5. Objective Purpose Example
Profitability Objectives Profit Maximization
Target Return
Low introductory interest rates on
credit cards with high standard rates
after 6 months.
Market Share Objectives Sales Maximization
Market Share
Dell’s low-priced PCs increase market
share and sales of services
Value Objectives Value Pricing Per-song charges for music downloads
Prestige Objectives Lifestyle
Image
High-priced luxury autos such as
BMW and watches by Piaget
Not For Profit Objectives Cost Recovery
Market Incentives
Market Suppression
High prices for tobacco and alcohol to
reduce consumption
PRICING OBJECTIVES
6. PROFITABILITY OBJECTIVE
Marginal analysis - Method of analysing the
relationship among costs, sales price, and
increased sales volume
Profit maximization - Point at which the
additional revenue gained by increasing the
price of a product equals the increase in total
costs
Target-return objectives - Short-run or long-
run pricing objectives of achieving a specified
return on either sales or investment
7. VOLUME OBJECTIVE
Belief that increased sales volume is more
important in the long run than immediate
profits
Can maximize sales through pricing and
nonprice factors such as service and quality
Market-share objective - The goal of
controlling a portion of the market for a firm’s
product
8. VALUE OBJECTIVE
Emphasizes benefits derived from a product
in comparison to the price and quality levels
of competing offerings
Works best for relatively low-priced goods
and services
Challenge is convincing customers that low-
priced brands offer quality comparable to that
of a higher-priced product
9. Prestige Objective:-
Develop and maintain an image of quality and
exclusiveness that appeals to status-conscious
consumers
Example: Tag Heuer watches
Pricing Objectives of Not-for-Profit
Organizations
Pricing strategy helps them achieve specific goals
Profit maximization
Cost recovery
Market incentives
Market suppression
10. PRICING STRATEGIES
Premium pricing
Uses a high price, but gives a good
product/service exchange e.g. Concorde, The
Ritz Hotel
Penetration pricing
offers low price to gain market share - then
increases price
e.g. France Telecom - to attract new corporate
clients (or Telewest cable)
Economy pricing
placed at ‘no frills’, low price
e.g. Soups, spaghetti, beans - ‘economy’ brands
11. PRICING STRATEGIES
Price skimming
where prices are high - usually during introduction
e.g new albums or films on release
ultimately prices will reduce to the ‘parity’
Psychological pricing
to get a customer to respond on an emotional, rather than
rational basis
.e.g 99p not £1.01 ‘price point perspective
Product line pricing
rationale of a product range
e.g. MARS 32p, Four-pack 99p, Bite-size £1.29
Pricing variations
‘off-peak’ pricing, early booking discounts,etc
e.g Grundig offers a ‘cash back’ incentive for expensive goods
12. PRICING STRATEGIES
Optional product-pricing
e.g. optional extras - BMW famously under-equipped
Captive product pricing
products that complement others
e.g Gillette razors (low price) and blades (high price)
Product-bundle pricing
sellers combine several products at the same price
e.g software, books, CDs.
Promotional pricing
BOGOF e.g. toothpaste, soups, etc
13. Geographical pricing
different prices for customers in different parts of
the world
e.g.Include shipping costs, or place on PLC
Value pricing
usually during difficult economic conditions
e.g. Value menus at McDonalds
15. PRICE DETERMINATION FACTORS
Demand - The amounts of a firm’s product that
consumers will purchase at different prices during a
specified time period
Supply - The amounts of a good or service that will be
offered for sale at different prices during a specified
period
Pure competition - Market structure with so many buyers
and sellers that no single participant can significantly
influence price
Monopolistic competition - Diverse parties exchange
heterogeneous, relatively well-differentiated products,
giving marketers some control over prices
Oligopoly - Relatively few sellers; each has large
influence on price
Monopoly - Only one seller of a product exists and for
which there are no close substitutes
16. PRICING METHODS
Cost-plus pricing - Uses a base-cost figure per unit and
adds a markup to cover unassigned costs and to provide a
profit
Allows businesses with low costs to set prices lower than those of
competitors’ and still make a profit
Full-cost pricing
Uses all relevant variable costs in setting a product’s
price
Allocates the fixed costs not directly attributed to the
production of the priced item
No consideration of competition or demand for the item
Any method for allocating overhead is arbitrary and may
be unrealistic
17. Incremental-cost pricing - Attempts to use
only costs directly attributable to a specific
output in setting prices
Breakeven Analysis: - Pricing technique used
to determine the number of products that must be
sold at a specified price to generate enough
revenue to cover total cost
18. TEN WAYS TO ‘INCREASE’ PRICES WITHOUT
INCREASING PRICE
Revise the discount structure
Change the minimum order size
Charge for delivery and special services
Invoice for repairs on serviced equipment
Charge for engineering, installation
Charge for overtime on rushed orders
Collect interest on overdue accounts
Produce less of the lower margin models in the line
Write penalty clauses into contracts
Change the physical characteristics of the product
23. MARKETING CHANNEL MANAGEMENT
Formulating
channel strategy
Design channel
structure
Select channel
members
Motivate channel
members
Coordinate with
marketing mix
Evaluate member
performance
Realize only the place ‘P’
provides protection from
imitation
Distribution strategies can
provide sustainable
competitive advantage
24. MARKETING CHANNEL MANAGEMENT
Formulating channel
strategy
Design channel
structure
Select channel
members
Motivate channel
members
Coordinate with
marketing mix
Evaluate member
performance
Set distribution objectives
Specify tasks to be
performed by the channel
Consider alternative
structures
Choose optimal structure
25. MARKETING CHANNEL MANAGEMENT
Formulating channel
strategy
Design channel
structure
Select channel
members
Motivate channel
members
Coordinate with
marketing mix
Evaluate member
performance
Optimal structure identified
by considering:
Market variables
Product variables
Company variables
Intermediary variables
Behavioral variables
External environment
variables
26. MARKETING CHANNEL MANAGEMENT
Formulating channel
strategy
Design channel
structure
Select channel
members
Motivate channel
members
Coordinate with
marketing mix
Evaluate member
performance
Develop selection criteria
Prospectiv
e channel
member
Management
succession
Sales
Performance
Market
Coverage
Reputation
Product
Lines
Sales
Strength
Credit and
Financial
Condition
Size
Attitude
Management
Ability
27. MARKETING CHANNEL MANAGEMENT
Formulating channel
strategy
Design channel
structure
Select channel
members
Motivate channel
members
Coordinate with
marketing mix
Evaluate member
performance
Find prospective channel
members
Evaluate prospective
channel members
Convert prospectives into
actual channel members
28. MARKETING CHANNEL MANAGEMENT
Formulating channel
strategy
Design channel
structure
Select channel
members
Motivate
channel members
Coordinate with
marketing mix
Evaluate member
performance
Learn about the needs and
problems of channel
members
Advisory committees
Offer support
Informal support
Strategic alliances,
partnerships
Provide ongoing leadership
Continuing focus
29. MARKETING CHANNEL MANAGEMENT
Formulating channel
strategy
Design channel
structure
Select channel
members
Motivate channel
members
Coordinate
with marketing mix
Evaluate member
performance
Product and Channel
Retailers (a channel
member) play an important
role in product positioning
Display fixtures
Personal selling
30. MARKETING CHANNEL MANAGEMENT
Formulating channel
strategy
Design channel
structure
Select channel
members
Motivate channel
members
Coordinate
with marketing mix
Evaluate member
performance
Pricing and Channel
Relevant to channel
members:
Profit margins available to
channel members
Pricing policies
Incentives
31. MARKETING CHANNEL MANAGEMENT
Formulating channel
strategy
Design channel
structure
Select channel
members
Motivate channel
members
Coordinate
with marketing mix
Evaluate member
performance
Promotion and Channel
Promotions interface with
channel members
Point-of-purchase displays
Inventory levels
Sales person training
32. MARKETING CHANNEL MANAGEMENT
Formulating channel
strategy
Design channel
structure
Select channel
members
Motivate channel
members
Coordinate with
marketing mix
Evaluate
member performance
Assessment of success of
channel members in
implementing strategies
Requires good information
flows between members
Point-of-sale systems, EDI
33. MARKETING CHANNEL LOGISTICS / PHYSICAL DISTRIBUTION
Logistics make products available to
customers
Also called physical distribution (PD)
Supply chain management (SCM) are
logistical systems that facilitate close
cooperation among firms in a channel
34. MARKETING CHANNEL LOGISTICS / PHYSICAL DISTRIBUTION
Total Cost Approach and Systems Concept
Management
views logistics as
a system of
interrelated
components
Management
tries to reduce
cost of using the
components
as a whole
Transportation
Materials Handling
Order Processing
Inventory Control
Warehousing
Packaging
Systems
Concept
Total Cost
Approach
35. MARKETING CHANNEL LOGISTICS / PHYSICAL DISTRIBUTION
Almost all
products
must be
moved
Generally
one of the
highest
percentage
costs
Use in-
house
transport or
common
carriers?
What rates
are
available?
What are
competitors
doing?
Transportation
Materials Handling
Order Processing
Inventory Control
Warehousing
Packaging
36. MARKETING CHANNEL LOGISTICS / PHYSICAL DISTRIBUTION
Growing
use of
cross-
docking
How to
minimize
distances
What
equipment
should be
used?
How to use
labor
efficiently
Transportation
Materials Handling
Order Processing
Inventory Control
Warehousing
Packaging
37. MARKETING CHANNEL LOGISTICS / PHYSICAL DISTRIBUTION
Order
cycle time
(time
between
order and
delivery)
How to
reduce
errors in
order
processing
How to
develop
standards
for different
product
types
Transportation
Materials Handling
Order Processing
Inventory Control
Warehousing
Packaging
38. MARKETING CHANNEL LOGISTICS / PHYSICAL DISTRIBUTION
Economic
order
quantity
(EOQ) is
the lowest
total cost
(inventory
carry cost
+ ordering
costs)
How to
balance
inventory
levels with
order sizes
Transportation
Materials Handling
Order Processing
Inventory Control
Warehousing
Packaging
39. MARKETING CHANNEL LOGISTICS / PHYSICAL DISTRIBUTION
Growth of
single item
shipments
Where to
locate a
warehouse
Number of
warehousin
g units and
size of units
Ownership
question
Transportation
Materials Handling
Order Processing
Inventory Control
Warehousing
Packaging
40. MARKETING CHANNEL LOGISTICS / PHYSICAL DISTRIBUTION
Effective
packaging
can help
control
inventory
carry costs
and help
logistics
efficiency
What type of
package is
required
(sturdiness,
etc.)
Transportation
Materials Handling
Order Processing
Inventory Control
Warehousing
Packaging