Pain And Painkillers

Pain and Painkillers
Like a "bell–ringing mechanism in a church". That is how, in 1664, Descartes (Jackson, 2002)
suggested pain should be visualized. This, however, is a very primitive description of the
phenomenon of pain.
Injury or inflammation of a bodily tissue can lead to profound changes in the internal chemical
environment. Damaged cells discharge their intracellular components, releasing substances, notably
ATP, potassium ions (K+) and acetyl chloine (ACh). Some of these contents act on nociceptors
directly, triggering an action potential which will end up in the brain. Other components released
from the cells can sensitize the terminals, making them hypersensitive to further stimuli. This allows
a pain signal to be transmitted when a seemingly ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This hinders the production of the neurotransmitter ACh, resulting in fewer action potentials being
transmitted down the neurones and hence a numbing effect is experienced. It is thought that
morphine and other narcotics may exploit this natural mechanism that has evolved for the similarly–
shaped enkephalins. Heroin is a far more powerful drug than morphine, possibly because the
drugpasses the blood–brain barrier far more readily. The heroin is then hydrolysed to morphine once
inside the body and so the pain–killing mechanism is likely to be very similar to the way in which
morphine works. However, it is common to develop tolerance and desensitization towards opioids
as the opioid receptors are continually used. This has been termed "the cascade of cellular
adaptation" (Strelzer J, 2001; Borgland SL, 2001). Furthermore, animal studies have suggested that,
in the case of morphine taken during chronic pain, not only tolerance is acquired towards its
analgesic effects, but also an increased sensitivity towards pain actually develops (Ibuki T, et al,
1997; Celerier E et al, 2001).
Non–narcotic analgesics are the household drugs used to treat moderate pains. These include
paracetamol, aspirin and ibuprofen. There are very few noticeable effects beyond treating specific
pains (in contrast to narcotics, when a feeling of well–being takes over the body).
Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid), a non–steroidal anti–inflammatory drug
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Neuropathic Pain
Pain can be classified based on its type. It can be acute, cancer or chronic of by pathophysiology
that can either be visceral or somatic. Neuropathic pain is the pain ensuing from injury to the tissues
hence causing nerve dysfunction. Neuropathic pain is therefore described as a shooting, throbbing,
or cold sensation. Cancer pain can also be defined as the pain that arises from both neuropathic and
nociceptive pain. It is therefore important to identify the mechanisms as well as different forms of
pain considering that selective treatment helps improve the outcomes of pain control.
Interventional pain management may also be used in the case of patients with advanced and
terminal illness having unmanageable pain relief. Several techniques

Pain And Its Effects On Pain
Pain
The International Association for the Study of Pain defines pain as "an unpleasant sensory and
emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of
such damage" (1979). Pain is actually the culprit behind warranting a visit to a physician office for
many people (Besson, 1999). Notoriously unpleasant, pain could also pose a threat as both a
psychological and economic burden (Phillips, 2006). Sometimes pain does happen without any
damage of tissue or any likely diseased state. The reasons for such pain are poorly understood and
the term used to describe such type of pain is "psychogenic pain". Also, the loss of productivity and
daily activity due to pain is also significant. Pain engulfs a trillion dollars of GDP for lost work time
and disability payments (Melnikova, 2010). Untreated pain not only impacts a person suffering from
pain but also impacts their whole family. A person's quality of life is negatively impacted by pain
and it diminishes their ability to concentrate, work, exercise, socialize, perform daily routines, and
sleep. All of these negative impacts ultimately lead to much more severe behavioral effects such as
depression, aggression, mood alterations, isolation, and loss of self–esteem, which pose a great
threat to human society.
Types of pain:
Based on the duration of persistence, pain is often divided into two broad categories as mentioned
below.
Acute pain:
Acute pain is often a result of injury or

Paper On Pain
Effects of Pain
Pain is a natural occurring phenomenon within the body. Pain acts as an alert system for the body. It
notifies a person to an issue that is happening within the body such as a sprained ankle, or a broken
finger. Some people experience chronic pain. Chronic pain does not only effect a person physically.
It can also have effects that are mentally and emotionally overwhelming for the person suffering
with chronic pain. Pain is not as simple as a physical sensation you feel. However, there are multiple
layers to pain and how it affects a person's body. Pain affects your senses, your emotions and could
affect your mental state of mind.
Sensory Component
The sensory component of pain is when one becomes aware of the location of the pain on or within
the body. The pure perception of painful stimuli activates the primary and secondary somatosensory
cortex. Axons within the skin and muscles send the pain perception to the nervous system through
the spinal cord. This mechanism within the brain helps a person know of an injury within the body.
Pain is there to help you isolate the area that is injured. This is similar to when a person sprains their
ankle. If they were to put pressure on that ankle while it is healing could lead to further damage to
the area. The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Long–Term emotional component is located in the pathways that lead to the prefrontal cortex of
the brain. Chronic pain is a well–known health problem. "Chronic pain can debilitate one's ability to
move with ease, may hinder their normal functioning, and the search for relief can lead to pain
medication addictions, which compound the problem" (Babbel, 2010) The emotional stress
associated with chronic pain can worsen the pain. A traumatic even can cause one's nervous system
going into overdrive to help a person survive the traumatic event which could cause the nervous
system to revert back to

Pain In Nursing
The concept of pain is an all–too–familiar concept for most in our society. The majority of people
today either know someone who experiences pain on a regular basis, or experience this phenomenon
themselves. The nursing community is a population that has a particularly high rate of pain linked to
work–related injuries as well as physical and psychological stress. Hignett described low back pain
as being a high risk occupation in relation to low back pain (1996). While pain and its treatment
occur primarily in the physical domain, there are also psychological and emotional components that
are just as important, and the relief of pain and suffering should be approached holistically from all
aspects.
Nealy, McCaskill, Conaway, and Burns (2012) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In this study, it was hypothesized that: pain in the feet is prevalent in RNs; and factors that can be
ascribed to this phenomenon include the type of floor surface, RN age and BMI, the amount of time
RNs spend on their feed, their activity level outside of work, and their shoes. The group developed a
survey which included items on participant demographics, attitude toward and types of foot pain,
any foot pain diagnoses, and pain relief used for the problem. Because this was an exploratory
survey, no reliability or validity testing was performed, however the survey was reviewed by experts
for clarity of content, and appropriate revisions were made. Of the 2000 surveys distributed, 502
were completed and returned. The survey associated a higher incidence of foot pain with increased
age (particularly over 40) and increased BMI, and a night's rest after working in these two sectors of
the population actually appeared to increase foot pain a considerable amount. Those nurses in the
study who regularly performed high–intensity exercise showed

Pain And Culture
Introduction
I'm in pain! those are three words that mostly everyone uses at some point in their lives. Pain can
affect a persons' well–being whether it is physical or psychological. More over not everyone deals
with pain in the same way. Pain can affect a persons' function because they will be unable to
perform daily tasks at the level of physical and mental capacity they are use to performing at. With
that said the question still remains, what is pain? According to Frazier (2015). Pain is subjective
individualized and perceived only by the individual experiencing it, but Cultural beliefs plays a
significant role when it comes to dealing and treating pain for some people.
Condition
According to the Pain Management center (2015). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Such teachings are principals for social interaction, individual morality, and ethic (Chen, L.,
Miaskowski, C., Dodd, M., & Pantilat, S (2008). Confucian believes that pain is an essential
element of life. They believe that if the sensation of pain is lost, then one is no longer a human
being. Therefore, going through the motion of assures that one is not numb and insensitive (Chen,
L., Miaskowski, C., Dodd, M., & Pantilat, S (2008)
Strategies
Rationale
#1 Educate the person on other treatment options
It is important that the person know the benefit of the treatment. Because they already have a set
believe on treating pain, it is necessary to let them see the patient centered aspect of the treatment.
Giving them the knowledge on other methods of treatment will let them be more open to getting it.
#2 Understanding their point of view. Beware of their culture believes
Gaining knowledge on the persons' culture is a way to understand how the view treatment, being
sensitive to how they feel so that you can (collaborate) meet in the middle to come up with a
treatment plan that they will be comfortable with. It is also a way to show them that you are
interested in their well–being and that will build trust.

Pain Management
Pain management
There are many analgesic drugs. Among those the oxycodone is the most pain reliever of opioid
analgesic drug. Oxycodone is classified as schedule II controlled substance. It is commonly
combined in tablets with acetaminophen (Percocet) and with aspirin (Percodan). Oxycodone is
available in the form of immediate–release (Oxy IR) and sustained– release (OxyContin). It is a
strong pain reliever often used to control moderate to severe pain, postoperative, acute, and chronic
pain. Oxycodone is classified pharmacologically as a class of opioid agonists, and opioid synthetic
while, therapeutic classification oxycodone is opioid analgesics, and Pregnancy category B.
Oxycodone. The opioid analgesic drugs are originated from the ... Show more content on
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Less common side effects delayed gastric emptying, hyperalgesia, immunologic and hormonal
dysfunction, muscle rigidity, and myoclonus." Klein, M., Rudich, Z., Gurevich, B., Lifshitz, M.,
Brill, S., Lottan, M., & Weksler, N. (2005). Controlled–release oxycodone–induced seizures.
Clinical Therapeutics, 27(11), 1815–1818.
Legal/Ethical issues in pain management–Oxycodone use
Oxycodone is mostly used in a hospice care facility to provide "End of Life" care for a terminally ill
patient. In hospice facilities, the primary care provided for the patient is making his/her final days
pain free and provide comfort. Most patients and families who use hospice services expect that the
hospice will make every effort to relieve the pain which afflicts their loved one. (Hospice Alliance).
Pain relieving in such facilities usually involve use of narcotics such as oxycodone, morphine, and
fentanyl. When a patient is experiencing an excruciating pain in the facility, effective pain relief is a
primary ethical obligation based upon the principles of beneficence, nonmaleficence and patient
autonomy. The foundation of pain management begins with a complete assessment, which
incorporates "WILDA" (words, intensity, location, duration, aggravating/alleviating factors) and
considers the components of physical,

Pain And Neuropathic Pain
There are many types of pain and their causes depend on where they originate and what areas they
affect. Neuropathic pain originates from the nerves or the nervous system in general. The signs that
you have this kind of pain are burning and tingling. Physicians believe that conditions such as
diabetes can trigger the pain. Other conditions such as shingles and carpal tunnel syndrome may
also affect the nerves and cause pain to the patient.
Visceral pain happens only once in a while. It does not really last for a long time. however, it can be
very painful. It happens when the organs of your body are irritated. One good example of this is the
menstrual cramps that some women experience when they have their period. The pain can also be
experienced ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This means that you can simply manage your body to stop hurting. This type of pain management
suggests that a person can psychologically manage the pain and divert it away from the area in
question.
If the pain that you are experiencing is chronic, then you may want to consider the use of
acupuncture for your pain management. This is one of the better management techniques that a
person can use in making sure that they are pain free. There are all sorts of myths about
acupuncture, but the technique works wonders in the management of a person's pain.
Some pain management requires a person to go through a program to learn how to manage their
pain effectively. These programs often times involve a few classes that are spread out over the
course of several weeks. These are generally focused on natural methods of pain management that
do not require medication or any other foreign substances entering the body.
The next time that you are in pain, there are two things that you can do. Either let it ruin your plans
or try one of the pain management techniques that are listed here. These will go a long way in the
overall management of your

Analgesic Pain
Pain is often an unpleasant part of being human. The experience is different for every individual
person and, the result of the pain does not always depend on the stimulus but can be effected by the
contest of any given situation. Neuropathic and nociceptive pain serve no observable purpose and
can often be an immense burden on the lives of the people that suffer from chronic and neuropathic
pain. Their physical, mental and emotional health can be seriously impacted as well as their social
life, and even their career or occupation can be negatively impacted by it. Analgesic treatments that
are currently available are extremely limiting, they suffer from low effectiveness, extreme financial
costs and potentially harmful toxicity factors. This ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A number of synthetic cannabinoids have been refined, produced and used in clinical drug trials and
have exhibited various levels of effectiveness, one of the more promising of these synthetic
cannabinoids is Nabilone. Although Nabilone is not identical to THC it is chemically similar, and
has shown promise as an effective treatment for Fibromyalgia, but with some dosage–inhibiting
negative effects (Shrabek et al., 2008; Beaulieu, 2006).
For some time now neuropathic pain has been exceptionally hard to treat, and evidence suggests that
the continuation of using ineffective opioids is irresponsible. Behavioural studies of rats with
allodynia have shown that the use of cannabinoids can significantly reduce the effects of
neuropathic pain (Herzberg et al., 1997). Furthermore THC and CBD have repeatedly shown their
strength as an analgesic in multiple animal based models and studies (Pertwee, 2006). These anti–
nociceptive benefits appear to be affected primarily by the CB1 receptor, but some data also
suggests that the CB2 receptor also plays an integral role in the intervention of chronic and
neuropathic pain (Scott, Wright & Angus,

Pain : Pain And Pain
1Language is always inadequate in the face of pain .Though pain remains a universal experience,
physicians face many challenges in treating pain. Despite decades of research, doctors have few
ways to measure pain objectively. Pain is a self–reported, often invisible, problem. This makes the
experience of suffering entirely subjective. Furthermore, pain is difficult to treat because every
person experiences it different, and it can even exist without an apparent underlying cause. Besides
the physical agony of pain, suffering takes an emotional and mental toll on patients and their
families. Additionally, the complexity of pain revolves around the idea that physical pain is
essentially unshareable. The feeling of suffering does not translate through traditional
communication. Therefore, the approaches to pain requires intentional diligence by the physician
and the patient.The primary challenge in treating pain remains in the incommunicable nature of
suffering and the variability in which pain is felt.
3 Physical pain involves two primary guarantees. First, physical pain will create agony and
suffering. Second, physical pain will be almost entirely inexpressible. In her book, The Body in
Pain, Elaine Scarry develops the argument that pain does not just defy language, it destroys
language. It is impossible to convey to other people the feelings and extent of personal pain.
Personal physical pain is always only a personal experience. With this idea, doctor 's face endless

The Pain Scale
In the article "The Pain Scale", Biss is giving a proposal to definition of the pain scale. The author
scaled the pain in a numeric values represented by a scale from zero to ten. First, is the zero scale.
As Biss described herself as some one who generate question instead of answering them, she thinks
that pain cannot be eliminated. Meaning, zero cannot explain a situation, just like its numerical
value, we cannot apply some computational operations to it. Then, the author goes to explain how
zero is interpreted in Celsius and Kelvin. To illustrate her point, she used the chicken as an example.
The concept of the chicken example is that when we grab the chicken by its feet and the chicken is
not complaining, that does not mean that the chicken is in no pain. The moral of zero pain is that
either the pain cannot be expressed or it can not be felt. Second, the author started with the stories of
how she was taught what is pain and who invented the scale of zero to ten pain scale. For example,
Biss's father told her that an itch is just a damaged tissue. Biss then asks a very complex question,
she said "When does pain worth measuring? With poison ivy? With a hang nail?... A razor cut?"
This shows how complex it is to judge where the pain begins. Even with a trained hospice nurses,
not every pain can be identified. Biss conclude the scale one by assuming that zero and one are
close to each other to the point where they might equal each other. Third, the scale number two
starts

Arthritis Pain
How to cope with Arthritis Pain
Arthritis is one of the leading causes of pain in the world. According to statistics, the disease sends
over 20 million people to the doctor's office each year. In order for you to know how to cope with
arthritis pain, you must first get a proper diagnosis to establish the type of arthritis you may be
suffering from. Early diagnosis and treatments provide a better chance for preventing disability and
joint damage.
Arthritis pain is caused by inflammation, damage to joint tissues, muscle strains and fatigue.
Here are some ways you can cope with arthritis pain.
Research more on your condition
Finding out the cause of your pain will help you learn how to control it. The internet has numerous
resources and books which provide valuable information about the various types of arthritis. Having
this ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Additionally, exercise helps to ease symptoms of chronic pain that may be brought about by
osteoarthritis. Occupational and physical therapists are some specialists who may recommend the
right exercise program depending on your needs.
Adopt proper eating habits
A well balanced diet plays a huge role in easing arthritic pain. Vitamins and calcium are known to
promote healthy bones. Omega–3 fatty acids reduce inflammation and keep the joints healthy.
Arthritis patients should also need to be careful about their weight. This is because the extra pounds
overload the joints and this increases the risk of cartilage breakdown. Taking the pressure off the
knees will help you manage the pain more effectively.
Avoid stress
Avoiding stress is one of the ways to keep the pain at bay. Studies suggests patients who engage in
their favourite hobbies and keep a sense of humor are able to cope with their pain compared to their
counterparts who are stuck at home doing nothing. You can also use calming statements and
distractions to drive away any negative

Concept Analysis Of Pain And Pain
Concept Analysis of Pain The most common reason that people seek medical care is pain, and pain
is the leading cause of disability (Peterson & Bredow, 2013, p. 51; National Institute of Health,
2010). Pain is such an important topic in healthcare that the United States congress "identified 2000
to 2010 as the Decade of Pain Control and Research" (Brunner L. S., et al., 2010, p. 231).
Unfortunatelly, patients are reporting a small increase in satisfaction with the pain management
while in the hospital (Bernhofer, 2011). Pain assessment and treatment can be complex since nurses
do not have a tool to quantify it. Pain is considered the fifth vital sign, however, we do not have
numbers to guide our interventions. Pain is a subjective expirience that cannot be shared easily.
Since nurses spend more time with patients in pain than any other healthcare provider, nurses must
have a clear understanding of the concept of pain (Brunner, et al., 2010). Concept analysis' main
objective is to clarify ideas, to enhance critical thinking, and to promote communication (Rodgers &
Knafl, 2000). This paper will examine the concept of pain using Wilson's Steps of Concept Analysis
(Rodgers & Knafl, 2000). Concept analysis are particularly helpful in explaining ambiguous
concepts (Rodgers & Knafl, 2000). Pain is defined in multiple ways. Also, pain has is associated
with a lot of misconceptions. This concept analysis' objective is to bring clarity and to provide a
deeper understanding of pain.

Pathological Pain
In order to fully answer this question, it is important to understand the definition of pain. The
International Association for the Study of Pain defines pain as "an unpleasant sensory and emotional
experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage or described in terms of such damage"
(Mersky and Bogduk ed 1994). The physiological function of the pain sensory system is protective
in nature, to shield the body from actual or potential tissue damage. Pathological pain, on the other
hand, is described as "spontaneous pain, hyperalgesia and allodynia, that persist for years or decades
after all possible tissue healing has occurred" (Coderre et al 1993).
Nociceptors are peripheral sensory neurons that detect the physical sensation of ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are many mechanisms for the sensitisation of nociceptors. A common scenario for this
occurrence is when peripheral tissue is subjected to exogenous injury, whether it be mechanical,
chemical, or toxic. Injury results in localised increase in inflammatory mediators, leading to the
sensitisation of nociceptors. Upregulation and increased expression of various membrane receptors
is the most common mechanism. Ionotropic receptors, Gq protein–coupled metabotropic receptors,
Gs protein–coupled metabotropic receptors, and mitogen–activated protein kinase have been shown
to be upregulated in nociceptors in response to the presence of inflammatory mediators (Sessle ed
2008). The resultant effect is increased conductance, lowered threshold for the initiation of action
potentials, spontaneous depolarisation, and increased after–discharges to supra–threshold stimuli
(Sessle ed 2008). Sprouting, or the growth of neuronal axons into the damaged tissue, also
contributes to pathological pain. Increased number of nociceptive axons increases the opportunity
for spatial and temporal summation and activation of nociceptors, which under normal conditions
would not be activated. Sufficient concentration of inflammatory mediators can also lead to the
activation of nociceptors which do not participate in the detection of noxious stimulus (Sessle ed
2008). With an increased number of nociceptors feeding back to the CNS, the sensation of pain is

Neuropathic Pain
Chapter 1.0: Selecting and justifying a clinical issue
1.1 Introduction
The International Association for the study of Pain (IASP, 2012) define neuropathic pain as a
complex type of pain in the nervous system caused or initiated by its primary lesion or dysfunction.
Taverner (2014) has described it as "pain without purpose" because it serves no useful signalling
role and does not have any beneficial effect. There is a further definition provided by the IASP
neuropathic pain special group of interest: "Pain arising as a direct consequence of a lesion or
disease affecting the somatosensory system" (IASP, 2010) (p.7). Many cancer disease states are
related to neuropathic pain and it is often difficult to treat. Furthermore the negative impact ... Show
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This means that with the purpose of providing nursing holistic care, which is based on evidence,
experience, culture and routine all nurses must continuously learn, develop and question their
practice (Ellis 2013). To make decisions about patient care, the evidence–based practice comes not
only from expert clinical experience and evidence from clinically relevant research but also values,
knowledge and pathophysiology of the illness (DiCenso et al. 2005). Furthermore it considers the
dependency of patient characteristics, situations and preferences (Kelly et al. 2014). In Chen &
Lanschu's (2011) review emphasizes that nurses should provide information about upper–limb
exercise and early exercise interventions in the short term following surgery, to give better shoulder
movement outcomes for patients. Moreover, there is no existing evidence of adverse effects of
incidence of seroma formation or lymphedema, pain and delayed in wound healing (Chen & Lanshu
2011). However, the evidence to assess, plan, deliver and evaluate care (NMC, 2015) is required in
case when early exercise may lead to wound drainage increment (Chen & Lanshu 2011; Kilbreath et
al. 2012). Therefore nurses must be aware of this and explain to patients that drains should be kept
in place for longer. For those patients with an aversion to increased and duration in wound

Cancer Pain
Literature Review of Complementary and Alternative Methods to Treat Cancer Pain
Literature Review
A Literature review is an essential and intense appraisal of previous research, it bestows a
groundwork on which, to base a novel evidence and typically performed afore data collection, for it
magnifies upon the aims of selecting a specific research question (Polit & Beck, 2017). Introduction
Pain occurs in the human body as the result of a physiological series of electrical and chemical
modality; uncontrolled cancer–related aching interposes to the patients' anguish, henceforth, the use
of evidence–based interferences is vital to the quality of life (QoL) for cancer patients. To
understand the best practice related to the interferences of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
According to Caraceni, Pigni, and Brunelli (2011), for over two decades now, the usage of oral
morphine has reflected as the drug of first–rate for remedying the moderate to severe cancer pain
based on its extensive and broadly usage, domain established with World Health Organization
stepladders and chronological locale. Arrays and rank of orally morphine efficiency and side effects
contrasted to other opioids namely methadone, oxycodone, TTS fentanyl, diamorphine and
hydromorphone in cancer pain treatment modality by the researchers and result indicated that the
oral morphine has no known differentiation compared to other opioids, however, additional analysis
is required (Caraceni, Pigni, & Brunelli, 2011).
Inconsistencies and Contraindications in Literature with Explanation
There was some inconsistency recognized in the literature review, especially that of the World
Health Organization analgesic stepladder. The study conducted by Naga (2015), discovered that;
World Health Organization analgesic stepladder needs to be the first–rate line of treatment modality
related to cancer pain. While, Bhatnagar and Gupta (2015) indicated, that the World Health
Organization stepladder should be amended and overturned

Pain, Acute Pain And Chronic Pain
Pain is an experience that involves both the mind and the body. It is an uncomfortable feeling that
signals your brain that there may be something wrong with your body. Pain is an irritating and
unpleasant sensory and emotional experience which may be caused by a damage in the tissues, one
's beliefs or thoughts, or environmental stressors such as one 's job or traffic. Pain is a significant
stress both physically and emotionally. It may cause discomfort, distress or agony. It may be steady
or throbbing. It maybe stabbing, aching or pinching.
In the past, many people thought that pain was a result of a damaged tissues. However now the
researchers have come to find out that pain is an intricate process that might or might not include
tissue damage and most likely involves social, psychological and emotional factors, which can
either cause, increase, or decrease painful sensations.
There are two types of pain, acute pain and chronic pain.
Acute pain is a short– lasting pain, which can be easily described and observed. Acute pain begins
suddenly and is a sharp pain. It 's a warning of a disease or a threat to the body. Acute pain might be
just mild and may last for a moment, or it may be severe and last for weeks or months. Acute pain
does not last longer than 6 months. If the pain lasts longer than 6 months than it may proceed on to
chronic pain.
Chronic pain tends to affect a person's whole life including a change in their personality, the
activities they used to

Palliative Pain
Pain management in palliative care has been inadequately addressed and treated by clinicians in
recent years (Wilkie and Ezenwa, 2012). This paper will identify and explore a few of the many of
the contributing factors to the inadequate management of pain as it relates to palliative care,
including the impact of pain management, inadequate education, and misconceptions. In an effort to
understand the underlying themes and corresponding actions to address this disparity, it is first
necessary to understand fundamental definitions and differences between palliative care and end–
of–life care. Wilkie and Ezenwa suggest that though palliative and end–of–life care both address the
"pain and symptom management," of disease; palliative care specifically ... Show more content on
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Part of the WHO goal is to educate providers, clinicians and public on the proper assessment,
pharmacological, and non–pharmacological approaches. This type of knowledge of pain
management is crucial to the multidimensional aspects and symptoms associated with common co–
morbidities in palliative care (Wilkie and Ezenwa, 2012). The most commonly used tool suggested
by the WHO is the "WHO Pain Relief Ladder" which includes adult and child variations that
progress from non–opioid with adjuvant to opioid medication (Lowe, Hanchanale and Hurlow,
2014). The WHO ladder has been successful in providing adequate pain control in 96% of renal
failure patients and 45–100% of cancer patients on palliative care (Lowe, Hanchanale and Hurlow,
2014). In addition to a lack of knowledge of treatment options, many individuals are confused to the
roles of specialists and non specialists in palliative care (O'Brien, 2013). In order for substantial
change to occur and ultimately promote reform in palliative care pain management, education must
be initiated with the person experiencing pain. An individual's experience can be improved if the
patient is educated about the impact of pain, its consequences, and are able to play an active role in
managing their own care (Pizzo and Clark,

Pain Essay
Pain is defined as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience that inevitably everyone in
society will experience at some stage throughout his or her lifespan, and every individuals
experience will differ from that of another's (Mac Lellan, 2006). This maybe due to any number of
factors that can affect an individual, such as age, gender, emotional state, culture, or previous
encounters with pain (Funnell, Koutoukidis, & Lawrence, 2005). In this reflective assignment I will
discuss not only how some of those contributing factors affected a pain episode that I recently
experienced. But also how an inability by medical staff to carry out a simple pain assessment and to
prescribe and administer adequate pain management impacted on my ... Show more content on
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But regardless of the pains cause and site of origin, for most people pain is simply as stated before
an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience (Mc Lellan, 2006).
An experience that medical professionals like to define in much broader terms, one that states that
"Pain is whatever the patient says it is, existing wherever the experiencing person says it is" (Farrell,
2005). This definition very much emphasises how subjective in nature the whole pain experience
tends to be, because it relies not only totally on the patient's ability to self–report on their level of
pain being experienced, but also on how effective their pain management interventions have been
(Farrell, 2005). This important tool known as a pain assessment not only aids in making a diagnosis
of a patient's medical condition, it also gives medical staff a reliable indicator of the patient's
location of pain, its quality and intensity, onset and duration, and any measures that help to relief it
(Crisp & Taylor, 2009). A failure to carry out such an assessment could result in not only in the
patient suffering with unnecessary pain, but can also result in the patient experiencing symptoms
such as stress, fatigue, insomnia, an inability to eat or mobilize, social isolation or depression (Crisp
& Taylor, 2009). Unfortunately these particular symptoms

Concept Analysis On Pain And Pain
Concept Analysis on Pain
Introduction
Pain is one of the most common challenging complains by patients. Pain in general is a very
uncomfortable feeling. Studies have shown that pain can affect the quality of life of individuals
(Ferrel, 1995). Over 100 million Americans suffer from chronic pain. This is the kind of pain that
lasts for more then 6 months. It can be mild or excruciating pain (Ratini, 2014). Nurse researchers
have spent the last 30 years trying to study pain management using both pain measurements and
outcomes of pain. Some studies have even shown that pain is not completely controlled even with
pharmacological agents (Wells, Pasero, & McCaffery, 2008). Pain that is not managed adequately
can lead to adverse physical and psychological patient outcomes, for patients and their families
(Wells, Pasero, & McCaffery, 2008).
Background
A person encompasses various types of pain throughout their life cycle, from birth to the end of life.
Pain experiences may include acute and chronic pain, pain from chronic conditions, or pain as a
symptom of a patient receiving palliative care. Pain is not just physiological but can be emotional,
psychosocial, or even spiritual. Due to the multiple advances in pain management. Nurses can have
inadequate information about pain management (Board of Nursing, 2001). Pain management is a
vital part of nursing. It is part is the 5th vital sign that nurses assess when they take their vital signs.
Pain management is one of the most

Pain Assessment
The Aging Adult
No evidence exists to suggest that older individuals perceive pain to a lesser degree or that
sensitivity is diminished. Although pain is a common experience among individuals 65 years of age
and older, it is not a normal process of aging. Pain indicates pathology or injury. Pain should never
be considered something to tolerate or accept in one's later years.
Unfortunately, many clinicians and older adults wrongfully assume that pain should be expected in
aging, which leads to less aggressive treatment. Older adults have additional fears about becoming
dependent, undergoing invasive procedures, taking pain medications, and having a financial burden.
The most common pain–producing conditions for aging adults include ... Show more content on
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3. When did your pain start?
Identifies onset and duration. Chronic pain persists after injury heals; it is pain that occurs for 6
months or longer.
4 What does your pain feel like?
Burning, stabbing, aching
Throbbing, firelike, squeezing
Cramping, sharp, itching, tingling
Shooting, crushing, sharp, dull
Identifies quality of pain and helps differentiate between nociceptive and neuropathic pain
mechanisms.
Neuropathic pain is described as burning, shooting, and tingling. Nociceptive pain originating from
visceral sites is described as aching if localized and cramping if poorly localized; from somatic sites,
it is described as throbbing/aching.
5. How much pain do you have now?
Identifies intensity (refer to various intensity scales).
6. What makes your pain better or worse?
(Include behavioral, pharmacologic, and nonpharmacologic interventions.)
Identifies alleviating and aggravating factors. Evaluates effectiveness of current treatment.
7. How does pain limit your function or activities? What does pain prevent you from doing?
Identifies degree of impairment and quality of life.
8. How do you usually react when you are in pain? How would others know you are in pain?
Nonverbal behaviors are extremely variable, especially for chronic pain syndromes. Will aid in
detection and assessment.
9. What does this pain mean to you? Why do you think you are having pain?
Can identify myths, misconceptions, beliefs, such as

The Pain Of Pediatric Pain Management Essay
Pediatric pain management is measured subjectively because it is based off of what the patient says
or how the nurse interprets the pain scale. Pain is rated using different scales, unfortunately these
different scales could yield different results. Nurses are trained to use pediatric pain scales to
analyze and treat pain but parents are not supplied with the tools to manage pain when the patient
goes home. With 84% of all pediatric surgical procedures performed on an outpatient basis, the
importance of teaching parents how to assess for and manage pain has become more important than
ever (Rony, Fortier, Chorney, Perret, & Kain, 2010). According to Rony's et al. (2010) study, it is
apparent that pediatric pain is not being treated effectively. The study showed that 58.8% of children
were receiving less than the daily recommended does prescribed by the pediatrician (p.1). Results of
the study also showed that parents had false assessments on if their child was actually in pain. 36%
of parents believed that if their child was in pain, they would cry out for the parent , 30% agreed that
their child would always tell them if they are in pain, while 22% said that the child would report
their pain immediately (Rony, Fortier, Chorney, Perret, & Kain, 2010, ). Children do not always
verbalize when they are in pain. Sometimes the pain can be so intense that a child is unable to talk.
If the child catches on to the parents negative perception of pain medications, the child may not

Odontogenic Pain
Odontogenic pain
Pulpal disease
Reversible pulpitis produces a quick, sharp, pain response that subsides when the stimulus is
removed. Any irritation to the pulpal tissue may produce this response like caries, cracks, or broken
restorations. Teeth often react to heat and cold stimuli or sugar contact. Normally, the tooth is not
tender to percussion and radiographic evaluation does not show any radiographic changes. Removal
of the cause is essential to prevent the inflammation from spreading, and eventually leading to
irreversible pulpitis. Irreversible pulpitis: Pain associated with irreversible pulpitis is usually
spontaneous. Patients report waking up at night with moderate to severe pain. Electrical and thermal
pulp tests produce severe ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Symptoms are usually characterized by deep, dull pain with occasional exacerbations of sharp pain.
MFPS is characterized by having muscular trigger points especially affecting the muscles of
mastication that stimulate pain and can result in referred pain to teeth. Tenderness to palpation,
limited range of motion, and stiffness are all characteristics of MFPS. A patient can present to the
dental clinic with dull, aching pain in the maxillary anterior teeth as a manifestation of pain referred
from the most anterior part of the temporalis muscle. Pain from the masseter muscle can be referred
to the mandibular molars. When pain is referred from the posterior–superior part of the temporalis
muscle, dull pain can occur in the maxillary premolars and maxillary molars. Stimulation of a
trigger point in the digastric muscle will result in pain referred to the lower incisors and pain
referred from the sternocleidomastoid muscle can be felt in the ipsilateral canine (Yount K.,

Myofascial Pain
BODY:
Myofascial pain has an association with Tension Type Headache, leading to a hypothesis that
manual therapy to treat myofascial trigger points, through trigger point release, relieves Tension
Type Headache.
Various studies have been performed to determine the efficacy of myofascial trigger point release on
relieving tension type headache intensity, frequency and duration. These studies have relied on
subjective pain measurement such as a visual analogue scale (VAS) or the McGill Pain
Questionnaire to determine effectiveness of a treatment as biochemical evidence in the form of
precise molecular identification remains unclear.
Definitions:
Myofascial Trigger Point:
Muscle referred pain is clinically expressed as myofascial trigger points ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Subjects were randomly chosen into 3 groups of 6: one group receiving twice weekly massage for 6
weeks; one group to receive twice weekly sham ultrasound sessions for 6 weeks; one wait list
control group that participated during the first and last assessments only.
During the assessments, the therapist used an Algometer to determine pressure (Newtons/CM²).
Moraska, A. F. et al found myofascial trigger point release to be effective in increasing Pressure
Pain Thresholds, (decreasing myofascial tenderness), at myofascial trigger points.
In a randomized, placebo–controlled trial, immediate and continued improvement in PPT at MTrPs
was observed in individuals with myofascial pain expressed as TTH. Gains in PPT of similar
magnitude to the first session were also observed after the 12th massage treatment even though a
significantly higher baseline was established. The present study underscores MTrP responsiveness
to treatment yet also shows that attaining full resolution of trigger point pain may require multiple
treatment sessions.(A. F. Moraska, Schmiege, Mann, Butryn, & Krutsch, 2017)
Interaction of Trigger Points and Tension Type

The Pain Of Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain
A study from the Pain Journal found that chronic musculoskeletal pain was more common than
chronic neuropathic pain, however, neuropathic pain was found to be more severe and debilitating.
Studies show that approximately 65%–85% of individuals with spinal cord injuries suffer from
chronic pain. Many patients with spinal cord injuries will develop "severe/excruciating" neuropathic
pain below the level of their injury. (Siddall et all, 2003). United States SCI veterans are susceptible
to chronic neuropathic pain due to a wide range of contributing factors that include trauma, post–
traumatic stress disorder, surgery, anesthesia, prolonged immobilization, depression and anxiety, and
mental illness – or a combination of any aforementioned. Many of our SCI patients are on heavy
pain medications that limit them from activities of daily living and affect their ability to participate
in scheduled therapies in the hospital. For example, when our patients are on opioid medications,
they are unable to drive which directly affects their ability to function normally in society.
Additionally, these medications can lead to patients unwilling to leave the house or hospital because
it will interfere with their regular drug administration times. In both of these instances, the patient's
day becomes dependent upon drug administration.
Pain is described by Siddall as, "an unpleasant sensory and/or emotional experience associated with
actual or potential tissue damage or described in terms

Endodontic Pain
Endodontic pain in the context of oro–facial pain. Endodontic pain is typically derived from noxious
insults to the pulp and peri–radicular tissues and the inflammation which follows. Nociceptors of the
pulp and peri–radicular tissues have their cell bodies located in the trigeminal ganglia. When these
primary afferent nociceptors experience membrane depolarization due to a noxious stimulus, they
send an action potential to the second–order neurons whose cell bodies reside in the medulla. The
second–order neuron then sends a signal to neurons in the higher centres of the brain where
processing of the signal results in perception of pain. This is a simplistic explanation of how the
mechanism of dental pain perception occurs. There are many ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Hyperalgesia from peripheral inflammation may occur due to alterations to inhibitory mechanisms.
Chronic pain conditions (such as temporomandibular disorders) can result in a decrease in central
inhibitory control mechanisms, which results in an increased central excitatory state causing
hyperalgesia.
It is also possible that multiple primary afferent nerves that innervate different structures, such as
the teeth and muscles of mastication, may synapse with the same secondary afferent nerve, which
then transmits the signal to the neuron that causes perception of pain. This is called convergence and
may also result in referred pain perception from a site experiencing a noxious stimuli to a site that is
not. The prudent dentist must be aware of the mechanisms and clinical symptoms of referred pain,
peripheral sensitization, central sensitization, and convergence. This knowledge will aide the
clinician to be able to properly diagnose non–odontogenic oro–facial pain in order to treat the
patient properly and to avoid doing irreversible harm to the patient, such as extractions or
endodontic treatment on healthy

Pain : Concept Analysis : Analysis Of Pain
Running Head: Concept Analysis 1
Pain: Concept Analysis Paper
Purdue University Calumet
2
Pain: A Concept Analysis Everywhere you turn you see ad's for pain relief, or people talking about
their pain. Google the word pain and you have almost 900 million searches. There are more than 2.9
millions scholarly articles written on pain. It is portrayed by artists such as Mexican painter Frida
Kahlo who was impaled during a trolley accident as a teenager. We all talk about it, think about it
and worry about it. So what is pain? As nurses we learn it is the fifth vital sign. Oxford Dictionary
describes it as a) highly unpleasant physical sensation caused by illness or injury, b) mental
suffering or loss, c) an annoying tedious person d) great care or trouble (Oxford Dictionary/English,
2017). In Mosby's Medical Dictionary pain is stated as an unpleasant sensation caused by noxious
stimulation of the sensory nerve endings. It is a subjective feeling and an individual response to the
cause ( Mosby, 2013) Throughout history Philosophers have expounded on pain. Plato (427–347,
B.C.), proposed the idea of the soul, pain and pleasure. He believed that pain arose not only from
peripheral stimulation but also as an emotional experience in the soul. Pleasure derived from pain
relief. Both pain and pleasure affect the whole body (Bonica, 1990). In

Neuropathic Pain
When a patient reports a toothache, it is important that we do not jump to conclusions before
considering all the signs, symptoms, and history. There are many causes of pain, both odontogenic
and non–odontogenic that may mimic a "toothache." Making the wrong diagnosis can at the very
least be embarrassing, and in some cases may be tragic.
An important fundamental paper by Brannstrom and Astrom1 explored a possible mechanism to
explain dentinal pain and sensitivity. In an experiment where air was blown on exposed dentin, they
noticed a significant outflow of fluid from the dentinal tubules. They postulated that dentinal
sensitivity may be caused by the rapid flow of fluid in either an inward or outward direction at the
pulpo–dentinal border. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Herpes zoster can mimic tooth pain and must be included in a differential diagnosis. Lopes et al.5
described a case report in which the signs and symptoms led to a diagnosis of pulpitis in the right
maxillary diagnosis. However, there was not enough evidence and no treatment was done. 4 days
later, the patient had multiple vesicles on the face, and a herpes zoster viral infection was diagnosed.
The patient was successfully treated with acyclovir.
10. Neuropathic pain is a broad category of non–odontogenic orofacial pain that should be in the
differential diagnosis. Trigeminal neuralgia is often described as sharp, shooting, and stabbing
pain.6 There is usually a trigger point which responds to light tactile, but not painful, stimuli. Pain is
not provoked by thermal stimulus and local anesthetic block of the trigeminal nerve is effective in
arresting the pain. Other neuralgias include glossopharyngeal and post–herpetic neuralgia.
11. Atypical Odontalgia is tooth related pain in an area where a tooth was extracted or where there
are no signs of pathology.7 There may be associated psychological disorders such as anxiety and
disorders. If pulp tests are vital and there is no sign of apical periodontitis, cracked tooth should be
ruled out. Occlusion should be checked. Then tests should be performed for central and peripheral
sensitization. If pain persists MRI of the brain should be performed and the appropriate referral
should be

Chronic Pain Vs Acute Pain
No the brain does not perceive acute and chronic pain differently. The perception of pain is
subjective to each individual person based on his or her own mood, emotional state, and prior
experience. A functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) shows that there is no difference
between someone with chronic pain compared to a person with an acute pain. The fMRI shows that
pain perception and related brain stimulation patterns were virtually undistinguishable between
chronic and acute pain. Most of the United States medical field does not understand nor manage
chronic pain well. They look at pain as a physical symptom but it's mainly psychological. We keep
running the same neurons that produce pain and they get better at producing pain,

Pain Management : Pain And Pain
What is pain, pain is an intensive feeling we feel when something distressing is happening to our
body. Pain management is how we treat the pain that we feel in our body. In today hospitals care of
patients the staff is becoming more judgmental toward patients with pain problems instead of
treating the condition. Nurses and doctors are supposed to make patients feel comfortable about
their treatments and not feeling like they are being judge for asking for pain medication. Being in
pain and having to come to the hospital patients are vulnerable, and the last thing a patient wants is
to be turn away because the staff doesn't believe what is going on. My personal experience with pain
management was having a doctor and nurse judge my situation because the assumptions of being
somebody that I wasn't. I came to the hospital because I was having lower severe abdominal pain
with sever flank pain. I told the doctor and nurse that the pain was so bad it was making me sick.
They had ask me to put urine in a cup when I did it was full of blood. The nurse and doctor ask me
if I pricked my finger and poured the blood in myself. I was shock and humiliated. I ask for pain
medication and the doctor prescribes some toradol and I told him, this medication normally doesn't
work for me. He got rude with me and told me there was nothing more he could do for me. I told
him and the nursing staff I wasn't being treated right, and they told me I could leave and go
somewhere else. So that is what I

Measuring Pain
Measuring Pain 1. 1. Sensory – intensity, duration, threshold, tolerance, location, etc
2. 2. Neurophysiological – brainwave activity, heart rate, etc
3. 3. Emotional and motivational – anxiety, anger, depression, resentment, etc
4. 4. Behavioural – avoidance of exercise, pain complaints, etc
5. 5. Impact on lifestyle – marital distress, changes in sexual behaviour
6. 6. Information processing – problem solving skills, coping styles, health beliefs
Techniques used to collect data. ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
1. 1. interviews – advantage – it can cover Karoly's 6 points
2. 2. behavioural ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One way to assess pain behaviours is to observe them in a clinical setting (although pain is also
assessed in a natural setting as the patient goes about his or her everyday activities). Keefe and
Williams (1992) have identified five elements that need to be considered when preparing to assess
any form of behaviour through this type of observation.
A rationale for observation: it is important for clinicians to know why they are observing pain
behaviours. One reason is to identify 'problem' behaviours that the patient may be reluctant to
report, such as pain when swallowing, so that treatment can be given. Another is to monitor the
progress of a course of treatment.
A method for sampling pain behaviour techniques for sampling and recording behaviour include
continuous observation, measuring duration (how long the patient takes to complete a task),
frequency counts (the number of times a target behaviour occurs) and time sampling (for example,
observing the patient for five minutes every hour).
Definitions of the behaviour: observers need to be completely clear as to what behaviours they are
looking for.

Observer training: in most clinical situations, there will be different observers at different times and
it is important that they are consistent.
Reliability and validity: the most useful

Pain And Perception Of Pain
Pain is not only defined as a sensation or a physical awareness, but also entails perception.
Moreover, pain is an unpleasant and an uncomfortable emotion that is transferred to the brain by
sensory neurons. There are various kinds of pain and how one perceives them is varied as well.
Certain parts of the brain also play a key role in how one feels pain such as the parietal lobe, which
is involved in interpreting pain while the hypothalamus is responsible for the response to pain one
has. Although some believe pain is just a physical awareness and is in the body, pain is all in one's
mind because the perception of pain and the emotion that controls its intensity differs in individuals
and when pain itself is administered to the body, the brain determines the emotions one attaches to
each painful experience.
The perception of pain and the emotions that control intensity differ in individuals. Since feeling
pain is somewhat adaptive, when one experiences it, he or she becomes aware of an injury and tries
to remove oneself from the source that caused the injury. For this reason, pain is considered
neuropathic or inflammatory in nature. Thus, when pain is the outcome from the damage caused to
the neurons of the peripheral and central nervous system, then that pain is neuropathic. However, if
the pain signals any kind of tissue damage, then the pain is inflammatory in nature. Due to various
types of pain, the interpretation of pain by neurons and the source of that pain

Coping With Pain
Coping with pain and adverse experiences of physical conditions (Physical symptoms)
Pain is defined as "an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or
potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage" (Merskey et al., 1979). The medical
conditions are various in different types of pain; acute (procedure–related pain, postoperative pain,
trauma–associated pain, acute pain due to chronic illness), recurrent, and chronic pain.
Pain present unique challenges for health care professionals because individual gets differently so
the clinician should avoid to discrete a medical and a psychiatric etiology for the pain. An
integrative biopsychosocial approach to assessment, formulation and multidisciplinary management
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The results for the effects of different intervention types (CBT, Relaxation, and Biofeedback) on
pain, disability, and emotional functioning at post–treatment. All three interventions yielded positive
effects on clinically significant pain reduction, with odds ratios of 4.13 (CBT), 9.93 (Relaxation),
and 23.34 (Biofeedback). Disability was only available in studies of CBT, with a small and non–
significant effect (SMD = −0.24, 95% CI −0.51, 0.03). Emotional functioning was included in 5
CBT trials (SMD = −0.09, 95% CI −0.40, 0.21) and one Biofeedback trial (SMD = −0.15, 95% CI
−0.91, 0.61), producing similar small and non–significant results (Eccleston C et al,

Pain Perception : Pain And Pain
Pain Perception
According to John Hopkins Medicine (n.d.), pain is an uncomfortable feeling that tells you
something may be wrong. It can be fixed, throbbing, stabbing, aching, pinching, or described in
many other ways. Pain is categorized as either acute or chronic. Acute pain is usually severe and
brief, and is often a signal that your body has been injured. Chronic pain can vary from mild to
severe and is there for long periods of time (John Hopkins Medicine, n.d). This paper will discuss a
scenario that entails which person is experiencing the most pain, how two people can have the same
procedure experience different levels of pain, factors that contribute to each person's pain level, and
two complementary/alternative methods of pain control.
Who is Experiencing the Greater Amount of Pain?
"Mr. Clark (white Anglo–Saxon) and Mrs. Wong (Chinese) have had a total hip replacement. Mr.
Clark has a client–controlled analgesic pump (PCA) and is receiving a small dose of morphine
every 10 minutes. He scales his pain as an 8 on a numerical scale of 0 to 10. Mrs. Wong refused the
morphine pump and prefers to use over–the–counter Motrin for the pain. She scales her pain as a 3
on a numerical scale of 0 to 10" (L.Barrow, personal communication, August 20, 2016).
Pain is subjective, meaning it is whatever the experiencing person says it is. People tolerate pain
differently. Mr. Clark has a low tolerance for pain according to the rate of 8 on the pain scale. As a
result, he needs a

The Pain At The Hospital
The pain in my side was excruciating! I had never felt a pain like this before; it would come and go
in waves like something was squeezing at some unknown organ. This had happened twice before,
but the pain had never been as unbearable as this third time. Because of the severity of this "attack,"
I finally decided to go see a professional. We first visited a small clinic, but they were not able to
assist me because they did not have any machines needed for deep body scans. The staff suggested
that we go to the emergency room. When we arrived at the hospital, it did not take long before I was
admitted and taken back to a room. Very soon afterward, I met my primary nurse, who was not very
compassionate, and she took some notes of my ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Though I was not fully aware of things, I was aware of the doctor and the nurse kicking many of my
family members out of the room so that they could ask me some "personal" questions. After asking
many questions (about things that he did not need to know) about my personal business, he finally
gave up his belief that I was pregnant, and moved on the more likely idea that I had a kidney stone.
The long wait had finally paid off. Soon afterwards, two radiology techs came to my room, and
brought me to have a CT scan done. By this time, I had begun to tremble uncontrollably, and for the
CT scan I had to lay down on a freezing table while the machine passed over me. This did not take
long, and I was soon wheeled back to my room. But before I had been pushed out of the room, one
the techs gave me a blanket to put over the thin sheet I had been using. This was the one act of
kindness that was shown to me during my hospital experience. Hour after painful hour ticked by as
we waited to hear back from the doctor about the test. I could not help but to cry. I was in pain, I
was cold, I was hungry, and it seemed that these people were the exact opposite of urgency. I
realized that it was an emergency room, and the nurses had to also look after other people who were
severely injured. But I could not help but question, "How long does it take to read

The Experience of Pain
There is a common tie that connects people around the world: the experience of pain. While many
people experience pain differently, and experience pain relative to their own levels of tolerance, pain
is a universal sensation, and, at times, a shared experience. While individual physical pain is isolated
to one's own body, empathy for the physical pain of others and the resulting emotional pain can be
shared. Being empathetic and considerate towards others not only brings people together, but also
reinforces the mark of existence we all share due to the presence of pain. The nature of pain pushes
the body and the mind to its limits, and because of this, it is a feeling that many people try to avoid.
However, pain is important and necessary to the human experience because it is a mark of existence,
teaching one to exercise sympathy, perseverance, and appreciation in a complex world shared by
many.
Pain has the ability to teach one to appreciate and embrace life. Pain is also a clear signal that one is
alive. In her essay, "The Pain Scale," Eula Biss talks about how the four vital signs used to
determine the health of a patient are "blood pressure, temperature, breath, and pulse." She also adds
that it has "recently been suggested that pain be considered a fifth vital sign" (175). This quote
illustrates that pain is necessary to the human experience. Because pain can be considered a vital
sign, it is important to note that although at times difficult to endure, pain is a marker

Pain Management
Introduction
Pain management in burn unit hospitals continues to be a major challenge for many hospitalized
patients of all ages. Patients who are required to be hospitalized are usually ones who have moderate
to severe burns that result in traumatic tissue damages. The topic of this research paper will be about
pain management in patients with burns. The purpose of this paper is stated in following as a patient
intervention comparison and outcome (PICO) format, in patients with severe burns who requires
routine dressing changes, how does the combination of pharmacological and non–pharmacological
pain management compare to using pharmacological pain management alone affect the patient's
overall pain experience?
Importance to the Science of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The keywords: burn patients (5,212 hits), burn injury (3,462 hits), burns in adults (758 hits), burns
in children (1,285), and treatment for burns (1,834), generated the most results hit for me. I used
Boolean operators to narrow my results even more. I found find a few useful reports and clinical
evidence under the phrases: burn patients and skin care (121 hits), burn patients and quality of life
(191 hits), and burn patients and depression (41 hits). Filter keywords like Male and female
generated 59 and 57 hits, further allowing me to find more relevant information about my topic.
Overall, I retrieved all the necessary articles from this database to help me write this research
assignment.
Key Findings
1. The first key finding that I concluded from my research article is that non–pharmacological
intervention such as music and massage, whether used individually or in a combination of both,
demonstrated a decrease in pain perception and anxiety, and an increase in relaxation according to
patients' experience (T. Najafi Ghezelieh, et al. 2017). This article was about a randomized
controlled clinical trial group of 240 burn patients located in a burn unit hospital in Iran, the group
was divided into groups of 60 patients in one of the following four groups: control group receiving
conventional (pharmacological approach) primary care, music group that allows patients to

Pain
Quotes about pain from QuotationsBook.com
Who, except the gods, can live time through forever without any pain?
– Aeschylus
The injuries we do and the injuries we suffer are seldom weighed on the same scales.
– Aesop
The greatest evil is physical pain.
– Augustine, St.
The moment an ill can be patiently handled, it is disarmed of its poison, though not of its pain.
– Beecher, Henry Ward
And God shall wipe away all tears from their eyes; and there shall be nor more death, neither sorrow
nor crying, neither shall there be any more pain. [Revelation]
– Bible
To banish cares, scare away sorrow and soothe pain is the business of the poet and singer.
– Bodenstedt
1
There has never been a great athlete who ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
You can't be brave if you've only had wonderful things happen to you.
– Moore, Mary Tyler
When there is pain, there are no words. All pain is the same.
– Morrison, Toni
This horror of pain is a rather low instinct and... if I think of human beings I've known and of my
own life, such as it is, I can't recall any case of pain which didn't, on the whole, enrich life.
– Muggeridge, Malcolm
Life is pain and the enjoyment of love is an anesthetic.

– Pavese, Cesare
No pain, no palm; no thorns, no throne; no gall, no glory; no cross, no crown.
– Penn, William
6
That which is escaped now is pain to come.
– Proverb
They can rule the world while they can persuade us our pain belongs in some order is death by
famine worse than death by suicide, than a life of famine and suicide...?
– Rich, Adrienne
Why do people persist in a dissatisfying relationship, unwilling either to work toward solutions or
end it and move on? It's because they know changing will lead to the unknown, and most people
believe that the unknown will be much more painful than what they're already experiencing.
– Robbins, Anthony
Pain is such an uncomfortable feeling that even a tiny amount of it is enough to ruin every
enjoyment.
– Rogers, Will
We must all suffer one of two things: the pain of discipline or the pain of regret or disappointment.
– Rohn, Jim
There is no more lively sensation than that of pain; its impressions are certain and

Pain And Treatment Of Pain
Pain
Pain can be defined in three different forms. The initial and the minimal contact with the damaging
stimuli can be described as the warning for the physiological protective system. This initial stage is
called the nociceptive pain. The warning system demands immediate response and causes
immediate withdrawal from the painful or damaging stimulus (Woolf 1).Second type of pain is
called inflammatory pain, this type of pain activates when the person feels the pain and it is
necessary to heal the injured tissues. Pain tenderness and hypersensitivity reduces future risk for the
damage and side by side promotes recovery (Woolf 1).The third and last type of pain is not
protective in fact it is maladaptive. This is known as pathological pain. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
According to Woolf the mind also perceive false signals for pain (Woolf 1). The feeling of pain is
essential for survival. Pain is the first indicator of any tissue injury. Any stimulus that results in
injury or wound leads to a sensation of pain, heat, cold, the pressure, the electric current, the
chemical irritants and even the sudden movements. Unlike other sensory systems, however, the
sensory system to the pain is extremely broad; a painful sensation can be started in any part of the
body or the central nervous system (CNS). Various locations are paired to various kinds of
sensations of pain (Fields 10). Your perception is clearly a rich and multidimensional experience,
which varies so much in quality as in sensory intensity, as well as in their affective–motivational
characteristics. Without doubt, the feeling of pain is an important field domain of human experience
and perhaps that you have, continuously and with more success, eluded numerous attempts at
conceptualization consistent quantification, or even systematic documentation, for generations of
specialists of different areas of knowledge. Its complexity and multidimensional nature, which are
evident even in the elementary analysis of the various types of pain, have virtually blocked the
development of an adequate definition of pain that is the more important, hampered the construction
of a General theory of the pain, as well as the

Pain And Painkillers

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