Factors influencing good health

1. (a) Provision of clean water
 Provision of water which is safe for use is a factor that
determines good health.
 Not only is clean water needed in people's diet (for drinking
and cooking), but it is also needed for washing and keeping
the body and clothes clean.
 Fresh water is among the most precious resources on earth. It
is essential for many things including;
 raising food crops and livestock
 supporting economic development
 sustaining life itself.

2. Provision of clean water cont.
 Developing countries often suffer from serious shortages of clean potable water
and some suffer from drought and low water supplies.
 In rural areas where there is unreliable or infrequent rainfall, farmers struggle to
grow food with dwindling groundwater and women must walk long distances to
fetch water from the available sources.
 In crowded slums of cities, families pay a big part of their earnings, up to 20%, for
water services.
 Water should always be clean because unsafe water can lead to water-borne
diseases such as:
 diarrhoea and dysentery (runny stomach) which are caused by bacteria in polluted
water
 malaria - which is carried by mosquitoes
 bilharzia - which spreads through a parasite living in water.

3. (b) Sanitation
 Sanitation deals with both personal and public health. In order to be healthy,
people need to live in conditions which are clean and they need to keep their
bodies clean.
 This cleanliness is called hygiene. Hygienic conditions prevent diseases from
spreading.
 Here are some of the rules for hygiene;
 People's bodies must be washed everyday and hands must be kept clean
 Drinking water must be pure and kept from contamination
 Clean water must be used to wash kitchen utensils and clothes
 Food must be covered and kept away from flies
 Provision must be made for toilet systems (provision of toilets and sewage
facilities).

4. Sanitation cont.
 However, many people today still live in poverty and
cannot, therefore, keep their homes as clean as they
would wish.
 Dirty living conditions create ideal conditions for flies
and rats and other disease-carrying insects and animals
to flourish.
 Examples of diseases which spread because of
unhygienic conditions are cholera, plague, hepatitis,
tuberculosis and others.

5. (c)Good nutrition
 An adequate diet is essential for good health.
 Nutrition refers to food and drinks with regard to their
quality, composition and quantity.
 A balanced diet forms good nutrition and provides the
body with all the nutrients it needs.
 There are four kinds of nutrients namely, proteins,
carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and minerals.
 It is important for people to eat these nutrients in a
balanced way and in sufficient quantities.

6. Good nutrition cont.
 The main reason for an unhealthy diet is poverty
because people cannot afford healthy food.
 However, many people are also ignorant of what a
balanced diet should contain.
 An adequate diet provides sufficient energy for people
to work, learn and socialise.
 But in the developing world, people often cannot
afford to buy enough food, so they do not get this
energy from food.
 Some even end up with malnourished children.

7. (d) Poverty
 We have seen many factors which affect health in the
developing world, but poverty is the most important or
common cause of poor health.
 If people are poor, they are likely to have unhygienic
housing, no access to clean water, not enough land to
produce nutritious food, no livestock and no money to
buy food.
 All these things contribute to ill-health.

8. Poverty cont.
 Of course poverty does not cause disease directly.
 Children do not have diarrhoea or measles because their
parents are poor but because the parents do not have
enough money for the family to have clean water and a
balanced diet.
 An unhealthy diet will make their bodies weak and less
resistant to disease and they will catch diseases when
drinking dirty water or playing in it.
 Poverty, therefore, is a foundation upon which all these
poor health is built.

9. (e) Education
 Education means teaching people how to help themselves by
giving them knowledge and skills.
 Education is probably the most important primary health care
factor as every other factor we have considered depends upon it.
 Education means giving people all the information they need in
order to help themselves.
 Information can be passed on through churches, women's
groups, youth groups, community projects, local radio stations,
newspapers and of course institutions such as schools.
 Women hold the key to health because they often care for the
whole family.

10. Education cont.
 Research has shown that when women are literate (can read and
write), their families are healthier, and it is therefore crucial to
educate women.
 When women are literate, for example, they will know that if
their children have diarrhoea, they should be given a lot of
water to avoid dehydration.
 Water should be clean and boiled with correct measurements of
sugar and salt to make a good rehydration solution.
 This solution helps replace the lost minerals and water.
 Diarrhoea causes dehydration (loss of body water) and intake of
water prevents dehydration which can lead to death especially in
babies.

11. (f) Stress control
 Stress is a state of constant worry.
 A lot of factors, some of which are mentioned in this lesson, can actually
contribute to one's level of stress.
 Poverty, for example, is an important cause of stress because people realise their
responsibilities but cannot handle them due to lack of money, property or security.
 Problems that may cause stress include:
 shortage of money or land to provide enough food
 poor housing and lack of habitable space
 unemployment
 lack of medical care
 lack of fresh, clean and potable water and other needs.

12. Stress control cont.
 A person who worries all the time may end up with even
more problems that may include:
 depression and mental problems
 alcoholism and drug abuse
 family and social problems and all these in turn can lead
to poor health.

13. (g) Availability of trained personnel
 Availability of trained manpower or personnel is a very
important factor of good health especially in developing
countries.
 Not all health workers are doctors. Village health workers,
counsellors, nurses, water and sanitation engineers, housing
advisors and food crop experts are all just as important as
doctors when it comes to health.
 It is almost impossible to have a doctor or a nurse in every
village as many governments cannot afford to train and pay
many professionals.
 A cheaper option is to choose local persons to be trained in
basic health matters.

14.  An example of these kinds of people are Family Welfare
Educators, popularly referred to as "Bo-Mmaboitekanelo" in
Botswana.
 These people teach the society about disease prevention and
healthy living.
 Part-time health workers may also be engaged and paid by
the local people for their services.
 Traditional midwives are given a short training in midwifery
in order to help women deliver their babies safely at home
and to emphasise to the new mother, the need for breast-
feeding as well as good hygiene for her and the baby.

15. (h) Entertainment
 There is what is known as leisure time.
 This is when one is not working and leisure time can be used to socialise with
others.
 Entertainment is an important factor of health because people are not supposed
to spend all their time working.
 They should take some time off work and go to social places.
 Therefore, it is important to have entertainment facilities in the country.
 People can go to the gym to exercise and keep fit.
 They can visit friends, visit pubs, visit a cinema hall, watch television and do
many other things.
 All these are important as they help put peoples' minds at ease and enable them
to relax after work. This results in one living a healthy life.