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- تخصص حماية البيئة 152 حما -علم البيئة عملي.pdf

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‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ? ?   ? ?   152 152  
‫א‬   152    ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ?  ?         ،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ W   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫؛‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ K   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬        ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬        ‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ K   ‫א‬‫א‬ ? ‫א‬   ?   ? ‫א‬ ?  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬     ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬       ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،  ‫א‬ K   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   152    ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ?  ?                           ،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  W        ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬                     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬          ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬                           ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬        ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ K       ‫א‬         ‫א‬               ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬                  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬            ‫א‬              ‫א‬‫א‬           ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬                         ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K                
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ? ?   ??  1  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   152    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬     1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ W   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K   ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W   1 E ‫א‬‫א‬ K   2 E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K 3 E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K 4 E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 5 E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ W    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،  ، ‫א‬‫א‬     W   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬   152    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬     2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ F ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ E ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ K     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W    ،  ،      ‫א‬ W   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬        
‫א‬   152    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬     3 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   1    Beaker   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   2    Conical Flask    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   3       Graduated Cylinder   ‫א‬‫א‬   4       Volumetric Flask ‫א‬ ‫א‬   5    Funnel    ‫א‬‫א‬   6    Burette   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   7    Pipette    ‫א‬‫א‬     8   ‫א‬ Test Tube   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   9   ‫א‬    Test tube Holder ‫א‬‫א‬   10   Test tube Rack  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   11   Wash Bottle ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   12   Watch Glass  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   13   F  E     Stir Rod    ‫א‬   14    Bunsen Burner  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   15   Wire Gauze   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   16   Crucible    ‫א‬  
‫א‬   152    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬     4 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   17   Evaporating Dish    ‫א‬‫א‬   18    Sample Bottle  ‫א‬   19   Droppers    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   20   Desiccator  ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   21  ‫א‬ Sensitive balance   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   22   Water bath  ‫א‬‫א‬   23   Incubator  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   24     Oven ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   25   Furnace ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  Personal protective tools 26   F  E   lab coat  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   27  ‫א‬  Gloves  ‫א‬   28     Mask  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   29  ‫א‬‫א‬    Goggles   ‫א‬   30  ‫א‬    Closed-toe shoes ‫א‬  
‫א‬   152    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬     5  W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   31  ‫א‬‫א‬ F ‫א‬ E  Fume Hood   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   32  ‫א‬‫א‬  Safety shower & Eye Washes    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   33  ‫א‬‫א‬  First-aid kit  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   34  ‫א‬     fire extinguisher    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    
‫א‬   152    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬     6  W F ‫א‬‫א‬ E    1 KW ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W      ‫א‬‫א‬ L ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   1         2         3         4         5          2 KW ‫א‬‫א‬ W     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   1    Funnel   6    Pipette   2       7       3    Watch Glass   8    water bath   4       9       5    Burette   10    flask  
‫א‬   152    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬     7  W   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W   ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   1        2        3        4        5        6        7        8        9        10           
              ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ? ?   ??  2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   152    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬     8 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ W   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  W   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ W   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W   1 E ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   2 E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 3 E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 4 E ‫א‬ Risk-Phrase ‫א‬ Safety-Phrase ‫א‬‫א‬ 5 E  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 6 E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ W      ‫א‬‫א‬    ،       W   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ :  ‫א‬ F ‫א‬ E  ‫א‬، ‫א‬ ‫א‬،  ‫א‬، ‫א‬ K     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ K    
‫א‬   152    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬     9 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ W    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ Risk-Phrase ‫א‬ Safety-Phrase ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W     F  E ، ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ W ‫א‬ F ‫א‬ E  ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬،    ‫א‬  Hazard symbols W   ‫א‬‫א‬ Hazard symbols  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬   ‫א‬ Standards organizations ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬  F 1 E ‫א‬‫א‬،  K  F 1 WE ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W     ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   1     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   Biohazard Sign  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ، ‫א‬ ،   ،  ‫א‬‫א‬ ،      2     ‫א‬   Radiation Sign ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬   3     ‫א‬‫א‬   High voltage sign ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   4        Warning sign   ‫א‬     
‫א‬   152    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬     10 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W       ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  Ordinance on Hazardous Substances ،    ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ،     ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ .  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ W   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬         ، ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬     ،   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬          ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ : •   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ F      E •     ‫א‬ F    ‫א‬ E •      ‫א‬  .   ‫א‬ F 2 E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  R & S Phrases    ‫א‬  "R"   ‫א‬    (Risk)  ‫א‬  "S"  ‫א‬    (Safety) ‫א‬        ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  Ordinance on Hazardous Substances ،  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ F R-phrases E ‫א‬‫א‬ F S-phrases E  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K      ‫א‬  R F R-phrases E    ‫א‬      ‫א‬‫א‬  W     R10 W    R41 W ‫א‬       ‫א‬  S F S-phrases E    ‫א‬      ‫א‬‫א‬  W     S22 W ‫א‬   S34 W ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬   152    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬     11    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  F ‫ـ‬ E  FW R12-20 E     R12  R20       ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   R12  R20    ‫א‬     ‫א‬  F / E  FW R26/27/28 E    ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬      R26   R27    R28  K   ‫א‬ F 3 E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K    F 2 WE ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W   ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ( R-phrases) Risks   1    Toxic ( T )   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   R23 ، R24 ، R25 2    Very toxic ( T+ ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬     R26 ، R27 ، R28   3    Corrosive ( C ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   R34 ، R35   4    Explosive ( E ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    R1 ، R2 ، R3   5    Harmful ( Xn )   ‫א‬   R20 ، R21 ، R22   6    Irritant ( Xi ) ‫א‬ R37 ، R38 ، R41   7    Highly inflammabl ( F ) ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   R11   8    Extremely inflammable ( F+ ) ‫א‬‫א‬ R12   9    Oxidizing agent ( O )   ‫א‬ R7 ، R8 ، R9   10    Dangerous for the environment ( N )   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    R50 ، R51 ، R52 ، R53       
‫א‬   152    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬     12    F 3 WE ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W   
‫א‬   152    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬     13  W ‫א‬‫א‬ W     ‫א‬ W   1  J ‫א‬  ‫א‬    2  J ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    3  J    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   Risk-Phrase F ‫א‬‫א‬ E   4  J     ‫א‬‫א‬  Safety-Phrase F ‫א‬‫א‬ E   ‫א‬ W   ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬    W ‫א‬   R-Phrase    W ‫א‬   S-Phrase   C   (Corrosive)  ‫א‬    R 34  W    S 26  W ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ K   S 45  W  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K          
‫א‬   152    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬     14       F 1 E W  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬                       F 2 E W ‫א‬‫א‬ W     ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   1 T+     2       ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  3     Explosive   4     Irritant   5     Dangerous for the environment     6   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   7 O      
‫א‬   152    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬     15  F 3 WE  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ W   1  J ‫א‬  ‫א‬  2  J ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    3  J    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   Risk-Phrase F ‫א‬‫א‬ E 4  J     ‫א‬‫א‬  Safety-Phrase F ‫א‬‫א‬ E   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬    W ‫א‬ R-Phrase    W ‫א‬ S-Phrase       J Xi  J N ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   R37 W ‫א‬‫א‬   R50 W ‫א‬‫א‬   S36 W   S57 W ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬                        
‫א‬   152    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬     16    W  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  W    1  J ‫א‬  ‫א‬  2  J ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   3  J    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   Risk-Phrase F ‫א‬‫א‬ E 4  J     ‫א‬‫א‬  Safety-Phrase F ‫א‬‫א‬  E     ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬    W ‫א‬ R-Phrase    W ‫א‬ S-Phrase   1             2              
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ? ?   ??  3 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   152    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬     17 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ W   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬ W   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬ W   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W   1 E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   2 E ‫א‬‫א‬ 3 E ‫א‬ 4 E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬ W  4      ‫א‬‫א‬ W    ،  ، ‫א‬      W     ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  F   E  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ F ‫א‬ E ‫א‬‫א‬        
‫א‬   152    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬     18 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬ pollution  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ K    ‫א‬ pollutants ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K     ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ W   1 E ‫א‬ 2 E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   3 E ‫א‬‫א‬ 4 E  ‫א‬ 5 E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W    F  E ،، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬ W   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W    J  ‫א‬‫א‬    J ‫א‬  J ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، W  
‫א‬   152    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬     19   ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬ KKKKKKKKK   W    J ‫א‬    J ‫א‬‫א‬   J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬         J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬       J ‫א‬      W    J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    J ‫א‬‫א‬    J ‫א‬        J ‫א‬‫א‬ F ،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ EKKKKKKK   J ‫א‬‫א‬    J KKKKKKKKKKKKKK    W    J ‫א‬ ‫א‬    J ‫א‬        J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W   1  J   ‫א‬ CO 2  J ‫א‬ NOx   3  J ‫א‬ SOx 4  J ‫א‬   5  J ‫א‬    J ‫א‬    J ‫א‬    J KKKKKKKKKKKKKK    L  L ‫א‬‫א‬   J  ‫א‬    J   ‫א‬     J ‫א‬ ‫א‬    J ‫א‬    J KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK    W    J ‫א‬    J     J KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK   ‫א‬‫א‬ L   L   ‫א‬ ‫א‬     J ‫א‬   J     W    J    J     J     W    J ‫א‬‫א‬    J ‫א‬    J ‫א‬    L   ‫א‬    W    J ‫א‬    J ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬       W                  ‫א‬   F  E   W    J ‫א‬‫א‬    J     J KKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKK  
‫א‬   152    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬     20 ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    W  J ‫א‬ ‫א‬    J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬     J KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK      W    J ‫א‬‫א‬    J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    J KKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK    L    J ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   W    J ‫א‬‫א‬    J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    J KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK    W    J     J ‫א‬    J     J KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK    L   L  ‫א‬     F ‫א‬ E   W    J ‫א‬    J ‫א‬    J ‫א‬    J KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK    W    J ‫א‬    J ‫א‬    J KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK   ‫א‬‫א‬ L   L    J ‫א‬ ‫א‬    W    J ‫א‬    J  ‫א‬    J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    J ‫א‬    J KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK   W    J ‫א‬    J    F  L  L  L  EKKKKKK    J    F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L ‫א‬  L  L  L  EKKKKKKKKL   ‫א‬‫א‬ L    L   ‫א‬‫א‬   W    J  F  ‫א‬  J EKKKKKKKK    J ‫א‬‫א‬    W                  ‫א‬   F  E             W    J   W    J ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   152    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬     21 ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬    J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   J KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK       F ‫א‬ ‫א‬ EKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   W    J     J ‫א‬‫א‬    J ‫א‬‫א‬          F  ‫א‬ E   W     L ‫א‬ ‫א‬ W   1  J ‫א‬‫א‬  2  J ‫א‬    3  J ‫א‬  4  J ‫א‬ 5  J  F  E ‫א‬  F 1 WE ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬       ‫א‬‫א‬        ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬         F  ‫א‬   E   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    J   ‫א‬   J   ‫א‬    J   ‫א‬    J     J     
‫א‬   152    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬     22  F 2 WE ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬      ‫א‬    J ‫א‬  J      J     F ‫א‬ E   ‫ـ‬        ‫ـ‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫ـ‬ ‫א‬   ‫ـ‬    F  ،  ،  E  ‫ـ‬    ‫ـ‬ ‫א‬‫א‬     F 3 WE ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬      ‫א‬    J ‫א‬    J ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬   J ‫א‬    J    F  ،  ،  E    J ‫א‬  
‫א‬   152    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬     23  W   F ،‫א‬‫א‬  E     F 1 E W ‫א‬‫א‬ W   1  J ‫א‬ ‫א‬  2  J ‫א‬    3  J ‫א‬ 4  J ‫א‬ 5  J  F  E ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ K    W ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K      1      2      3   4   5   6    7    8    9
‫א‬   152    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬     24  10    11    12    ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬   1 2  J    J    3 4    5  J  ‫א‬‫א‬   6 7 8
‫א‬   152    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬     25 9 10 ‫א‬   11 12  W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ F ‫א‬‫א‬ E ‫א‬      W   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ W   1  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ F  E   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ K   2  J ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ F ،،‫א‬  E   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ F 1 E  F 2 E  F Flash – CD E ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ? ?   ??  4 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   J J 2 2  ‫א‬‫א‬   J 2
‫א‬   152    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  J 2    26 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  J 2   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W    F  E ،    ‫א‬ W   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K   ‫א‬ W     ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ L   ‫א‬
‫א‬   152    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  J 2    27    W   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ F ‫א‬ E   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W   1  J ‫א‬‫א‬  2  J ‫א‬    3  J ‫א‬ 4  J ‫א‬ 5  J  F  E ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ W      ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬    
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ? ?   ??  5 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬   152    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    28 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬       ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬       ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W   1 E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   2 E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬ W  4    ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬    
‫א‬   152    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    29 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬       ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ W       ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W   1 E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    2 E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬  W   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W   - ‫א‬ ‫א‬   - ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   - ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   -  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ W     ‫א‬‫א‬ L ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ L ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ L                        
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ? ?   ??  6  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   152    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    30 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬       ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬‫א‬ W    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬ W   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W   1 (     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 2 (  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ F g /m3 µ E  F ppm E 3 (  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬ W 2    ‫א‬‫א‬ W  ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬      W   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K    
‫א‬   152    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    31 ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬  Air Quality Standards W   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ K   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Air Quality Standards ‫א‬ ‫א‬  Legal Limits ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ K   ‫א‬ F 1 E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K            
‫א‬   152    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    32 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W    1  J ‫א‬ W ‫א‬‫א‬ F  ‫א‬ L ‫א‬‫א‬ E    ‫א‬ W     J ‫א‬‫א‬ L  3 F g /m3 µ E     J ‫א‬‫א‬ L  3    F  mg/m3  E     W g µ 1000 = mg 1     2  J ‫א‬‫א‬ W ‫א‬ W     J  ‫א‬ F ‫א‬ L ‫א‬‫א‬ E  ml/m3  =  ppm F ‫א‬ E      J  ‫א‬ F ‫א‬ L ‫א‬ ‫א‬ E ‫א‬  F g /m3 µ E  F mg/m3  E     ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ F ppm E ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ F g /m3 µ E  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W   1  J  F ppm  E  F g /m3 µ E     T P MW ppm m g       4 . 22 273 1000 / 3      2  J  F ppm  E  F mg/m3  E       T P MW ppm m mg      4 . 22 273 / 3     3  J   F g /m3 µ E  F ppm  E   P MW T m g ppm       273 1000 4 . 22 ) / ( 3   
- تخصص حماية البيئة 152 حما -علم البيئة عملي.pdf
- تخصص حماية البيئة 152 حما -علم البيئة عملي.pdf
- تخصص حماية البيئة 152 حما -علم البيئة عملي.pdf
- تخصص حماية البيئة 152 حما -علم البيئة عملي.pdf
- تخصص حماية البيئة 152 حما -علم البيئة عملي.pdf
- تخصص حماية البيئة 152 حما -علم البيئة عملي.pdf
- تخصص حماية البيئة 152 حما -علم البيئة عملي.pdf
- تخصص حماية البيئة 152 حما -علم البيئة عملي.pdf
- تخصص حماية البيئة 152 حما -علم البيئة عملي.pdf
- تخصص حماية البيئة 152 حما -علم البيئة عملي.pdf
- تخصص حماية البيئة 152 حما -علم البيئة عملي.pdf
- تخصص حماية البيئة 152 حما -علم البيئة عملي.pdf
- تخصص حماية البيئة 152 حما -علم البيئة عملي.pdf
- تخصص حماية البيئة 152 حما -علم البيئة عملي.pdf
- تخصص حماية البيئة 152 حما -علم البيئة عملي.pdf
- تخصص حماية البيئة 152 حما -علم البيئة عملي.pdf
- تخصص حماية البيئة 152 حما -علم البيئة عملي.pdf
- تخصص حماية البيئة 152 حما -علم البيئة عملي.pdf
- تخصص حماية البيئة 152 حما -علم البيئة عملي.pdf
- تخصص حماية البيئة 152 حما -علم البيئة عملي.pdf
- تخصص حماية البيئة 152 حما -علم البيئة عملي.pdf
- تخصص حماية البيئة 152 حما -علم البيئة عملي.pdf
- تخصص حماية البيئة 152 حما -علم البيئة عملي.pdf
- تخصص حماية البيئة 152 حما -علم البيئة عملي.pdf
- تخصص حماية البيئة 152 حما -علم البيئة عملي.pdf
- تخصص حماية البيئة 152 حما -علم البيئة عملي.pdf
- تخصص حماية البيئة 152 حما -علم البيئة عملي.pdf
- تخصص حماية البيئة 152 حما -علم البيئة عملي.pdf
- تخصص حماية البيئة 152 حما -علم البيئة عملي.pdf
- تخصص حماية البيئة 152 حما -علم البيئة عملي.pdf
- تخصص حماية البيئة 152 حما -علم البيئة عملي.pdf
- تخصص حماية البيئة 152 حما -علم البيئة عملي.pdf

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- تخصص حماية البيئة 152 حما -علم البيئة عملي.pdf

  • 2. ‫א‬   152    ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ?  ?         ،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ W   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫؛‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ K   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬        ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬        ‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ K   ‫א‬‫א‬ ? ‫א‬   ?   ? ‫א‬ ?  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬     ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬       ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،  ‫א‬ K   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  • 3. ‫א‬   152    ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ?  ?                           ،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  W        ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬                     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬          ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬                           ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬        ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ K       ‫א‬         ‫א‬               ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬                  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬            ‫א‬              ‫א‬‫א‬           ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬                         ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K                
  • 5. ‫א‬   152    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬     1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ W   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K   ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W   1 E ‫א‬‫א‬ K   2 E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K 3 E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K 4 E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 5 E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ W    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،  ، ‫א‬‫א‬     W   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
  • 6. ‫א‬   152    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬     2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ F ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ E ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ K     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W    ،  ،      ‫א‬ W   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬        
  • 7. ‫א‬   152    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬     3 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   1    Beaker   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   2    Conical Flask    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   3       Graduated Cylinder   ‫א‬‫א‬   4       Volumetric Flask ‫א‬ ‫א‬   5    Funnel    ‫א‬‫א‬   6    Burette   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   7    Pipette    ‫א‬‫א‬     8   ‫א‬ Test Tube   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   9   ‫א‬    Test tube Holder ‫א‬‫א‬   10   Test tube Rack  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   11   Wash Bottle ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   12   Watch Glass  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   13   F  E     Stir Rod    ‫א‬   14    Bunsen Burner  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   15   Wire Gauze   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   16   Crucible    ‫א‬  
  • 8. ‫א‬   152    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬     4 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   17   Evaporating Dish    ‫א‬‫א‬   18    Sample Bottle  ‫א‬   19   Droppers    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   20   Desiccator  ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   21  ‫א‬ Sensitive balance   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   22   Water bath  ‫א‬‫א‬   23   Incubator  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   24     Oven ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   25   Furnace ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  Personal protective tools 26   F  E   lab coat  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   27  ‫א‬  Gloves  ‫א‬   28     Mask  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   29  ‫א‬‫א‬    Goggles   ‫א‬   30  ‫א‬    Closed-toe shoes ‫א‬  
  • 9. ‫א‬   152    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬     5  W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   31  ‫א‬‫א‬ F ‫א‬ E  Fume Hood   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   32  ‫א‬‫א‬  Safety shower & Eye Washes    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   33  ‫א‬‫א‬  First-aid kit  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   34  ‫א‬     fire extinguisher    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    
  • 10. ‫א‬   152    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬     6  W F ‫א‬‫א‬ E    1 KW ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W      ‫א‬‫א‬ L ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   1         2         3         4         5          2 KW ‫א‬‫א‬ W     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   1    Funnel   6    Pipette   2       7       3    Watch Glass   8    water bath   4       9       5    Burette   10    flask  
  • 11. ‫א‬   152    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬     7  W   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W   ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   1        2        3        4        5        6        7        8        9        10           
  • 12.               ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ? ?   ??  2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  • 13. ‫א‬   152    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬     8 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ W   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  W   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ W   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W   1 E ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   2 E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 3 E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 4 E ‫א‬ Risk-Phrase ‫א‬ Safety-Phrase ‫א‬‫א‬ 5 E  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 6 E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ W      ‫א‬‫א‬    ،       W   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ :  ‫א‬ F ‫א‬ E  ‫א‬، ‫א‬ ‫א‬،  ‫א‬، ‫א‬ K     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ K    
  • 14. ‫א‬   152    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬     9 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ W    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ Risk-Phrase ‫א‬ Safety-Phrase ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W     F  E ، ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ W ‫א‬ F ‫א‬ E  ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬،    ‫א‬  Hazard symbols W   ‫א‬‫א‬ Hazard symbols  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬   ‫א‬ Standards organizations ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬  F 1 E ‫א‬‫א‬،  K  F 1 WE ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W     ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   1     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   Biohazard Sign  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ، ‫א‬ ،   ،  ‫א‬‫א‬ ،      2     ‫א‬   Radiation Sign ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬   3     ‫א‬‫א‬   High voltage sign ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   4        Warning sign   ‫א‬     
  • 15. ‫א‬   152    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬     10 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W       ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  Ordinance on Hazardous Substances ،    ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ،     ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ .  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ W   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬         ، ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬     ،   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬          ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ : •   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ F      E •     ‫א‬ F    ‫א‬ E •      ‫א‬  .   ‫א‬ F 2 E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  R & S Phrases    ‫א‬  "R"   ‫א‬    (Risk)  ‫א‬  "S"  ‫א‬    (Safety) ‫א‬        ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  Ordinance on Hazardous Substances ،  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ F R-phrases E ‫א‬‫א‬ F S-phrases E  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K      ‫א‬  R F R-phrases E    ‫א‬      ‫א‬‫א‬  W     R10 W    R41 W ‫א‬       ‫א‬  S F S-phrases E    ‫א‬      ‫א‬‫א‬  W     S22 W ‫א‬   S34 W ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
  • 16. ‫א‬   152    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬     11    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  F ‫ـ‬ E  FW R12-20 E     R12  R20       ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   R12  R20    ‫א‬     ‫א‬  F / E  FW R26/27/28 E    ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬      R26   R27    R28  K   ‫א‬ F 3 E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K    F 2 WE ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W   ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ( R-phrases) Risks   1    Toxic ( T )   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   R23 ، R24 ، R25 2    Very toxic ( T+ ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬     R26 ، R27 ، R28   3    Corrosive ( C ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   R34 ، R35   4    Explosive ( E ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    R1 ، R2 ، R3   5    Harmful ( Xn )   ‫א‬   R20 ، R21 ، R22   6    Irritant ( Xi ) ‫א‬ R37 ، R38 ، R41   7    Highly inflammabl ( F ) ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   R11   8    Extremely inflammable ( F+ ) ‫א‬‫א‬ R12   9    Oxidizing agent ( O )   ‫א‬ R7 ، R8 ، R9   10    Dangerous for the environment ( N )   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    R50 ، R51 ، R52 ، R53       
  • 17. ‫א‬   152    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬     12    F 3 WE ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W   
  • 18. ‫א‬   152    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬     13  W ‫א‬‫א‬ W     ‫א‬ W   1  J ‫א‬  ‫א‬    2  J ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    3  J    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   Risk-Phrase F ‫א‬‫א‬ E   4  J     ‫א‬‫א‬  Safety-Phrase F ‫א‬‫א‬ E   ‫א‬ W   ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬    W ‫א‬   R-Phrase    W ‫א‬   S-Phrase   C   (Corrosive)  ‫א‬    R 34  W    S 26  W ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ K   S 45  W  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K          
  • 19. ‫א‬   152    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬     14       F 1 E W  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬                       F 2 E W ‫א‬‫א‬ W     ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   1 T+     2       ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  3     Explosive   4     Irritant   5     Dangerous for the environment     6   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   7 O      
  • 20. ‫א‬   152    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬     15  F 3 WE  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ W   1  J ‫א‬  ‫א‬  2  J ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    3  J    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   Risk-Phrase F ‫א‬‫א‬ E 4  J     ‫א‬‫א‬  Safety-Phrase F ‫א‬‫א‬ E   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬    W ‫א‬ R-Phrase    W ‫א‬ S-Phrase       J Xi  J N ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   R37 W ‫א‬‫א‬   R50 W ‫א‬‫א‬   S36 W   S57 W ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬                        
  • 21. ‫א‬   152    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬     16    W  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  W    1  J ‫א‬  ‫א‬  2  J ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   3  J    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   Risk-Phrase F ‫א‬‫א‬ E 4  J     ‫א‬‫א‬  Safety-Phrase F ‫א‬‫א‬  E     ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬    W ‫א‬ R-Phrase    W ‫א‬ S-Phrase   1             2              
  • 23. ‫א‬   152    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬     17 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ W   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬ W   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬ W   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W   1 E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   2 E ‫א‬‫א‬ 3 E ‫א‬ 4 E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬ W  4      ‫א‬‫א‬ W    ،  ، ‫א‬      W     ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  F   E  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ F ‫א‬ E ‫א‬‫א‬        
  • 24. ‫א‬   152    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬     18 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬ pollution  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ K    ‫א‬ pollutants ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K     ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ W   1 E ‫א‬ 2 E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   3 E ‫א‬‫א‬ 4 E  ‫א‬ 5 E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W    F  E ،، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬ W   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W    J  ‫א‬‫א‬    J ‫א‬  J ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، W  
  • 25. ‫א‬   152    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬     19   ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬ KKKKKKKKK   W    J ‫א‬    J ‫א‬‫א‬   J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬         J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬       J ‫א‬      W    J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    J ‫א‬‫א‬    J ‫א‬        J ‫א‬‫א‬ F ،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ EKKKKKKK   J ‫א‬‫א‬    J KKKKKKKKKKKKKK    W    J ‫א‬ ‫א‬    J ‫א‬        J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W   1  J   ‫א‬ CO 2  J ‫א‬ NOx   3  J ‫א‬ SOx 4  J ‫א‬   5  J ‫א‬    J ‫א‬    J ‫א‬    J KKKKKKKKKKKKKK    L  L ‫א‬‫א‬   J  ‫א‬    J   ‫א‬     J ‫א‬ ‫א‬    J ‫א‬    J KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK    W    J ‫א‬    J     J KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK   ‫א‬‫א‬ L   L   ‫א‬ ‫א‬     J ‫א‬   J     W    J    J     J     W    J ‫א‬‫א‬    J ‫א‬    J ‫א‬    L   ‫א‬    W    J ‫א‬    J ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬       W                  ‫א‬   F  E   W    J ‫א‬‫א‬    J     J KKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKK  
  • 26. ‫א‬   152    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬     20 ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    W  J ‫א‬ ‫א‬    J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬     J KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK      W    J ‫א‬‫א‬    J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    J KKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK    L    J ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   W    J ‫א‬‫א‬    J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    J KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK    W    J     J ‫א‬    J     J KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK    L   L  ‫א‬     F ‫א‬ E   W    J ‫א‬    J ‫א‬    J ‫א‬    J KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK    W    J ‫א‬    J ‫א‬    J KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK   ‫א‬‫א‬ L   L    J ‫א‬ ‫א‬    W    J ‫א‬    J  ‫א‬    J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    J ‫א‬    J KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK   W    J ‫א‬    J    F  L  L  L  EKKKKKK    J    F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L ‫א‬  L  L  L  EKKKKKKKKL   ‫א‬‫א‬ L    L   ‫א‬‫א‬   W    J  F  ‫א‬  J EKKKKKKKK    J ‫א‬‫א‬    W                  ‫א‬   F  E             W    J   W    J ‫א‬‫א‬
  • 27. ‫א‬   152    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬     21 ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬    J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   J KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK       F ‫א‬ ‫א‬ EKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   W    J     J ‫א‬‫א‬    J ‫א‬‫א‬          F  ‫א‬ E   W     L ‫א‬ ‫א‬ W   1  J ‫א‬‫א‬  2  J ‫א‬    3  J ‫א‬  4  J ‫א‬ 5  J  F  E ‫א‬  F 1 WE ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬       ‫א‬‫א‬        ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬         F  ‫א‬   E   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    J   ‫א‬   J   ‫א‬    J   ‫א‬    J     J     
  • 28. ‫א‬   152    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬     22  F 2 WE ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬      ‫א‬    J ‫א‬  J      J     F ‫א‬ E   ‫ـ‬        ‫ـ‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫ـ‬ ‫א‬   ‫ـ‬    F  ،  ،  E  ‫ـ‬    ‫ـ‬ ‫א‬‫א‬     F 3 WE ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬      ‫א‬    J ‫א‬    J ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬   J ‫א‬    J    F  ،  ،  E    J ‫א‬  
  • 29. ‫א‬   152    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬     23  W   F ،‫א‬‫א‬  E     F 1 E W ‫א‬‫א‬ W   1  J ‫א‬ ‫א‬  2  J ‫א‬    3  J ‫א‬ 4  J ‫א‬ 5  J  F  E ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ K    W ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K      1      2      3   4   5   6    7    8    9
  • 30. ‫א‬   152    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬     24  10    11    12    ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬   1 2  J    J    3 4    5  J  ‫א‬‫א‬   6 7 8
  • 31. ‫א‬   152    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬     25 9 10 ‫א‬   11 12  W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ F ‫א‬‫א‬ E ‫א‬      W   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ W   1  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ F  E   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ K   2  J ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ F ،،‫א‬  E   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ F 1 E  F 2 E  F Flash – CD E ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K
  • 33. ‫א‬   152    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  J 2    26 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  J 2   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W    F  E ،    ‫א‬ W   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K   ‫א‬ W     ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ L   ‫א‬
  • 34. ‫א‬   152    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  J 2    27    W   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ F ‫א‬ E   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W   1  J ‫א‬‫א‬  2  J ‫א‬    3  J ‫א‬ 4  J ‫א‬ 5  J  F  E ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ W      ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬    
  • 36. ‫א‬   152    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    28 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬       ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬       ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W   1 E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   2 E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬ W  4    ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬    
  • 37. ‫א‬   152    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    29 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬       ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ W       ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W   1 E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    2 E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬  W   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W   - ‫א‬ ‫א‬   - ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   - ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   -  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ W     ‫א‬‫א‬ L ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ L ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ L                        
  • 39. ‫א‬   152    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    30 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬       ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬‫א‬ W    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬ W   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W   1 (     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 2 (  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ F g /m3 µ E  F ppm E 3 (  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬ W 2    ‫א‬‫א‬ W  ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬      W   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K    
  • 40. ‫א‬   152    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    31 ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬  Air Quality Standards W   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ K   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Air Quality Standards ‫א‬ ‫א‬  Legal Limits ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ K   ‫א‬ F 1 E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K            
  • 41. ‫א‬   152    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    32 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W    1  J ‫א‬ W ‫א‬‫א‬ F  ‫א‬ L ‫א‬‫א‬ E    ‫א‬ W     J ‫א‬‫א‬ L  3 F g /m3 µ E     J ‫א‬‫א‬ L  3    F  mg/m3  E     W g µ 1000 = mg 1     2  J ‫א‬‫א‬ W ‫א‬ W     J  ‫א‬ F ‫א‬ L ‫א‬‫א‬ E  ml/m3  =  ppm F ‫א‬ E      J  ‫א‬ F ‫א‬ L ‫א‬ ‫א‬ E ‫א‬  F g /m3 µ E  F mg/m3  E     ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ F ppm E ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ F g /m3 µ E  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W   1  J  F ppm  E  F g /m3 µ E     T P MW ppm m g       4 . 22 273 1000 / 3      2  J  F ppm  E  F mg/m3  E       T P MW ppm m mg      4 . 22 273 / 3     3  J   F g /m3 µ E  F ppm  E   P MW T m g ppm       273 1000 4 . 22 ) / ( 3   