Name: Habitable Zones – Student Guide Exercises Please read through the background pages entitled Life, Circumstellar Habitable Zones, and The Galactic Habitable Zone before working on the exercises using simulations below. Circumstellar Zones Open the Circumstellar Zone Simulator. There are four main panels: · The top panel simulation displays a visualization of a star and its planets looking down onto the plane of the solar system. The habitable zone is displayed for the particular star being simulated. One can click and drag either toward the star or away from it to change the scale being displayed. · The General Settings panel provides two options for creating standards of reference in the top panel. · The Star and Planets Setting and Properties panel allows one to display our own star system, several known star systems, or create your own star-planet combinations in the none-selected mode. · The Timeline and Simulation Controls allows one to demonstrate the time evolution of the star system being displayed. The simulation begins with our Sun being displayed as it was when it formed and a terrestrial planet at the position of Earth. One can change the planet’s distance from the Sun either by dragging it or using the planet distance slider. Note that the appearance of the planet changes depending upon its location. It appears quite earth-like when inside the circumstellar habitable zone (hereafter CHZ). However, when it is dragged inside of the CHZ it becomes “desert-like” while outside it appears “frozen”. Question 1: Drag the planet to the inner boundary of the CHZ and note this distance from the Sun. Then drag it to the outer boundary and note this value. Lastly, take the difference of these two figures to calculate the “width” of the sun’s primordial CHZ. CHZ Inner Boundary CHZ Outer Boundary Width of CHZ NAAP – Habitable Zones 1/7 Question 2: Let’s explore the width of the CHZ for other stars. Complete the table below for stars with a variety of masses. Star Mass (M )  Star Luminosity (L )  CHZ Inner Boundary (AU) CHZ Outer Boundary (AU) Width of CHZ (AU) 0.3 0.7 1.0 2.0 4.0 8.0 15.0 Question 3: Using the table above, what general conclusion can be made regarding the location of the CHZ for different types of stars? Question 4: Using the table above, what general conclusion can be made regarding the width of the CHZ for different types of stars? Exploring Other Systems Begin by selecting the system 51 Pegasi. This was the first planet discovered around a star using the radial velocity technique. This technique detects systematic shifts in the wavelengths of absorption lines in the star’s spectra over time due to the motion of the star around the star-planet center of mass. The planet orbiting 51 Pegasi has a mass of at least half Jupiter’s mass. Question 5: Zoom out so that you can compare this planet to those in our solar system (you can click-hold-drag to change t ...

1. Name:
Habitable Zones – Student Guide
Exercises
Please read through the background pages entitled Life,
Circumstellar Habitable Zones, and The Galactic Habitable
Zone before working on the exercises using simulations below.
Circumstellar Zones
Open the Circumstellar Zone Simulator. There are four main
panels:
· The top panel simulation displays a visualization of a star and
its planets looking down onto the plane of the solar system. The
habitable zone is displayed for the particular star being
simulated. One can click and drag either toward the star or away
from it to change the scale being displayed.
· The General Settings panel provides two options for creating
standards of reference in the top panel.
· The Star and Planets Setting and Properties panel allows one
to display our own star system, several known star systems, or
create your own star-planet combinations in the none-selected
mode.
· The Timeline and Simulation Controls allows one to
demonstrate the time evolution of the star system being
displayed.
The simulation begins with our Sun being displayed as it was
when it formed and a terrestrial planet at the position of Earth.
One can change the planet’s distance from the Sun either by
dragging it or using the planet distance slider.
Note that the appearance of the planet changes depending upon
its location. It appears quite earth-like when inside the
circumstellar habitable zone (hereafter CHZ). However, when it
is dragged inside of the CHZ it becomes “desert-like” while

2. outside it appears “frozen”.
Question 1: Drag the planet to the inner boundary of the CHZ
and note this distance from the Sun. Then drag it to the outer
boundary and note this value. Lastly, take the difference of
these two figures to calculate the “width” of the sun’s
primordial CHZ.
CHZ Inner Boundary
CHZ Outer Boundary
Width of CHZ
NAAP – Habitable Zones 1/7
Question 2: Let’s explore the width of the CHZ for other stars.
Complete the table below for stars with a variety of masses.
Star Mass (M )
Star Luminosity (L )
CHZ Inner Boundary (AU)
CHZ Outer Boundary (AU)
Width of CHZ (AU)
0.3
0.7

3. 1.0
2.0
4.0
8.0
15.0
Question 3: Using the table above, what general conclusion can
be made regarding the location of the CHZ for different types of
stars?

4. Question 4: Using the table above, what general conclusion can
be made regarding the width of the CHZ for different types of
stars?
Exploring Other Systems
Begin by selecting the system 51 Pegasi. This was the first
planet discovered around a star using the radial velocity
technique. This technique detects systematic shifts in the
wavelengths of absorption lines in the star’s spectra over time
due to the motion of the star around the star-planet center of
mass. The planet orbiting 51 Pegasi has a mass of at least half
Jupiter’s mass.
Question 5: Zoom out so that you can compare this planet to
those in our solar system (you can click-hold-drag to change the
scale). Is this extrasolar planet like any in our solar system? In
what ways is it similar or different?

5. Question 6: Select the system HD 93083. Note that planet b is
in this star’s CHZ. Now in fact this planet has a mass of at least
0.37 Jupiter masses. Is this planet a likely candidate to have life
like that on Earth? Why or why not?
Question 7: Note that Jupiter’s moon Europa is covered in water
ice. What would Europa be like if it orbited HD 93083b?
Select the system Gliese 581. This system is notable for having
some of the smallest and presumably earth-like planets yet
discovered. Look especially at planets c and d which bracket the
CHZ. In fact, there are researchers who believe that the CHZ of
this star may include one or both of these planets. (Since there
are several assumptions involved in the determination of the
boundary of the CHZ, not all

6. researchers agree where those limits should be drawn.) This
system is the best candidate yet discovered for an earth-like
planet near or in a CHZ.
The Time Evolution of Circumstellar Habitable Zones
We will now look at the evolution of star systems over time and
investigate how that affects the circumstellar zone. We will
focus exclusively on stellar evolution which is well understood
and assume that planets remain in their orbits indefinitely.
Many researchers believe that planets migrate due to
gravitational interactions with each other and with smaller
debris, but that is not shown in our simulator.
We will make use of the Time and Simulation Controls panel.
This panel consists of a button and slider to control the passing
of time and 3 horizontal strips:
· the first strip is a timeline encompassinging the complete
lifetime of the star with time values labeled
· the second strip represents the temperature range of the CHZ –
the orange bar at the top indicates the inner boundary and the
blue bar at the botom the outer boundary. A black line is shown
in between for times when the planet is within the CHZ.
· The bottom strip also shows the length of time the planet is in
the CHZ in dark blue as well as labeling important events
during the lifetime of a star such as when it leaves the main
sequence.
Stars gradually brighten as they get older. They are building up
a core of helium ash and the fusion region becomes slightly
larger over time, generating more energy.
Question 8: Return to the none selected mode and configure the
simulator for Earth (a 1
M star at a distance of 1 AU). Note that immediately after our
Sun formed Earth was in
the middle of the CHZ. Drag the timeline cursor forward and
note how the CHZ moves outward as the Sun gets brighter. Stop

7. the time cursor at 4.6 billion years to represent the present age
of our solar system. Based on this simulation, how much longer
will Earth be in the CHZ?
Question 9: What is the total lifetime of the Sun (up to the point
when it becomes a white dwarf and no longer supports fusion)?
Question 10: What happens to Earth at this time in the
simulator?
You may have noticed the planet moving outwards towards the
end of the star’s life. This is due to the star losing mass in its
final stages.
We know that life appeared on Earth early on but complex life
did not appear until several billlion years later. If life on other
planets takes a similar amount of time to evolve, we would like
to know how long a planet is in its CHZ to evaluate the
likelihood of complex life being present.
To make this determination, first set the timeline cursor to time
zero, then drag the planet in the diagram so that it is just on the
outer edge of CHZ. Then run the simulator until the planet is no

8. longer in the CHZ. Record the time when this occurs – this is
the total amount of time the planet spends in the CHZ. Complete
the table for the range of stellar masses.
Question 11: It took approximately 4 billion years for complex
life to appear on Earth. In which of the systems above would
that be possible? What can you conclude about a star’s mass and
the likeliood of it harboring complex life.
Tidal Locking
We have learned that large stars are not good candidates for life
because they evolve so quickly. Now let’s take a look at low-
mass stars. Reset the simulator and set
the initial star mass to 0.3 M
. Drag the planet in to the CHZ.

9. Question 12: Notice that the planet is shown with a dashed line
through its middle. What has happened is that the planet is so
close to its star that is has become tidally locked due to
gravitational interactions. This is analogous to Earth’s moon
which always presents the
same side towards Earth. For a planet orbiting a star, this means
one side would get very hot and the other side would get very
cold. (However, a thick atmosphere could theoretically spread
the heat around the planet as happens on Venus. In answering
the following questions, please put aside this possibility.)
Question 13: What would happen to Earth’s water if it were
suddenly to become tidally locked to the Sun? What would this
mean for life on Earth?
Question 14: Complete the table below by resetting the
simulator, setting the initial star mass to the value in the table,
and positioning the planet in the middle of the CHZ at time
zero. Record whether or not the planet is tidally locked at this
time. If tidal locking reduces the likelihood of life evolving
on a planet,
which system in the table is least conducive towards life?

10. CHZ Summation
We have seen that low-mass stars have very small CHZs very
close to the star and that planets become tidally locked at these
small distances. We have seen that high-mass stars have very
short lives – too short for life as we know it to appear.
The combination of these two trains of thought is often referred
to as the Goldilocks hypothesis – that medium-mass stars give
the optimal opportunity for complex life to appear.
GHZ
Now we are going to investigate habitability zones on the
scale of the entire
Milky Way Galaxy. The two competing factors that we will look
at are 1) the likelihood of planets forming (since we assume that
life needs a planet to evolve on), and 2) the likelihood of life
being wiped out by a cosmic catastrophe.
Open up the Milky Way Habitabilty Explorer. Each of the two
factors described above are illustrated in a graph as a function
of distance from the galactic center.
Question 15: What factor influences the rate of planet
formation? How does this vary as a function of a star system’s
distance from the center of the Milky Way?

11. Question 16: What sort of events can wipe out life on a planet?
How does the likelihood of extinction for life vary depending
upon a star system’s distance from the center of the Milky Way?
Question 17: Present a version of the Goldilock’s Hypothesis
for the GHZ that is similar in character to that which we stated
for the CHZ earlier.

12. Codes of ethical conduct at Ruby Tuesday
Aaron Whitaker
Professor: Michael Oswald
Business 100
12/12/2016
MICHAEL OSWALD
MICHAEL OSWALD: only double space between lines

13. Codes of ethical conduct at Ruby Tuesday
Introduction
Code of ethics is an set of rules that is used in guiding a given
organization or company.
All successful organizations usually have a set of rules that
govern their employees within the
organization. These rules are usually of great importance as
they lead to uniformity among
employees and even members of an organization's staff and
management. Just as any other
successful and competitive organization, Ruby Tuesday has set
of rules that govern individuals
within the organization. These codes of conduct are usually
implemented in such a way that
every individual within the organization benefits equally
without any form of bias (Gilman,
2005).
Codes of ethical conduct of Ruby Tuesday
The organization has a code of ethical conduct that has to be
followed by the employees
and even the organization's staff. Some of the most important
elements of the organization's code

14. of conduct include the following:
• Any individual who is part of the organization should be
capable of acting with honesty
and integrity between members of the community. Also, this is
mainly used in ensuring
that the relationship between professionals and personal
relationships are kept at par. This
is quite important ensuring that any information that may give
rise to conflicts within the
organization reaches the company's Chief Legal Officer and this
helps in ensuring that
the number of conflicts within the organization are reduced
(Gilman, 2005).
MICHAEL OSWALD
MICHAEL OSWALD: center and bold
MICHAEL OSWALD
MICHAEL OSWALD: a
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MICHAEL OSWALD: centere and bold
• Any individual within the organization is entitled to providing
information that is
accurate, timely, full and fair to all documents and reports that

15. the company should be
delivering to SEC or other public filings or any sort of
communication that has been
made by the company.
• Any individual within the company should be ready to comply
with the laws and rules of
the company, court orders and even the company's regulations.
Also, these individuals
should be ready to comply faithfully with the consent
agreements of state, foreign,
national and local governments and any form of regulatory
agencies that will be
applicable.
• All individuals within the company should be able to act
responsibly and in good faith.
They should also be able to care for the company's customers by
offering them with
quality goods and services.
• The company's employees and staff should not use any form of
confidential information
acquired during work experience within the company to one's
own advantage. Also, these
individuals should refrain from buying or even selling the

16. securities of the company as
this will be termed as a violation of the company's security
laws.
• An individual should be able to act responsibly on any activity
taking place within the
company (Whitton, 2001).
Key steps that Ruby Tuesday should apply
In order to ensure that all the employees and the company's
staff fully comply with the
company's codes of ethical conduct, the company should follow
the steps below:
MICHAEL OSWALD
MICHAEL OSWALD: need punctuation :
• The company should first identify the strengths and
weaknesses of its employees and
staff
• Next, they should ensure that all stakeholders in the company
are aware of the codes of
ethical conduct that have been administered by the company
• The company should then involve all members of the company
in decision making

17. processes in order to come up with the right set of rules and
regulations that will help in
governing the company. If these steps are followed then the
individuals in the company
will be able to fully follow the codes of ethical conduct
(Whitton, 2001).
Ways of being responsive
• The restaurant can perform assessments in order to hear from
its employees
• The restaurant can involve both employees and the staff in
decision making processes
• The restaurant should also ensure that employees and staff are
all involved while making
any decisions regarding change in the codes of ethical conduct.
MICHAEL OSWALD
MICHAEL OSWALD: period
MICHAEL OSWALD
MICHAEL OSWALD: period

18. MICHAEL OSWALD
MICHAEL OSWALD: need punctuation
MICHAEL OSWALD
MICHAEL OSWALD: period
MICHAEL OSWALD
MICHAEL OSWALD: period
MICHAEL OSWALD
MICHAEL OSWALD: this paper seems to end abruptly. There
should be some sort of conclusion.
References
Gilman, S. C. (2005). Ethics codes and codes of conduct as
tools for promoting an ethical and
professional public service: comparative successes and lessons.
Washington DC.
Whitton, H. (2001). Implementing effective ethics standards in
government and the civil
service. Transparency International, 2, 2001.
MICHAEL OSWALD
MICHAEL OSWALD: center
MICHAEL OSWALD
MICHAEL OSWALD: why didn't you utilize Ruby Tuesday
website as a resource?