ENGINES EXPLAINED, TYPES OF ENGINES, MEO CLASS 4 EXAM, DIFFERENT TYPES OF ENGINES, PARTS OF AN ENGINE, RECIPROCATING ENGINES, IC ENGINES, EC ENGINES, COMPRESSION IGNITION, SPARK IGNITION.

1. PLEASE DO & CLICK THE
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3. ENGINES
 An engine is a machine designed to convert one
form of energy into mechanical energy. Heat
engines, burn a fuel to create heat which is then
used to do work.
 Devices converting heat energy into motion are
commonly referred to simply as engines.
Examples of engines which exert a torque include
the familiar automobile gasoline and diesel engines
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4. ENGINES
BASED ON METHOD OF COMBUSTION.
BASED ON FUEL USED.
BASED ON IGNITION OF FUEL.
BASED ON WORKING CYCLE.
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5. BASED ON METHOD OF COMBUSTION.
 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES (ICE).
In an ICE, the ignition and combustion of the fuel occurs within
the engine itself.
 EXTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES (EC).
Working fluid (steam) is heated by combustion of an external
source.
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6. BASED ON FUEL USED.
 DIESEL ENGINES
 PETROL ENGINES
 GAS ENGINES (Propane, butane, or methane gases)
 DUAL FUEL ENGINES
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7. BASED ON IGNITION OF FUEL.
• Spark ignition engines
A mixture of air and fuel is drawn into the cylinder. Ignition of air, fuel mixture is
done by the spark plug. Such combustion is called as constant volume
combustion(C.V.C).
• Compression ignition engines
The air is compressed in the engine cylinder, due to this compression, the
temperature of the air rises to 700- 900̊ c. At this stage diesel is injected to the cylinder in
fine particles. Due to the high temperature inside the cylinder the fuel gets ignited and
this combustion is called as constant pressure combustion (C.P.C)
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8. BASED ON WORKING CYCLE.
• TWO STROKE CYCLE ENGINE
Cycle is completed in one revolutions of the crankshaft.
• FOUR STROKE CYCLE ENGINE
Cycle is completed in two revolutions of the crankshaft.
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9. The two stroke cycle can also be illustrated on a
timing diagram.
 1 -2 Compression. approx. 110º BTDC
 2 - 3 Fuel Injection. approx. 10º BTDC
 3 - 4 Power. approx. 12º ATDC
 4 - 5 Exhaust Blowdown. approx. 110º ATDC
 5 - 6 Scavenging. approx. 140º ATDC
 6 - 1 Post Scavenging. approx. 140º BTDC
TWO STROKE CYCLE ENGINE
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10. FOUR STROKE CYCLE ENGINE
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11. CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES OF AN IC ENGINE
 Engine block
 Cylinder liner
 Cylinder head
 Piston
 Piston rings
 Piston pins
 Connecting rod
 Crankshaft
 Bearings
 Valves
 Camshaft
 Flywheel
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12.  An engine block is the
structure which contains
the cylinders, and other parts, of
an internal combustion engine.
 Engine blocks often also
include elements such as coolant
passages and oil galleries
ENGINE BLOCK
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13.  It closes in the top of the cylinder,
forming the combustion chamber.
 This joint is sealed by a head gasket. In
most engines, the head also provides
space for the passages that feed air and
fuel to the cylinder, and that allow the
exhaust to escape.
 The head can also be a place to mount
the valves, spark plugs, and fuel
injectors.
CYLINDER HEAD
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14.  A piston is a component of reciprocating engines. It is the
moving component that is contained by a cylinder and is
made gas-tight by piston rings.
 In an engine, its purpose is to transfer force from
expanding gas in the cylinder to the crankshaft via
a piston rod and/or connecting rod.
 In some engines, the piston also acts as a valve by
covering and uncovering ports in the cylinder.
PISTON
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15. A piston ring is a split ring that fits into a groove on the outer diameter
of a piston in a reciprocating engine such as an internal combustion
engine or steam engine.
The main functions of piston rings in reciprocating engines are:
1.Sealing the combustion chamber so that there is minimal loss of gases
to the crank case.
2.Improving heat transfer from the piston to the cylinder wall.
3.Maintaining the proper quantity of the oil between the piston and the
cylinder wall
4.Regulating engine oil consumption by scraping oil from the cylinder
walls back to the sump.
The gap in the piston ring compresses to a few thousandths of an inch
when inside the cylinder bore. Piston rings are a major factor in
identifying if an engine is two stroke or four stroke. Three piston rings
suggest that it is a four stroke engine while two piston rings suggest that it
is a two stroke engine.
PISTON RING
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16.  In internal combustion engines, the gudgeon
pin or wrist pin connects the piston to the connecting rod,
and provides a bearing for the connecting rod to pivot
upon as the piston moves.
 In very early engine designs, including those driven
by steam, and many very large stationary or marine
engines, the gudgeon pin is located in a
sliding crosshead that connects to the piston via a rod. A
gudgeon is a pivot or journal.
GUDGEON PIN or WRIST PIN
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17.  A connecting rod, is the part of a piston
engine which connects the piston to the crankshaft.
 Together with the crank, the connecting rod
converts the reciprocating motion of the piston into the
rotation of the crankshaft.
 The connecting rod is required to transmit the
compressive and tensile forces from the piston, and
rotate at both ends.
CONNECTING ROD
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18.  A crankshaft is a shaft driven by a crank
mechanism, consisting of a series of cranks
and crankpins to which the connecting rods of an
engine are attached. It is a mechanical part able to
perform a conversion between reciprocating
motion and rotational motion.
 In a reciprocating engine, it translates reciprocating
motion of the piston into rotational motion.
CRANKSHAFT
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19.  In a piston engine, the main bearings are
the bearings on which the crankshaft rotates,
usually plain or journal bearings.
 The bearings hold the crankshaft in place and
prevent the forces created by the piston and
transmitted to the crankshaft by the connecting
rods from dislodging the crankshaft, instead
forcing the crank to convert the reciprocating
movement into rotation.
BEARINGS
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20. Pertains to valves or systems that control the
flow of gases or fluids within an engine,
particularly:
 steam to and from the cylinder(s) of a steam
engine
 the fuel-air mixtures to, or exhaust gases
from, internal combustion engines
VALVES
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21.  In internal combustion engines with pistons, the camshaft
is used to operate poppet valves.
 It consists of a cylindrical rod running the length of
the cylinder bank with a number of
oblong lobes protruding from it, one for each valve.
 The cam lobes force the valves open by pressing on the
valve, or on some intermediate mechanism, as they rotate.
CAMSHAFT
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22.  A flywheel is a mechanical device specifically
designed to efficiently store rotational energy (kinetic
energy).
 Flywheels resist changes in rotational speed by
their moment of inertia.
 The amount of energy stored in a flywheel is
proportional to the square of its rotational speed and its
mass.
 The way to change a flywheel's stored energy without
changing its mass is by increasing or decreasing its
rotational speed
FLYWHEEL
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23. REFERENCES:
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine_block
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flywheel
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylinder_head
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piston
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piston_ring
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gudgeon_pin
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecting_rod
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crankshaft
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_bearing
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Engine_valves
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camshaft
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