants poses a serious threat to the spread of this organism in India & Pakistan due to extensive properties of Metallo -lactamase (MBL) enzymes coding by the bacteria by NDM-1 gene. This gene is meticulously existing in the plasmid of Enterobactereceae members such as Escherichia coli and Kleb-siella pneumoniae result in dramatic antibiotic resistant genes in the bacteria & hydrolyze “various carbapenem anbiots, - lactamase inhibitors”. Therefore, during medical tourism, these bacteria are highly communicable through horizontal gene transfer to spread various diseases in medical torism centres in India—Chennai , Haryana. Inappropriate hand wash, and inappropriate hygiene during the tourism making these bacteria easier to spread through one person to another person Prokaryotes are the simple organisms with simple genome & they have no complex genome. They are very \"responsive\" to external stimuli compared to complex multicellular species as prokaryotes are going to \"change their antigenic variation\" through the phase variation. The genetic integrity include an extra-chromosomal structure called \"plasmid or through conjugate transposon\" & they transfer antibiotic resistant genes through \"horizontal gene transfer\" i.e. transformation, transduction & conjugation as the environmental cues are completely different to their survival habitat. Finally, they acquire stable internal environment to withstand outer invasive environment, as an evolutionary adaptation. However, this type of horizontal gene transfer is not existing in complex multicellular species to \"show slow responsivity\" to changing environmental cues\" as their genetic integrity do not permit to induce changes immediately through \"any process of horizontal gene transfer\". Prokaryotes possess a specific phenomenon of communicating system called quorum sensing when lethal environment developed around them for information passage. Three physiological ways by which bacteria become resistant to antibiotics after they acquire the resistance genes: Chemical transmitters released for communication between bacteria when an antibiotic enters into their habitat so that they change their physiological environment. Synthesis of virulent cell wall synthesis proteins: Lipopolysaccharides and a few enzymatic proteins encoded from antibiotic resistant genes to neutralize or to inactivate antibiotic finally to make harmless to their cell environment.bac Synthesis of virulent M protein: Antibiotic resistant genes are going to synthesize M -protein, a bacterial cell surface protein that can inactivate a variety of antibiotics. Beta-lactamase synthesis: A few bacteria can inactivate antibiotics (methicillin) by synthesizing these enzymes. Solution New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase 1 (NDM-1) strains of bacteria can spread easily in medical tourism & medical ca.

New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase 1 (NDM-1) strains of bacteria can s.pdf

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Once the NADH has been made from a metabolite in the citric acid cycle inside of the mitochondria, it interacts with the first complex 1 enzyme, known as NADH reductase. This complex 1 contains a coenzyme flavin mononucleotide (FMN) which is similar to FAD. The sequence of events is that the NADH, plus another hydrogen ion enter the enzyme complex and pass along the 2 hydrogen ions, ultimately to an interspace in the mitochondria. These hydrogen ions, acting as a pump, are utilized by ATP synthetase to produce an ATP for every two hydrogen ions produced. Three complexes (1, 3, 4) act in this manner to produce 2 hydrogen ions each, and thus will produce 3 ATP for every use of the complete electron transport chain. In addition, NADH passes along 2 electrons to first FMN, then to an iron-sulfur protein (FeS), and finally to coenzyme Q. The net effect of these reactions are to regenerate coenzyme NAD+. This regeneration of reactants occurs in many of the reactions so that a cycling effect occurs. The NAD+ is ready to react further with metabolites in the citric acid cycle. Coenzyme Q, which also picks up an additional 2 hydrogen ions to make CoQH2. Coenzyme QH2 carrying an extra 2 electrons and 2 hydrogen ions now starts a cascade of events through enzyme complex 3, also known as cytochrome reductase bc. Cytochromes are very similar to the structure of myoglobin or hemoglobin. The significant feature is the heme structure containing the iron ions, initially in the +3 state and changed to the +2 state by the addition of an electron. The CoQH2 passes along the 2 electrons first to cytochrome b1 heme, then b2 heme , then to an iron-sulfur protein, then to cytochrome c1, and finally to cytochrome c. In the meantime the 2 hydrogen ions are channeled to the interspace of the mitochondria for ultimate conversion into ATP. Cytochrome c is a small molecule which is also able to move in the lipid membrane layer and diffuses toward cytochrome a complex 4. At this time it continues the transport of the electrons, and provides the third and final time that 2 hydrogen ions are channeled to the interspace of the mitochondria for ultimate conversion into ATP. ATP synthetase (complex 5) is also found at numerous locations in the bilayer membrane of the mitochondria. Three ATP are produced by the pumping action of the re-entry of the hydrogen ions through the ATP synthetase. Finally, oxygen has diffused into the cell and the mitochondria for the finally reaction of metabolism. Oxygen atom reacts with the 2 electrons and 2 hydrogens to produce a water molecule. In summary, the electron transport chain is coupled with the formation of ATP. The coupled reaction may be written as: a) O2 + 3H2 + NAD+ ---> 2NADH + H2O + energy b) ADP + P + energy ---> ATP + H2O Aka, energy produced from A can be coupled to reaction B to produce ATP, this coupling is provided by ATP synthase. Also FADH2 could be implemented into these equations. Solution Once the NADH has been made from .

Once the NADH has been made from a metabolite in the citric acid cyc.pdf

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KOH (aq) + HNO3 --> KNO3 (aq) + H2O (l) can be written K+1(aq) + OH-1(aq) + H+1(aq) + (NO3)-1(aq) --> K+1(aq) + (NO3)-1(aq) + H20(l) Because K+1 and (NO3)-1 remain ionic in aqueous solution throughout the course of the reaction, they are spectator ions. Solution KOH (aq) + HNO3 --> KNO3 (aq) + H2O (l) can be written K+1(aq) + OH-1(aq) + H+1(aq) + (NO3)-1(aq) --> K+1(aq) + (NO3)-1(aq) + H20(l) Because K+1 and (NO3)-1 remain ionic in aqueous solution throughout the course of the reaction, they are spectator ions..

KOH (aq) + HNO3 -- KNO3 (aq) + H2O (l) can be written K+1(aq) +.pdf

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North African and Southwestern primarily have three religions apart from the dozens. Religion, including Judeo-Christian tradition, Islam The region includes more than two dozen countries, located on the historic meeting ground between Europe, Asia, and Africa. It contains some extremely rugged and varied terrain, including deserts and river valleys, and boasts several important culture hearths (areas of historical cultural innovation). Innovations that arose in this region have diffused far beyond its boundaries. This region has deep religious significance for Jews, Christians, and Muslims, and has also spawned some deep-seated conflicts as a result. The rise and diffusion of Islamic fundamentalism (also called revivalism, this movement advocates a return to more traditional practices within the religion, and challenges the encroachment of global popular culture) has been an important development in world politics. The presence of vast oil reserves has also placed Southwest Asia and North Africa in a key position with respect to the world’s economy. Religion plays a significant role in the day to day lives of many people in the Middle East and North Africa. Many of the laws in the Gulf Countries are according to Islam. For eg. prohibition of Alcohol. Moreover, in thr day to day lives, people follow the preachings of the Quran very judiciously. Solution North African and Southwestern primarily have three religions apart from the dozens. Religion, including Judeo-Christian tradition, Islam The region includes more than two dozen countries, located on the historic meeting ground between Europe, Asia, and Africa. It contains some extremely rugged and varied terrain, including deserts and river valleys, and boasts several important culture hearths (areas of historical cultural innovation). Innovations that arose in this region have diffused far beyond its boundaries. This region has deep religious significance for Jews, Christians, and Muslims, and has also spawned some deep-seated conflicts as a result. The rise and diffusion of Islamic fundamentalism (also called revivalism, this movement advocates a return to more traditional practices within the religion, and challenges the encroachment of global popular culture) has been an important development in world politics. The presence of vast oil reserves has also placed Southwest Asia and North Africa in a key position with respect to the world’s economy. Religion plays a significant role in the day to day lives of many people in the Middle East and North Africa. Many of the laws in the Gulf Countries are according to Islam. For eg. prohibition of Alcohol. Moreover, in thr day to day lives, people follow the preachings of the Quran very judiciously..

North African and Southwestern primarily have three religions apart .pdf

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Mitochondrial DNA points to the genes in that organelle tracing back to a single female ancestor who lived about 140,000 years ago, but that genes on the Y chromosome trace back to one male who lived about 60,000-90,000 years ago. So this means Eve can be rightfully referred to as ancestor. The presence of mitochondrial eve suggests that all females were descendents of that particular woman. But we cannot say that she was the first human woman as there might have been other females but their descendants wouldnt have survived so far. Solution Mitochondrial DNA points to the genes in that organelle tracing back to a single female ancestor who lived about 140,000 years ago, but that genes on the Y chromosome trace back to one male who lived about 60,000-90,000 years ago. So this means Eve can be rightfully referred to as ancestor. The presence of mitochondrial eve suggests that all females were descendents of that particular woman. But we cannot say that she was the first human woman as there might have been other females but their descendants wouldnt have survived so far..

Mitochondrial DNA points to the genes in that organelle tracing back.pdf

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In April 2011, the United States moved from a color-coded Homeland Security Advisory System (HSAS), which had been in place for nine years, to a new National Terrorism Advisory System (NTAS). The reason for the change is to more effectively communicate information about terrorist threats by providing timely, detailed information to the American public. As per Department of Homeland Security, when there is credible information about a threat, an NTAS Alert will be shared with the American public, which may include specific information, if available, about the nature of the threat, including the geographic region, mode of transportation etc. These alerts may go through a variety of sources, such as DHS website, RSS, and through various social media. The HSAS was a kind of color coded alert system, which only provides an alert on terrorist threats. It doesn\'t provided much details, about the threat, where as it indicates the level of risk involved in the threat. But in the NTAS it provides much more details, and the details will also be made available to the public, to take some safety measures. And obviously the new system is more effective warning tool, compared to that of the previous one. Solution In April 2011, the United States moved from a color-coded Homeland Security Advisory System (HSAS), which had been in place for nine years, to a new National Terrorism Advisory System (NTAS). The reason for the change is to more effectively communicate information about terrorist threats by providing timely, detailed information to the American public. As per Department of Homeland Security, when there is credible information about a threat, an NTAS Alert will be shared with the American public, which may include specific information, if available, about the nature of the threat, including the geographic region, mode of transportation etc. These alerts may go through a variety of sources, such as DHS website, RSS, and through various social media. The HSAS was a kind of color coded alert system, which only provides an alert on terrorist threats. It doesn\'t provided much details, about the threat, where as it indicates the level of risk involved in the threat. But in the NTAS it provides much more details, and the details will also be made available to the public, to take some safety measures. And obviously the new system is more effective warning tool, compared to that of the previous one..

In April 2011, the United States moved from a color-coded Homeland S.pdf

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How do organisms use restriction enzymes in nature and how to they protect their own DNA from these endonucleases? C) They use it to protect against viral infection, the restriction endonucleases destroy the viral DNA. The bacteria\'s DNA is protected because proteins methylate specific bases on cut sites so that the restriction enzyme cannot recognize and cut those sites. Solution How do organisms use restriction enzymes in nature and how to they protect their own DNA from these endonucleases? C) They use it to protect against viral infection, the restriction endonucleases destroy the viral DNA. The bacteria\'s DNA is protected because proteins methylate specific bases on cut sites so that the restriction enzyme cannot recognize and cut those sites..

How do organisms use restriction enzymes in nature and how to they p.pdf

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FALSE.Because the FIGCAPTION element must be nested within a figur.pdf

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HF is an acid and Ba(OH)2 is a base. They react in an acid-base neutralization reaction to give a sparingly solube salt (BaF2) that precipitates out as a solid, and water (H2O). The reaction is thus: Ba(OH)2(aq) + 2 HF(aq) => BaF2(s) + 2 H2O(l) Solution HF is an acid and Ba(OH)2 is a base. They react in an acid-base neutralization reaction to give a sparingly solube salt (BaF2) that precipitates out as a solid, and water (H2O). The reaction is thus: Ba(OH)2(aq) + 2 HF(aq) => BaF2(s) + 2 H2O(l).

HF is an acid and Ba(OH)2 is a base.They react in an acid-base neu.pdf

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