Theories of personality-III :: Self Theory & Social learning theory

1. THEORIES OF
PERSONALITY-III
PERSONALITY
DEVELOPMENT
S.M. GOLDYN ABRIC SAM, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPT OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES, NMCC, MARTHANDAM

2. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY
A. Psycho-analytical Theories
B. Trait Theories
C. Self Theory
D. Social Learning Theory
S.M. GOLDYN ABRIC SAM, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPT OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES, NMCC, MARTHANDAM

3. C. SELF THEORY
Carl Rogers identified five characteristics of the fully functioning person:
1. Open to experience: Both positive and negative emotions accepted. Negative feelings are not
denied, but worked through (rather than resorting to ego defense mechanisms).
2. Existential living: In touch with different experiences as they occur in life, avoiding prejudging
and preconceptions. Being able to live and fully appreciate the present, not always looking back
to the past or forward to the future (i.e., living for the moment).
3. Trust feelings: Feeling, instincts, and gut-reactions are paid attention to and trusted. People’s
own decisions are the right ones, and we should trust ourselves to make the right choices.
4. Creativity: Creative thinking and risk-taking are features of a person’s life. A person does not
play safe all the time. This involves the ability to adjust and change and seek new experiences.
5. Fulfilled life: A person is happy and satisfied with life, and always looking for new challenges
and experiences.
S.M. GOLDYN ABRIC SAM, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPT OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES, NMCC, MARTHANDAM

4. SELF THEORY
Self Concept
This is defined as "the organized, consistent set of perceptions and
beliefs about oneself.“
Two primary sources that influence our self-concept are childhood
experiences and evaluation by others.
Self-worth
Self-worth (or self-esteem) comprises what we think about ourselves.
Rogers believed feelings of self-worth developed in early childhood and
were formed from the interaction of the child with the mother and father.
S.M. GOLDYN ABRIC SAM, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPT OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES, NMCC, MARTHANDAM

5. SELF THEORY
4 basic concepts
a) Self-image
How we see ourselves, which is important to good psychological health. Self-
image includes the influence of our body image on inner personality.
At a simple level, we might perceive ourselves as a good or bad person, beautiful
or ugly. Self-image affects how a person thinks, feels and behaves in the world.
b) Ideal-self
This is the person who we would like to be. It consists of our goals and ambitions
in life, and is dynamic – i.e., forever changing.
The ideal self in childhood is not the ideal self in our teens or late twenties etc.
S.M. GOLDYN ABRIC SAM, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPT OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES, NMCC, MARTHANDAM

6. SELF THEORY
c) Looking glass self
 The looking-glass self describes the process wherein individuals base their
sense of self on how they believe others view them.
d) True self or Real self
True self is the actual self.
Self Exposed to others
S.M. GOLDYN ABRIC SAM, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPT OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES, NMCC, MARTHANDAM

7. SELF THEORY
Congruence
A person’s ideal self may not be
consistent with what actually happens
in life and experiences of the person.
Hence, a difference may exist
between a person’s ideal self and
actual experience (self image). This is
called incongruence.
S.M. GOLDYN ABRIC SAM, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPT OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES, NMCC, MARTHANDAM

8. D. SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY
Proposed by Albert Bandura.
3 Core concepts are :
1. People Can Learn Through Observation
2. Mental States Are Important to Learning
3. Learning Does Not Necessarily Lead to
Change
S.M. GOLDYN ABRIC SAM, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPT OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES, NMCC, MARTHANDAM

9. D. SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY
The following steps are involved in the observational learning and modeling process:
1) Attention: In order to learn, you need to be paying attention. Anything that distracts your
attention is going to have a negative effect on observational learning. If the model is
interesting or there is a novel aspect of the situation, you are far more likely to dedicate
your full attention to learning.
2) Retention: The ability to store information is also an important part of the learning
process. Retention can be affected by a number of factors, but the ability to pull up
information later and act on it is vital to observational learning.
3) Reproduction: Once you have paid attention to the model and retained the information, it
is time to actually perform the behavior you observed. Further practice of the learned
behavior leads to improvement and skill advancement.
4) Motivation: Finally, in order for observational learning to be successful, you have to be
motivated to imitate the behavior that has been
modeled. Reinforcement and punishment play an important role in motivation.
While experiencing these motivators can be highly effective, so can observing others
experiencing some type of reinforcement or punishment. For example, if you see another
S.M. GOLDYN ABRIC SAM, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPT OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES, NMCC, MARTHANDAM

10. IMPORTANCE OF PERSONALITY
DEVELOPMENT
Enables people to create a good impression
about us to others
Ensures a brilliant career
Builds more confidence
Builds and develops relationships
Helps us realize our full potential ie. our
strengths and our weaknesses
S.M. GOLDYN ABRIC SAM, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPT OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES, NMCC, MARTHANDAM

11. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY
A. Psycho-analytical Theories
B. Trait Theories
C. Self Theory
D. Social Learning Theories
S.M. GOLDYN ABRIC SAM, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPT OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES, NMCC, MARTHANDAM

12. A. PSYCHO-ANALYTICAL THEORIES
1) Sigmund Freud’s Psycho-Analytical
theory
2) William Sheldon’s Physiognomy
theory
3) Carl Jung’s Extrovert, Introvert
theory
S.M. GOLDYN ABRIC SAM, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPT OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES, NMCC, MARTHANDAM

13. B. TRAIT THEORIES
1. Gordon Allport’s Trait Theory
2. Cattell’s 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire
3. Eysenck’s 3 Dimensions of Personality
C. SELF THEORY by Carl Rogers
D. SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY
by Albert Bandura
S.M. GOLDYN ABRIC SAM, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPT OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES, NMCC, MARTHANDAM

14. S.M. GOLDYN ABRIC SAM, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPT OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES, NMCC, MARTHANDAM