introduction what is isotopes defination main types srtable and unstable isotopes application of isotopes agriculture

1. Isotopes and their
application in plant
sciences.
Presented by:
Dabhi Monali A.
M.sc.Sem-2(Botany)
CBO :406
Department of life
Sciences, H.N.G.U.,
PATAN.

2. Content
 Introduction
 What is an Isotopes?
 Isotopes: Definition & Examples.
 Main types of isotopes.
 Stable and Unstable isotopes.
 Application of isotopes.
 Agriculture (plant science.)

3. Introduction
 In nature there are nearly 300 nuclei
consisting of different elements and their
isotopes.
 Isotopes are nuclei having the sane number
of protons but different number of neutrons.
 Radioisotopes Aversion of a chemical
element that has an unstable nucleus emits
radiation during its decay to a stable form.

4. What is an Isotopes?
 Isotopes
 “All isotopes of the same
element have the same chemical
properties but small differences in
physical properties.”

5. Isotopes :Definition &
Examples.
 Isotopes are atoms of the certain element
which have the same number of protons
but different number of neutrons in the
nucleus of the atoms.
 Atoms that have the same atomic number,
but different atomic weights are isotopes.
 Atomic number is the number of protons. It
is the same for all atoms of element.
 Atomic weight is the number of protons
and neutrons.

6. Fig. :Carbon atom

8.  Two main types of isotopes are stable or
unstable.
 Stable isotopes: do not experience any change
over time. E.g. 2H, 13C,15N, 18O.
 Used for lebelling compounds as possible
intermediates in biosynthetic pathways.
 Usual method of detection are- Mass
spectroscopy (15N, 18O).
 NMR spectroscopy(2H,13C).
Main types of isotopes.

9.  Unstable isotopes: known as radioisotopes and are
subject to radioactive decay. This ‘decay’ means that
over time, these isotopes turn into another isotope of
the same
element.e.g.1H,14C,24Na,42K,32S,35P,131I decay
with emission of radiation.
 For biological investigation-Carbon & Hydrogen.
 For metabolic studies-S,P and alkali and alkaline
earth metals are used.
 For studies on protein, alkaloids, and amino acid
labelled nitrogen atom give more specific information.
 3H compound is commercially available.

10. Radioisotopes radiation
 Three predominant types of radiation are emitted by
radioisotopes:
1. alpha particles
2. beta particles
3. gamma rays.
 The different types of radiation have different
penetration powers.
 Radioisotopes are unstable isotopes which decay
and give out radioactive emissions.
 Radioisotopes are naturally occuring or artificially
produced.
 Artificial radioisotopes can be produced when certain
nuclides are bombarded by high energy particles.

11.  Every element in the periodic table has at least one
radioactive isotope, or radioisotope, and more than
3300 radioactive isotopes are known.
 The radioactivity is the result of having unstable
nuclei.
 There are only 264 stable isotopes among all the
elements.
 All isotopes of elements with atomic number higher
than that of bismuth (83) are radioactive.
Stable and unstable isotopes:

12. Application of isotopes:
 Isotope analysis is the determination of isotopic
singnature, the relative abundances of isotopes of a
given element in a particular sample. For biogenic
substances in particular, significant variation of
isotopes of C,N and O can occur.
 The identification of certain meteorites as having
originated on Mars is based in part upon the isotopic
signature of trace gases contained in them.
 Isotopic substitution can be used to determine the
mechanism of chemical reaction via the kinetic
isotope effect.

13.  Radiation source in therapy it produces
destructive role because radiation has ability
to cause radiation. They destruct cancerous
cell by ionization. e.g. Sodium phosphate is
(32P)used in therapy of blood cancer.
 Diagnostic purposes-Labeled
cyanocobalamine finds use for measuring
glomerular filteration rate and Sodium rose
bengal used in liver function test.
 Research- In research isotopes are used as
tracers.

14.  Sterilization- Radiation are use is sterilization
of instrument in hospital and final packed
container. Radiation cause ionization of
bacteria, viruses, fungi, pathogenic bacteria.
Hence it is used in sterilization. e.g. Cesium
used for sterilization of surgical instrument.
 Determination of hypothyroldism and
hyperthyroidism.

15. Agriculture (plant science):
 Study the effectiveness of fertilisers.
 Nitrogen-15 or Phosphorus-32 is added to
soil water.
 After the plant absorbed the soil water, the
radioisotopes can track uptake of fertiliser
from root to leaves.
 Radioisotopes are used to kill pests and
parasites and control the ripening of fruits
 Induced genetic mutation in plant
-Better strain
- Higher resistance against diseases.

16.  A Geiger counter is used to detect the
movement of the radioactive
Phosphorus-32 throughout the plant.
 This information helps scientists
understand the detailed mechanism of
how plants utilize phosphorus to grow
and reproduce.

17.  In agriculture, radioactive nuclides are used
as tracers in fertilizer to determine the
effectiveness or to prolong shelf life of food
by irradiating to destroy microorganisms.
 Radioactive tracers used to determine the
effectiveness of fertilizers.
 Cobalt-60 produces gamma rays that are
used to irradiate food.

18.  Food & Agriculture
-Food irradiation…
*kills bacteria, insects and parasites which causes
disease like Cholera, Trichinosis
*retards spoilage of food
*is not radioactive
-Radiations are used…..
*to develop more disease-resistant corps
*to improve quality of food
*in farming

19.  Radioactive phosphorus (P32) is used in the study of
metabolism of plant s.
 Radioactive sulphur (S35)helps to study advantages
and disadvantages of fungicides.
 Pests and insects on crops can be killed by radiations
 Yield of crops like carrot, root, apples, grapes can be
increased by irradiation with radioisotopes.
 Radiation from radioisotopes is used to sterilise pests
such an insects that destroy crops.

21. Reference
 J.L. Ryan, ”Ionizing radiation: the good,
the bed and the ugly,” J. Invest.
Dermatol, 132,985(2012).
 WWW.scielo.br
 WWW.radsafe.com