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1. Temperament and Character Inventory
2 March 2012
DOPP, MWI Bermuda
Marcel Westerlund
Consultant Forensic and Adult Psychiatrist
2. Physiognomy and personality
1930’s
Kretschmer: Physical types – Psychological disorder
Pycnic, Asthenic and Athletic types
1950’s
Sheldon:
Physical types
Ectomorph, mesomorph and endomorph
Personality
Cerebrotonic, somatotonic & viccerotonic
Trait theories
1921 Allport –
Frequency, intensity & range of solutions
1922
1963
1965
Norman Cattel –
Neurotiscism, extravcersion, openness, agreeableness & conscientiousness (based on language)
Factor analysis on personality traits
1923
1970’s Eysenck -
Neurotiscm & extraversion/introversion later included psychotism
Gray Behavioural approach system (BAS) / Behavioural inhibition system (BIS) + Impulsiveness and Anxiety
Zuckerman –
Senasation seeking traits
3. Neuroscience and personality
Dopamin – Reward, pleasure and feeling good
Serotonin – Mood
Noradrenalin – Action
Behavioural genetics – Monozygotic & dizygotic twins studied according to heritability of personality traits
Evolutionary psychology – History, evoloution and genetics. Adaptation.
Temperament 40 - 60 % genetically dependant ( Loehlin 1982 )
4. Biological personality models
Temperament defined as:
1973 Sjöbring – Solidity vs impulsivity, validity vs compulsivity, stability vs moody sociability
1977 Thomas & Chess – Behavioral style rather than the content or purpose of behavior
1981 Rothbart & Derryberry – Traits relatively stable , cross situations consistent and evident throughout the age span and diverse
cultures
1984 Buss & Plumin – Components of personality are biological in origin
1990 Goldsmith & Campos – Affective components and individual differences
1986 Cloninger – Unified biosocial personality theory.
Temperament represents automatic responses in information processing and learning,
presumed to be heritable, whereas character reflects personality development in the context of
insight learning and environmental experiences.
Professor Robert Cloninger
Washington University School of Nedicine St Louis, USA
6. Requirements
•
•
Reliability – The accuracy with which the
questionnaire measures a given quality
•
•
Stability – Test and retest correlation.
•
•
Validity – The measure actually does assess
what it purports to assess.
7. Projections of dopamine neurons
Amfetamines, opiats,
cocaine, and alcohol
are all dopamine
agonists.
Prefrontal cortex,
central amygdala,
LC, habenula, nc of
striae terminalis, nc
accumbens,
hypothalamiska
kärnan nära
eminentia medialis
8. Projections of serotonin neurons
Septo-hippocampal area,
amygdala, Substantia
nigra, VMH, nc raphe &
accumbens, and frontal
tegmental area.
10. Actions of neuro-transmittors on stimulus-response
Neur onal
syst em
•
•
Monoam inerg m od.
Relevant st im uli
Behaviour al r esponse
Behavioral
activation
Dopamine
Curiosity.
Explorative habit
Potential reward
Potential release from
punishment and
monotony
Hunger
Avoidance, flight
Serotonin
Learning to inhibit
behavior to avoid
punishment.
Passive avoidance
Extinction.
Bonding *
Noradrenalin
Reward and maintain
or resist behavior
previously associated
with rewards or relief
from punishment.
Vigilance *
Novelty seeking
Behavioral
inhibition
Harm avoidance
Behavioral
maintenance
Reward
dependance
* Added by MW
From ” Neurogeneteic mechanisms of learning: A phylogenetic perspective
Cloninger & Gilligan
11. Stress
Inhibition
DA
Inhibition
5-HT activation
Ach/5-HT
5-HT
Downregulation of HPA
NA
CRF
Stimulation
Cortisol
HPA
Inhibition
DA/NA
Inhibition
ACTH
Inhibition
-endorfin
Stress-induced analgesia
Chatecholamin activation
Sedation
Active avoidance
Behavior activation
Increased visual discrimination & activation
Tyrosinhydroxylas activated
Sustained stress reduce type-II
glucoc.receptors in Hippocampus =
dexometason does not affect
glucocorticoider
22. Reliability and validity
Rarity scale: Sum of the least frequently endorsed item response from each of the
25 subscales. Endorsement across all indicates a deliberate effort
to
depict oneself in a highly unlikely way or careless disregard for the
content of items being endorsed.
Runs:
Number of sequences of consecutive true/false answers.
Average 120. Fewer than 5 % have as many as 134 or as few as
100 of all 240.
Number of true endorsements:
Tendencay to answer yes more or less frequently than
usual.
Scale of like items and Scale of Unlike Items
Extent of which respondent is consistent in responding.
23. Cronbach Alpha
Cronbach's alpha measures how well a set of items (or variables) measures a single
unidimensional latent construct. It is a reliability test.
Most variables show values around or above 0.70 but persistence and
empathy generally shows poor values.
24. Lack of evidence
Does the Dimensions of the Temperament and Character Inventory Map a
Simple
Genetic Architecture? Evidence From Molecular Genetics and Factor Analysis
Jeffrey H. Herbst, Ph.D., Alan B.
Zonderman, Ph.D., Robert R. McCrae, Ph.D. and Paul T. Costa, Jr., Ph.D.
Am J Psychiatry 157:1285-1290, August 2000
27. TCI in 3 dimensions
Passion vs Histrionic
Sensitive vs Narcissistic
Adventurous vs
Antisocial
Y
Explosive vs Borderline
Stable vs Cyclothymic
Z
Avoidant vs Schizoid
Cautious vs Passive-dependant
X
Methodical vs Obsessional