7. عصبی سلول
1) Dendritic Zone- free nerve endings;
most distal portion of the neuron
2) Axon- synapses with the CNS to transmit
input to the brain
3) Cell Body- provides metabolic support for
the entire neuron
12. عصبی پیام انتقال الکتروفیزیولوژی
• Nerve resting potential is -70 mV; this is
produced by differing concentrations of ions
• on either side of the nerve membrane
• Interior of the nerve is negative compared to
the exterior before a stimulus excites the nerve
14. عصب تحریک اول مرحله
تدریجی دپالریزاسیون
inside of nerve becomes less negative
آستانه پتانسیل
extremely rapid depolarization occurs from the falling
electrical potential
سریع دپالریزاسیون
interior is electricallypositive +40 mV and the outside is
negative
(-70 mv)
19. دپالریزاسیون
-excitation leads to increase in permeability of the
cell membrane to sodium ions
-transient widening of transmembrane ion channels
allow passage of the sodium ions
-rapid influx of sodium ions into the interior of the
nerve cell causes depolarization of the cell
membrane from resting to firing threshold which is
-50 to -60 mV
20. شلیک آستانه magnitude of the decrease
in negative trans-membrane potential that
is necessary to initiate an action potential
(impulse)
getting more positive with more influx of Na+
25. رپالریزاسیون
The action potential is terminated
when the membrane repolarizes; this
is caused by the inactivation of
increased permeability to sodium
30. Sodium channels line the excitable nerve membrane
which are lipoglycoproteins situated firmly in the
membranes
Sodium passes through the channels 12 times easier
than potassium
Sodium ions are “thinner” than potassium or chloride
ions and should therefore move easily down
concentration gradients through membrane channels
into the nerve cell, however:
31. Potassium and chloride can pass through these gated
channels
During depolarization the gated transmembrane sodium
channels change their configuration to allow the sodium
ions to enter the cell
32. ایمپالس انتقال
Activation of an action potential by a stimulus
Disruption of the resting nerve membrane potential
Interior of the cell goes from negative (–70 mV) to positive (+40 mV)
Exterior of the cell changes from positive to negative
Local currents begin flowing between the depolarized segment and the
adjacent resting area
Local currents flow from positive to negative extending for several mm
along the nerve membrane
As a result, the interior of adjacent areas become less negative and the
exterior becomes less positive
33. ایمپالس انتقال
Transmembrane potential decreases approaching firing
threshold for depolarization
When transmembrane potential decreases by 15mV from
resting potential, firing threshold is reached and rapid
depolarization occurs
The newly depolarized segment sets up local currents and
it all starts over again
Newly depolarized segments return to resting state after
absolute and relative refractory periods
37. Myelinated Nerves
-insulating myelin separates the extra/intracellular charges
-the farther apart the charges the smaller the current necessary
to charge the membrane
-current leaps from node to node saltatory conduction
38. if conduction of an impulse is blocked at one node, the local
current skips that node and continues to the next node
41. Because of local anesthetics, cellular
depolarization is not sufficient to
reduce the membrane potential of a
nerve fiber to its firing threshold and a
propagated action potential
does not develop
44. اختصاصی رسپتور تئوری Specific Receptor Theory
local anesthetics act by binding to specific receptors on the sodium channel
the action of the drug is direct
a specific receptor site for local anesthetics exists in the sodium channel
Therefore: no impulse conduction
46. موضعی های حسی بی اثر مکانیسم
1) Displacement of calcium ions from the sodium channel receptor site
2) Binding of the local anesthetic molecule to this receptor site
3) Blockade of the sodium channel
4) Decrease in sodium conductance
5) Depression of the rate of electrical depolarization
6) Failure to achieve the threshold potential level (firing level)
7) Lack of development of propagated action potentials
8) Conduction blockade
47. Nerve block produced by local anesthetic is
called a nondepolarizing nerve block