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IN THE NAME OF GOD
‫دندانپزشکی‬ ‫در‬ ‫موضعی‬ ‫حسی‬ ‫بی‬ ‫اصول‬
‫وازوکانستریکتو‬ ‫و‬ ‫موضعی‬ ‫های‬ ‫حسی‬ ‫بی‬ ‫فارماکولوژی‬‫رها‬
‫نظری‬ ‫جراحی‬ ‫درس‬
‫حسینی‬ ‫هادی‬ ‫سید‬ ‫دکتر‬
‫صورت‬ ‫و‬ ‫فک‬ ‫جراحی‬ ‫متخصص‬
www.drhadihoseini.com
‫در‬ ‫اسالید‬ ‫دانلود‬:
http://www.slideshare.net/hadidezyan
If the local anesthetic has two “i”s in its
name; it’s an amide
Lidocaine
Prilocaine
Bupivacaine
Articaine
Mepivacaine
Pharmacology of Local Anesthetics
Pharmacokinetics of Local Anesthetics
Factors:
1) Uptake
2) Distribution
3) Metabolism (Biotransformation)
4) Excretion
‫جذب‬
•‫اثر‬ ‫موضعی‬ ‫های‬ ‫حسی‬ ‫بی‬ ‫تمامی‬
‫دارند‬ ‫وازودیالتوری‬
•‫شود‬ ‫می‬ ‫عروقی‬ ‫انقباض‬ ‫سبب‬ ‫کوکایین‬
‫عروقی‬ ‫انبساط‬ ‫اثرات‬
•‫خون‬ ‫در‬ ‫جذب‬ ‫افزایش‬
•‫اوردوز‬ ‫ریسک‬ ‫افزایش‬
•‫اثر‬ ‫مدت‬ ‫طول‬ ‫کاهش‬
•‫دارو‬ ‫شدن‬ ‫شسته‬ ‫سرعت‬ ‫افزایش‬
‫جذب‬
•‫خوراکی‬ ‫راه‬
–‫از‬ ‫موضعی‬ ‫های‬ ‫حسی‬ ‫بی‬ ‫اغلب‬ ‫کوکایین‬ ‫از‬ ‫غیر‬
‫دارند‬ ‫ضعیفی‬ ‫جذب‬ ‫گوارشی‬ ‫راه‬
–‫خوراکی‬ ‫جذب‬ ‫از‬ ‫حسی‬ ‫بی‬ ‫داروهای‬ ‫اغلب‬
hepatic first-pass effect‫میشوند‬
‫جذب‬
•‫سطحی‬ ‫یا‬ ‫تاپیکال‬ ‫راه‬
–‫مخاطی‬ ‫پوستی‬ ‫سطوح‬ ‫از‬ ‫سطحی‬ ‫جذب‬
In pharyngeal mucosa uptake is slow
In bladder mucosa uptake is even slower
–‫امال‬ ‫تاپیکال‬ ‫حسی‬ ‫پمادبی‬
Eutectic mixture of local anesthesia (EMLA) has
been developed to provide surface anesthesia for
intact skin
‫جذب‬
•‫تزریقی‬ ‫راه‬
–‫باف‬ ‫عروق‬ ‫میزان‬ ‫به‬ ‫تزریق‬ ‫از‬ ‫بعد‬ ‫موضعی‬ ‫حسی‬ ‫بی‬ ‫ماده‬ ‫اثر‬‫ت‬
‫دارد‬ ‫بستگی‬ ‫حسی‬ ‫بی‬ ‫ماده‬ ‫وازواکتیویتی‬ ‫میزان‬ ‫و‬ ‫محیطی‬
–‫دارد‬ ‫تری‬ ‫سریع‬ ‫اثر‬ ‫موضعی‬ ‫های‬ ‫حسی‬ ‫بی‬ ‫رگی‬ ‫داخل‬ ‫تزریق‬
‫درمان‬ ‫مثل‬ventricular dysrhythmias
‫انتشار‬
•‫می‬ ‫منتشر‬ ‫بدن‬ ‫های‬ ‫سلول‬ ‫تمام‬ ‫به‬ ‫حسی‬ ‫بی‬ ‫دارو‬
‫شود‬
•‫دارد‬ ‫را‬ ‫انتشار‬ ‫میزان‬ ‫بیشترین‬ ‫اسکلتی‬ ‫بافت‬
•‫زیر‬ ‫موارد‬ ‫به‬ ‫بستگی‬ ‫خون‬ ‫در‬ ‫حسی‬ ‫بی‬ ‫داروی‬ ‫میزان‬
‫دارد‬
– Rate at which the drug is absorbed into the
cardiovascular system
– Rate of distribution from the vascular compartment to
the tissues
– Elimination of the drug through metabolic or
excretory pathways
Elimination Half-Life
•‫دفع‬ ‫میزان‬50‫موضعی‬ ‫حسی‬ ‫بی‬ ‫ماده‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ا‬ ‫درصد‬
One half life  50% reduction
Two half lives  75% reduction
Three half lives  87.5% reduction
Four half lives  94% reduction
Five half lives  97% reduction
Six half lives  98.5% reduction
All local anesthetics cross the blood brain barrier
All local anesthetics cross the placenta and enter the
blood stream of the developing fetus
‫متابولیسم‬
Esters
Plasma
Amides
‫حسی‬ ‫بی‬ ‫داروی‬ ‫متابولیسم‬‫استری‬
•‫آنزیم‬ ‫توسط‬ ‫استری‬ ‫موضعی‬ ‫حسی‬ ‫بی‬ ‫داروی‬
‫شو‬ ‫می‬ ‫هیدرولیز‬ ‫پالسما‬ ‫در‬ ‫استراز‬ ‫سودوکولین‬‫د‬
•‫اس‬ ‫وابسته‬ ‫توکسیتی‬ ‫میزان‬ ‫به‬ ‫هیدرولز‬ ‫میزان‬‫ت‬
Slower Hydrolyzation = Toxicity
•PABA Metabolism (ParaAminoBenzoic Acid)
•PABA‫بوجود‬ ‫موضعی‬ ‫حسی‬ ‫بی‬ ‫داروی‬ ‫هیدرولیز‬ ‫اثر‬ ‫در‬
‫آید‬ ‫می‬
‫آمیدی‬ ‫موضعی‬ ‫حسی‬ ‫بی‬ ‫داروی‬ ‫متابولیسم‬
•‫بیوترانسفورماس‬ ‫بصورت‬ ‫کبد‬ ‫در‬ ‫اولیه‬ ‫محل‬‫یون‬
•‫کبد‬ ‫در‬ ‫اغلب‬
Lidocaine, Mepivicaine, Articaine, Bupivacaine and
Etidocaine
•‫ریه‬ ‫و‬ ‫کبد‬ ‫در‬ ‫برخی‬
Prilocaine
•‫شود‬ ‫می‬ ‫مختل‬ ‫دارو‬ ‫تبدیل‬ ‫ضعیف‬ ‫کبد‬ ‫با‬ ‫بیماران‬ ‫در‬
‫شود‬ ‫می‬ ‫دارو‬ ‫سمیت‬ ‫افزایش‬ ‫سبب‬ ‫اختالل‬ ‫این‬
•‫شوند‬ ‫دفع‬ ‫باید‬ ‫متابولیسم‬ ‫از‬ ‫ناشی‬ ‫محصوالت‬
•‫هستن‬ ‫رسان‬ ‫آسیب‬ ‫کنند‬ ‫پیدا‬ ‫تجمع‬ ‫خون‬ ‫در‬ ‫اگر‬‫د‬
•‫کلیوی‬ ‫قلبی‬ ‫های‬ ‫نارسایی‬ ‫در‬ ‫مثال‬
–‫هموگلوبین‬ ‫مت‬‫پریلوکا‬ ‫متابولیسم‬ ‫از‬ ‫محصول‬ ‫یک‬‫یین‬
‫هموگلوبینم‬ ‫مت‬ ‫سبب‬ ‫کند‬ ‫پیدا‬ ‫تجمع‬ ‫اگر‬ ‫که‬ ‫است‬‫ی‬
‫است‬ ‫خطرناک‬ ‫و‬ ‫شود‬ ‫می‬
–‫گ‬‫گزیلید‬ ‫لیسین‬‫لیدوکای‬ ‫متابولیسم‬ ‫از‬ ‫محصول‬‫است‬ ‫ین‬
‫می‬ ‫هوشی‬ ‫بی‬ ‫و‬ ‫آرامبخشی‬ ‫سبب‬ ‫نشود‬ ‫دفع‬ ‫اگر‬ ‫که‬
‫است‬ ‫خطرناک‬ ‫و‬ ‫شود‬
‫دفع‬
Excretion of Local Anesthetics
kidneys are the major excretory organs for both local
anesthetics
 esters appear in very small concentrations in the urine; this
is because they are almost completely hydrolyzed in plasma
 Procaine (Novocaine) appears in the urine as 90% PABA
and 2% unchanged
 10% of Cocaine is found unchanged in the urine
 patients undergoing dialysis are likely to be unable to
excrete the unchanged portion of the esters or amides thus
increasing toxicity
‫موضعی‬ ‫حسی‬ ‫بی‬ ‫سیستمیک‬ ‫اثرات‬
CNS
CVS
Respiratory System
Local tissue toxicity
‫روی‬ ‫موضعی‬ ‫حسی‬ ‫بی‬ ‫اثرات‬CNS
the pharmacological action of local anesthetics on the
CNS is depression
at high levels, local anesthetics will produce tonic-
clonic convulsions
Procaine, Lidocaine, Mepivacaine, Prilocaine and
Cocaine generally produce anti-convulsant properties;
this occurs at a blood level considerably below that at
which the same drugs cause seizures
-Procaine, Lidocaine and Mepivacaine have
been used therapeutically to terminate or
decrease the duration of both grand mal and
petit mal seizures;
anti-convulsant levels(.5 to 4 micrograms/ml)
-The depressant action of local anesthetics raise
the seizure threshold by decreasing the
excitability of cortical neurons in epileptic
patients
‫تشنجی‬ ‫فاز‬
Convulsive Phase
increased cerebral metabolism leads to acidosis
which prolongs the seizure activity even in the
presence of declining local anesthetic levels in the
blood
-seizures gradually subside  generalized CNS
depression respiratory depression  respiratory
arrest  death
‫باش‬ ‫کننده‬ ‫تحریک‬ ‫تواند‬ ‫می‬ ‫دپرسانت‬ ‫داروی‬ ‫یک‬ ‫چگونه‬‫د‬
local anesthetics produce CNS excitation
through selective blockade of inhibitory
pathways in the cerebral cortex; inhibition of
inhibition is a pre-synaptic event that follows
local anesthetic blockade of impulses traveling
along inhibitory pathways; the local anesthetic
depresses the action of the inhibitory neurons
thus tipping the balance in favor of excessive
excitatory input  tremor, agitation, seizure
and death
Convulsive stage CNS depression
‫عروقی‬ ‫قلبی‬ ‫اثرات‬
local anesthetics have a direct action of the
myocardium and peripheral vasculature
CVS is more resistant to the effects local
anesthetics than the CNS
increased local anesthetic blood levels result in
decreased myocardial depolarization, however, no
change in resting membrane potential and no
prolongation of the stages of repolarization
‫قلب‬ ‫عضله‬ ‫مستقیم‬ ‫اثرات‬
‫قلب‬ ‫عضله‬ ‫تضعیف‬
‫قلب‬ ‫عضله‬ ‫تجریک‬ ‫قابلیت‬ ‫کاهش‬
‫ریتمی‬ ‫دیس‬ ‫کاهش‬
‫و‬ ‫ها‬ ‫ریتمی‬ ‫دیس‬ ‫درمان‬ ‫در‬pvc pre-ventricular
contractions‫است‬ ‫مفید‬
‫قلبی‬ ‫ده‬ ‫برون‬ ‫و‬ ‫انقباض‬ ‫کاهش‬
‫عروق‬ ‫روی‬ ‫مستقیم‬ ‫اثرات‬
•‫دهند‬ ‫می‬ ‫عروقی‬ ‫انبساط‬
•‫شود‬ ‫می‬ ‫عروقی‬ ‫انقباض‬ ‫سبب‬ ‫کوکایین‬
•‫است‬ ‫خون‬ ‫فشار‬ ‫کاهش‬ ‫بصورت‬ ‫اولیه‬ ‫اثر‬
•‫تزریق‬ ‫محل‬ ‫خون‬ ‫جریان‬ ‫افزایش‬
‫تن‬ ‫دستگاه‬ ‫روی‬ ‫موضعی‬ ‫حسی‬ ‫بی‬ ‫اثرات‬‫فس‬
local anesthetics have a direct relaxant action
on bronchial smooth muscle
generally, respiratory function is unaffected by
local anesthetics until near overdose levels are
achieved
‫دیگر‬ ‫اثرات‬
•‫عضالنی‬ ‫عصبی‬ ‫نمودن‬ ‫بلوکه‬
•‫دارویی‬ ‫متقابل‬ ‫اثرات‬
•‫بدخیم‬ ‫بدن‬ ‫دمای‬ ‫افزایش‬
Malignant Hyperthermia
pharmacogenic disorder in which a genetic
variant alters the person’s response to certain
drugs. Tachycardia, tachypnea (rapid
breathing), unstable blood pressure, cyanosis,
fever muscle rigidity and death; 68% mortality
rate.
‫عروقی‬ ‫های‬ ‫کننده‬ ‫تنگ‬ ‫فارماکولوژی‬
• Vasoconstrictors
• Constrict blood vessels
• Constrict vessels and decrease blood flow to the site of injection.
• Higher LA concentration remains around the nerve increasing the
LA's duration of action.
• Absorption of LA into bloodstream is slowed, producing lower
levels in the blood.
• Lower blood levels lead to decreased risk of overdose (toxic)
reaction.
• Decrease blood flow
• Decrease the blood level of the drug
• Increase the concentration of drug at the site
• Decrease bleeding at site
• Minimize bleeding at the site of administration.
• Naturally Occurring Vasoconstrictors:
- Epinephrine
- Norepinephrine
• Vasoconstrictors should be included unless contraindicated.
• Mode of Action - Attach to and directly stimulate adrenergic
receptors . Act indirectly by provoking the release of
endogenous catecholamine from intraneuronal storage sites.
‫شیمیایی‬ ‫ساختار‬
•‫سمپاتومیمتیک‬ ‫های‬ ‫دارو‬
‫بتا‬ ‫و‬ ‫الفا‬ ‫آدرنرژیک‬ ‫های‬ ‫گیرنده‬ ‫بر‬ ‫اثر‬
•‫بندی‬ ‫طبقه‬ ‫امی‬ ‫کاتکول‬ ‫وجود‬ ‫براساس‬
‫میشوند‬
–‫آمینه‬ ‫کاتکول‬ ‫های‬ ‫سمپاتومیمتیک‬
–‫سمپاتومیمتیک‬‫های‬‫آمینه‬ ‫کاتکول‬ ‫غیر‬
‫نفرین‬ ‫اپی‬
•‫آمینه‬ ‫کاتکول‬ ‫سمپاتومیمتیک‬ ‫داروی‬
•‫آدرنالین‬ ‫دیگر‬ ‫نام‬
•‫بتا‬ ‫بیشتر‬ ‫آدرنرژیک‬ ‫های‬ ‫برگیرنده‬ ‫اثر‬
‫عروقی‬ ‫کننده‬ ‫تنگ‬ ‫انتخاب‬ ‫فاکتورهای‬
• Length of the dental procedure
• The need for hemostasis during and
following procedure
• The medical status of the patient
‫هموستاز‬
•‫نفرین‬ ‫اپی‬
–‫است‬ ‫شایعترین‬
–‫بگذارد‬ ‫معکوس‬ ‫اثر‬ ‫اتمام‬ ‫از‬ ‫بعد‬ ‫است‬ ‫ممکن‬
•‫افرین‬ ‫فنیل‬
–‫آلفا‬ ‫گیرنده‬ ‫تحریک‬ ‫فقط‬
•‫نوراپینفرین‬
–‫آلفا‬ ‫محرک‬
•‫پرسین‬ ‫فلی‬
–‫است‬ ‫ناچیز‬ ‫آن‬ ‫هموستاز‬ ‫اثر‬
‫عروقی‬ ‫کننده‬ ‫تنگ‬ ‫دوزاژ‬
1:100,000 means 1 gm (1000 mg)/100,000
mL. = 0.01 mg/ml
E.g.: concentration of adrenalin in a solution
= 1:50,000
Therefore each mL contains = 1000/50,000
=1/50 = 0.02 mg/mL.
The cartridge contents = 0.02 X 2 or (1.8) =
0.04 mg. = 40 microgram
‫دوز‬‫حداکثر‬
- Healthy patient approximately 0.2mg
- Patient with significant cardiovascular history:
0.04mg
• Max Dose for Vasoconstrictors (CV patient)
1 carpule = 1.8cc
1:100,000=.01mg/cc
0.01 X 1.8cc= 0.018mg
0.04/0.018=2.22 carpules
• In a healthy adult patient 0.2/0.018=11.1 carpules
41
local anesthesia in dentistry 3 pharmacology

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local anesthesia in dentistry 3 pharmacology

  • 1. IN THE NAME OF GOD
  • 2. ‫دندانپزشکی‬ ‫در‬ ‫موضعی‬ ‫حسی‬ ‫بی‬ ‫اصول‬ ‫وازوکانستریکتو‬ ‫و‬ ‫موضعی‬ ‫های‬ ‫حسی‬ ‫بی‬ ‫فارماکولوژی‬‫رها‬ ‫نظری‬ ‫جراحی‬ ‫درس‬ ‫حسینی‬ ‫هادی‬ ‫سید‬ ‫دکتر‬ ‫صورت‬ ‫و‬ ‫فک‬ ‫جراحی‬ ‫متخصص‬ www.drhadihoseini.com ‫در‬ ‫اسالید‬ ‫دانلود‬: http://www.slideshare.net/hadidezyan
  • 3.
  • 4. If the local anesthetic has two “i”s in its name; it’s an amide Lidocaine Prilocaine Bupivacaine Articaine Mepivacaine
  • 5. Pharmacology of Local Anesthetics Pharmacokinetics of Local Anesthetics Factors: 1) Uptake 2) Distribution 3) Metabolism (Biotransformation) 4) Excretion
  • 6. ‫جذب‬ •‫اثر‬ ‫موضعی‬ ‫های‬ ‫حسی‬ ‫بی‬ ‫تمامی‬ ‫دارند‬ ‫وازودیالتوری‬ •‫شود‬ ‫می‬ ‫عروقی‬ ‫انقباض‬ ‫سبب‬ ‫کوکایین‬
  • 7. ‫عروقی‬ ‫انبساط‬ ‫اثرات‬ •‫خون‬ ‫در‬ ‫جذب‬ ‫افزایش‬ •‫اوردوز‬ ‫ریسک‬ ‫افزایش‬ •‫اثر‬ ‫مدت‬ ‫طول‬ ‫کاهش‬ •‫دارو‬ ‫شدن‬ ‫شسته‬ ‫سرعت‬ ‫افزایش‬
  • 8. ‫جذب‬ •‫خوراکی‬ ‫راه‬ –‫از‬ ‫موضعی‬ ‫های‬ ‫حسی‬ ‫بی‬ ‫اغلب‬ ‫کوکایین‬ ‫از‬ ‫غیر‬ ‫دارند‬ ‫ضعیفی‬ ‫جذب‬ ‫گوارشی‬ ‫راه‬ –‫خوراکی‬ ‫جذب‬ ‫از‬ ‫حسی‬ ‫بی‬ ‫داروهای‬ ‫اغلب‬ hepatic first-pass effect‫میشوند‬
  • 9. ‫جذب‬ •‫سطحی‬ ‫یا‬ ‫تاپیکال‬ ‫راه‬ –‫مخاطی‬ ‫پوستی‬ ‫سطوح‬ ‫از‬ ‫سطحی‬ ‫جذب‬ In pharyngeal mucosa uptake is slow In bladder mucosa uptake is even slower –‫امال‬ ‫تاپیکال‬ ‫حسی‬ ‫پمادبی‬ Eutectic mixture of local anesthesia (EMLA) has been developed to provide surface anesthesia for intact skin
  • 10. ‫جذب‬ •‫تزریقی‬ ‫راه‬ –‫باف‬ ‫عروق‬ ‫میزان‬ ‫به‬ ‫تزریق‬ ‫از‬ ‫بعد‬ ‫موضعی‬ ‫حسی‬ ‫بی‬ ‫ماده‬ ‫اثر‬‫ت‬ ‫دارد‬ ‫بستگی‬ ‫حسی‬ ‫بی‬ ‫ماده‬ ‫وازواکتیویتی‬ ‫میزان‬ ‫و‬ ‫محیطی‬ –‫دارد‬ ‫تری‬ ‫سریع‬ ‫اثر‬ ‫موضعی‬ ‫های‬ ‫حسی‬ ‫بی‬ ‫رگی‬ ‫داخل‬ ‫تزریق‬ ‫درمان‬ ‫مثل‬ventricular dysrhythmias
  • 11. ‫انتشار‬ •‫می‬ ‫منتشر‬ ‫بدن‬ ‫های‬ ‫سلول‬ ‫تمام‬ ‫به‬ ‫حسی‬ ‫بی‬ ‫دارو‬ ‫شود‬ •‫دارد‬ ‫را‬ ‫انتشار‬ ‫میزان‬ ‫بیشترین‬ ‫اسکلتی‬ ‫بافت‬ •‫زیر‬ ‫موارد‬ ‫به‬ ‫بستگی‬ ‫خون‬ ‫در‬ ‫حسی‬ ‫بی‬ ‫داروی‬ ‫میزان‬ ‫دارد‬ – Rate at which the drug is absorbed into the cardiovascular system – Rate of distribution from the vascular compartment to the tissues – Elimination of the drug through metabolic or excretory pathways
  • 12. Elimination Half-Life •‫دفع‬ ‫میزان‬50‫موضعی‬ ‫حسی‬ ‫بی‬ ‫ماده‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ا‬ ‫درصد‬ One half life  50% reduction Two half lives  75% reduction Three half lives  87.5% reduction Four half lives  94% reduction Five half lives  97% reduction Six half lives  98.5% reduction
  • 13. All local anesthetics cross the blood brain barrier All local anesthetics cross the placenta and enter the blood stream of the developing fetus
  • 15. ‫حسی‬ ‫بی‬ ‫داروی‬ ‫متابولیسم‬‫استری‬ •‫آنزیم‬ ‫توسط‬ ‫استری‬ ‫موضعی‬ ‫حسی‬ ‫بی‬ ‫داروی‬ ‫شو‬ ‫می‬ ‫هیدرولیز‬ ‫پالسما‬ ‫در‬ ‫استراز‬ ‫سودوکولین‬‫د‬ •‫اس‬ ‫وابسته‬ ‫توکسیتی‬ ‫میزان‬ ‫به‬ ‫هیدرولز‬ ‫میزان‬‫ت‬ Slower Hydrolyzation = Toxicity •PABA Metabolism (ParaAminoBenzoic Acid) •PABA‫بوجود‬ ‫موضعی‬ ‫حسی‬ ‫بی‬ ‫داروی‬ ‫هیدرولیز‬ ‫اثر‬ ‫در‬ ‫آید‬ ‫می‬
  • 16. ‫آمیدی‬ ‫موضعی‬ ‫حسی‬ ‫بی‬ ‫داروی‬ ‫متابولیسم‬ •‫بیوترانسفورماس‬ ‫بصورت‬ ‫کبد‬ ‫در‬ ‫اولیه‬ ‫محل‬‫یون‬ •‫کبد‬ ‫در‬ ‫اغلب‬ Lidocaine, Mepivicaine, Articaine, Bupivacaine and Etidocaine •‫ریه‬ ‫و‬ ‫کبد‬ ‫در‬ ‫برخی‬ Prilocaine •‫شود‬ ‫می‬ ‫مختل‬ ‫دارو‬ ‫تبدیل‬ ‫ضعیف‬ ‫کبد‬ ‫با‬ ‫بیماران‬ ‫در‬ ‫شود‬ ‫می‬ ‫دارو‬ ‫سمیت‬ ‫افزایش‬ ‫سبب‬ ‫اختالل‬ ‫این‬
  • 17. •‫شوند‬ ‫دفع‬ ‫باید‬ ‫متابولیسم‬ ‫از‬ ‫ناشی‬ ‫محصوالت‬ •‫هستن‬ ‫رسان‬ ‫آسیب‬ ‫کنند‬ ‫پیدا‬ ‫تجمع‬ ‫خون‬ ‫در‬ ‫اگر‬‫د‬ •‫کلیوی‬ ‫قلبی‬ ‫های‬ ‫نارسایی‬ ‫در‬ ‫مثال‬ –‫هموگلوبین‬ ‫مت‬‫پریلوکا‬ ‫متابولیسم‬ ‫از‬ ‫محصول‬ ‫یک‬‫یین‬ ‫هموگلوبینم‬ ‫مت‬ ‫سبب‬ ‫کند‬ ‫پیدا‬ ‫تجمع‬ ‫اگر‬ ‫که‬ ‫است‬‫ی‬ ‫است‬ ‫خطرناک‬ ‫و‬ ‫شود‬ ‫می‬ –‫گ‬‫گزیلید‬ ‫لیسین‬‫لیدوکای‬ ‫متابولیسم‬ ‫از‬ ‫محصول‬‫است‬ ‫ین‬ ‫می‬ ‫هوشی‬ ‫بی‬ ‫و‬ ‫آرامبخشی‬ ‫سبب‬ ‫نشود‬ ‫دفع‬ ‫اگر‬ ‫که‬ ‫است‬ ‫خطرناک‬ ‫و‬ ‫شود‬
  • 19. Excretion of Local Anesthetics kidneys are the major excretory organs for both local anesthetics  esters appear in very small concentrations in the urine; this is because they are almost completely hydrolyzed in plasma  Procaine (Novocaine) appears in the urine as 90% PABA and 2% unchanged  10% of Cocaine is found unchanged in the urine  patients undergoing dialysis are likely to be unable to excrete the unchanged portion of the esters or amides thus increasing toxicity
  • 20. ‫موضعی‬ ‫حسی‬ ‫بی‬ ‫سیستمیک‬ ‫اثرات‬ CNS CVS Respiratory System Local tissue toxicity
  • 21. ‫روی‬ ‫موضعی‬ ‫حسی‬ ‫بی‬ ‫اثرات‬CNS the pharmacological action of local anesthetics on the CNS is depression at high levels, local anesthetics will produce tonic- clonic convulsions Procaine, Lidocaine, Mepivacaine, Prilocaine and Cocaine generally produce anti-convulsant properties; this occurs at a blood level considerably below that at which the same drugs cause seizures
  • 22. -Procaine, Lidocaine and Mepivacaine have been used therapeutically to terminate or decrease the duration of both grand mal and petit mal seizures; anti-convulsant levels(.5 to 4 micrograms/ml) -The depressant action of local anesthetics raise the seizure threshold by decreasing the excitability of cortical neurons in epileptic patients
  • 23.
  • 24. ‫تشنجی‬ ‫فاز‬ Convulsive Phase increased cerebral metabolism leads to acidosis which prolongs the seizure activity even in the presence of declining local anesthetic levels in the blood -seizures gradually subside  generalized CNS depression respiratory depression  respiratory arrest  death
  • 25. ‫باش‬ ‫کننده‬ ‫تحریک‬ ‫تواند‬ ‫می‬ ‫دپرسانت‬ ‫داروی‬ ‫یک‬ ‫چگونه‬‫د‬ local anesthetics produce CNS excitation through selective blockade of inhibitory pathways in the cerebral cortex; inhibition of inhibition is a pre-synaptic event that follows local anesthetic blockade of impulses traveling along inhibitory pathways; the local anesthetic depresses the action of the inhibitory neurons thus tipping the balance in favor of excessive excitatory input  tremor, agitation, seizure and death
  • 26. Convulsive stage CNS depression
  • 27.
  • 28. ‫عروقی‬ ‫قلبی‬ ‫اثرات‬ local anesthetics have a direct action of the myocardium and peripheral vasculature CVS is more resistant to the effects local anesthetics than the CNS increased local anesthetic blood levels result in decreased myocardial depolarization, however, no change in resting membrane potential and no prolongation of the stages of repolarization
  • 29. ‫قلب‬ ‫عضله‬ ‫مستقیم‬ ‫اثرات‬ ‫قلب‬ ‫عضله‬ ‫تضعیف‬ ‫قلب‬ ‫عضله‬ ‫تجریک‬ ‫قابلیت‬ ‫کاهش‬ ‫ریتمی‬ ‫دیس‬ ‫کاهش‬ ‫و‬ ‫ها‬ ‫ریتمی‬ ‫دیس‬ ‫درمان‬ ‫در‬pvc pre-ventricular contractions‫است‬ ‫مفید‬ ‫قلبی‬ ‫ده‬ ‫برون‬ ‫و‬ ‫انقباض‬ ‫کاهش‬
  • 30. ‫عروق‬ ‫روی‬ ‫مستقیم‬ ‫اثرات‬ •‫دهند‬ ‫می‬ ‫عروقی‬ ‫انبساط‬ •‫شود‬ ‫می‬ ‫عروقی‬ ‫انقباض‬ ‫سبب‬ ‫کوکایین‬ •‫است‬ ‫خون‬ ‫فشار‬ ‫کاهش‬ ‫بصورت‬ ‫اولیه‬ ‫اثر‬ •‫تزریق‬ ‫محل‬ ‫خون‬ ‫جریان‬ ‫افزایش‬
  • 31. ‫تن‬ ‫دستگاه‬ ‫روی‬ ‫موضعی‬ ‫حسی‬ ‫بی‬ ‫اثرات‬‫فس‬ local anesthetics have a direct relaxant action on bronchial smooth muscle generally, respiratory function is unaffected by local anesthetics until near overdose levels are achieved
  • 32. ‫دیگر‬ ‫اثرات‬ •‫عضالنی‬ ‫عصبی‬ ‫نمودن‬ ‫بلوکه‬ •‫دارویی‬ ‫متقابل‬ ‫اثرات‬ •‫بدخیم‬ ‫بدن‬ ‫دمای‬ ‫افزایش‬
  • 33. Malignant Hyperthermia pharmacogenic disorder in which a genetic variant alters the person’s response to certain drugs. Tachycardia, tachypnea (rapid breathing), unstable blood pressure, cyanosis, fever muscle rigidity and death; 68% mortality rate.
  • 34. ‫عروقی‬ ‫های‬ ‫کننده‬ ‫تنگ‬ ‫فارماکولوژی‬ • Vasoconstrictors • Constrict blood vessels • Constrict vessels and decrease blood flow to the site of injection. • Higher LA concentration remains around the nerve increasing the LA's duration of action. • Absorption of LA into bloodstream is slowed, producing lower levels in the blood. • Lower blood levels lead to decreased risk of overdose (toxic) reaction. • Decrease blood flow • Decrease the blood level of the drug • Increase the concentration of drug at the site • Decrease bleeding at site
  • 35. • Minimize bleeding at the site of administration. • Naturally Occurring Vasoconstrictors: - Epinephrine - Norepinephrine • Vasoconstrictors should be included unless contraindicated. • Mode of Action - Attach to and directly stimulate adrenergic receptors . Act indirectly by provoking the release of endogenous catecholamine from intraneuronal storage sites.
  • 36. ‫شیمیایی‬ ‫ساختار‬ •‫سمپاتومیمتیک‬ ‫های‬ ‫دارو‬ ‫بتا‬ ‫و‬ ‫الفا‬ ‫آدرنرژیک‬ ‫های‬ ‫گیرنده‬ ‫بر‬ ‫اثر‬ •‫بندی‬ ‫طبقه‬ ‫امی‬ ‫کاتکول‬ ‫وجود‬ ‫براساس‬ ‫میشوند‬ –‫آمینه‬ ‫کاتکول‬ ‫های‬ ‫سمپاتومیمتیک‬ –‫سمپاتومیمتیک‬‫های‬‫آمینه‬ ‫کاتکول‬ ‫غیر‬
  • 37. ‫نفرین‬ ‫اپی‬ •‫آمینه‬ ‫کاتکول‬ ‫سمپاتومیمتیک‬ ‫داروی‬ •‫آدرنالین‬ ‫دیگر‬ ‫نام‬ •‫بتا‬ ‫بیشتر‬ ‫آدرنرژیک‬ ‫های‬ ‫برگیرنده‬ ‫اثر‬
  • 38. ‫عروقی‬ ‫کننده‬ ‫تنگ‬ ‫انتخاب‬ ‫فاکتورهای‬ • Length of the dental procedure • The need for hemostasis during and following procedure • The medical status of the patient
  • 39. ‫هموستاز‬ •‫نفرین‬ ‫اپی‬ –‫است‬ ‫شایعترین‬ –‫بگذارد‬ ‫معکوس‬ ‫اثر‬ ‫اتمام‬ ‫از‬ ‫بعد‬ ‫است‬ ‫ممکن‬ •‫افرین‬ ‫فنیل‬ –‫آلفا‬ ‫گیرنده‬ ‫تحریک‬ ‫فقط‬ •‫نوراپینفرین‬ –‫آلفا‬ ‫محرک‬ •‫پرسین‬ ‫فلی‬ –‫است‬ ‫ناچیز‬ ‫آن‬ ‫هموستاز‬ ‫اثر‬
  • 40. ‫عروقی‬ ‫کننده‬ ‫تنگ‬ ‫دوزاژ‬ 1:100,000 means 1 gm (1000 mg)/100,000 mL. = 0.01 mg/ml E.g.: concentration of adrenalin in a solution = 1:50,000 Therefore each mL contains = 1000/50,000 =1/50 = 0.02 mg/mL. The cartridge contents = 0.02 X 2 or (1.8) = 0.04 mg. = 40 microgram
  • 41. ‫دوز‬‫حداکثر‬ - Healthy patient approximately 0.2mg - Patient with significant cardiovascular history: 0.04mg • Max Dose for Vasoconstrictors (CV patient) 1 carpule = 1.8cc 1:100,000=.01mg/cc 0.01 X 1.8cc= 0.018mg 0.04/0.018=2.22 carpules • In a healthy adult patient 0.2/0.018=11.1 carpules 41