ENGLISH 128 Research Paper Due Date: Thursday 8/15 submitted online through Canvas Final Paper: including an Abstract page, 12-16 page essay, and Annotated Bibliography Format: Standard APA format Final Paper Page Length: Cover Page, Abstract, 12-16 page paper, Annotated Bibliography Directions: Remember that the focus of this class is on questions in the Sciences or Applied Technology/Business. Answer a Research Question derived from an appropriate topic in the Sciences, Applied Technology, or Business Science. Present appropriate background information, current research, and context for your Thesis (your educated answer to your Research Question). Display critical thinking and analysis of the issue or problem and provide a logical argument in order to arrive at a reasonable conclusion. Your Research Paper should focus on an issue or problem with significant relevance to current research in a given field (2005 or newer), and should be an analytical essay with a Thesis, not simply a summary of data. Remember a good essay Thesis is Arguable, Provable, Logical, and Meaningful. Display your knowledge of Standard American English writing at the College Level (including grammar, style, organization, and rhetoric) and of APA style to present data, integrate data, and document your sources both in-text and in an Annotated Bibliography. Your Annotated Bibliography is a separate assignment attached to the end of your Research Paper. It will document your sources as an APA References Page and include Annotations that comment on each source you used in your paper. · Your research will have to include at least 12 reliable sources of primary or secondary evidence. Use the Holman library to access research databases, you may also find Google Scholar useful. Make sure to verify your sources as appropriately academic (use Wikipedia to learn info and the bibliography from the Wikipedia page to track down better sources, but Wikipedia itself is not an academic source, for example). · In addition, you will need to write an Annotated Bibliography and cite your sources in APA style : https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/614/03/ Grading: The paper will be evaluated as discussed in the course outline with attention paid to grammar, organization, clarity, thoroughness of research, and use of APA format. Your final paper, abstract, and annotated bibliography are all separate parts of this project as outlined in the course syllabus. Running head: RESEARCH PROPOSAL ON CLIMATE ENGINEERING 16 Research Proposal: Climate Engineering Student’s Name Institutional Affiliation Research Outline I. Introduction A. Impacts and Reasons B. Mitigation Tools II. Problem Definition and Research Gap III. Research Questions IV. Research Objectives V. Significance of the Research VI. Research Hypothesis VII. Research Methodology VIII. Literature Review IX. Hypothesis Evaluation X. Conclusion XI. References IntroductionImpacts and Reasons There ...

1. ENGLISH 128
Research Paper
Due Date: Thursday 8/15 submitted online through Canvas
Final Paper: including an Abstract page, 12-16 page essay, and
Annotated Bibliography
Format: Standard APA format
Final Paper Page Length: Cover Page, Abstract, 12-16 page
paper, Annotated Bibliography
Directions: Remember that the focus of this class is on
questions in the Sciences or Applied Technology/Business.
Answer a Research Question derived from an appropriate topic
in the Sciences, Applied Technology, or Business Science.
Present appropriate background information, current research,
and context for your Thesis (your educated answer to your
Research Question). Display critical thinking and analysis of
the issue or problem and provide a logical argument in order to
arrive at a reasonable conclusion.
Your Research Paper should focus on an issue or problem with
significant relevance to current research in a given field (2005
or newer), and should be an analytical essay with a Thesis, not
simply a summary of data. Remember a good essay Thesis is
Arguable, Provable, Logical, and Meaningful.
Display your knowledge of Standard American English writing
at the College Level (including grammar, style, organization,
and rhetoric) and of APA style to present data, integrate data,
and document your sources both in-text and in an Annotated
Bibliography.
Your Annotated Bibliography is a separate assignment attached
to the end of your Research Paper. It will document your
sources as an APA References Page and include Annotations

2. that comment on each source you used in your paper.
· Your research will have to include at least 12 reliable sources
of primary or secondary evidence. Use the Holman library to
access research databases, you may also find Google Scholar
useful. Make sure to verify your sources as appropriately
academic (use Wikipedia to learn info and the bibliography
from the Wikipedia page to track down better sources, but
Wikipedia itself is not an academic source, for example).
· In addition, you will need to write an Annotated Bibliography
and cite your sources in APA style :
https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/614/03/
Grading: The paper will be evaluated as discussed in the course
outline with attention paid to grammar, organization, clarity,
thoroughness of research, and use of APA format. Your final
paper, abstract, and annotated bibliography are all separate
parts of this project as outlined in the course syllabus.
Running head: RESEARCH PROPOSAL ON CLIMATE
ENGINEERING
16
Research Proposal: Climate Engineering
Student’s Name
Institutional Affiliation
Research Outline
I. Introduction
A. Impacts and Reasons

3. B. Mitigation Tools
II. Problem Definition and Research Gap
III. Research Questions
IV. Research Objectives
V. Significance of the Research
VI. Research Hypothesis
VII. Research Methodology
VIII. Literature Review
IX. Hypothesis Evaluation
X. Conclusion
XI. References
IntroductionImpacts and Reasons
There are certain impacts of climate change face by earth are as
follows:
· Less Rainfall
· Less Production
· Water Shortage
· Crops Destruction
· Limited Resources
· Future instability
· Lack of measures
Above-mentioned are basically certain impacts of which are the
reason and become the reason against earth’s climate change.
For instance, if climate does not change upon certain conditions
it will have adverse effects to earth. Likewise, there should be
certain measures or technology must be inducing around the
which can prevent earth affecting from global warming.
Mitigation Tools
There are certain essential tools which can cause the wrath
temperature in control and stay earth climate cool and

4. favourable for planet in order to prevent from global warming
and other climate destruction reasons. Tools which can be used
are given below:
· Climate Engineering
· Use of Modern and Advanced Technology
· Industrial units must be checked and renewed
· Avoid Water wastage
· Grow more Trees
· Less Construction
Above-mentioned are certain measures and prevention activities
in order to stay earth green. For instance, if we grow more tress
it would be helpful in making immense change in climate
especially in those areas where even average rainfall around the
year is less. Likewise, climate engineering is a modern and
advanced technological measure to make earth’s cool and
removes the carbon dioxide from the atmosphere (Duffus,
2009). These are actually intervention in climate change, the
technology is highly controversial but at the same time it is
beneficial for those regions/states around the world where
climate is consistently hot and unfavourable for crops where
climate engineering must be implemented and becomes a
necessity. Problem Definition and Research Gap
This specific research on climate engineering is basically
portrays the association between climate engineering and
climate change. Both are directly related to each other because
it is an ultimate source and alternative to stay earth’s climate
cool, favourable for the living things i.e. plants, animals, human
beings etc. Now, Climate Engineering is becoming highly
controversial for several states and NGO’s that they it is an
intervention technology which intentionally change the natural
earth’s climate and un-favourable for earth’s species as well.
On the other hand, climate engineering is an essential tool and
modern technology of this 19th century through which
pollution, harmful gases like carbon dioxide removes from
earth’s atmosphere in order to make it favourable for earth
climate so as earth species as well.

5. To address this problem is basically a resourceful activity in
order to make earth’s cool and prevent it from global warming
because lots of things directly related to climate change, if
climate does not change with time and upon specific time, it
would become harmful for earth species. For this purpose, this
problem statement and research gap would be addressed by
consulting secondary data i.e. different scholarly articles to
reach end results. Research Question
· Is climate engineering effective in combating climate change?
Climate engineering refers to the large scale deliberate
intervention aimed at overcoming climate change. The
engineering process involves removal of carbon dioxide from
the atmosphere (Keith, 2013). It also entails proper management
of solar radiation to ensure that global temperature remain
within acceptable range suitable for human habitation. In this
research, we address the above-mentioned research question
which describes that whether climate engineering process is an
effective tool to combat climate change or not? For this
purpose, we consult different scholarly articles, researches
along with their effective comparison in order to reach to the
results that climate engineering is an favourable tool to make
earth’s climate cool or not.
As we previously mentioned that carbon energy is cited for the
majority of greenhouse gasses, major global powers such as the
United States have campaigned against curbing climate change
because of potential impact on the economy. Their opposition is
reflected in America’s withdrawal for the Paris agreement on
climate change that undertook to cut down carbon emission
levels significantly. This brings forth the need to consider
climate engineering as suitable alternative solution for
addressing climate change. It is against this backdrop that this
research proposes research question on climate engineering. All
these issues are involved in one research question which would
be addressed in detail throughout favourable researches.
Research Objectives
Climate and climate change is one of most important issue

6. nowadays because with the passage of time, industries are
growing day by day due to which harmful gases, pollution
become the reason of climate destruction. The aim of this
research is to understand the concept of climate and how it
relates to human development. Climatic destruction would be
able to birth a crucial and difficult future for earth and species
on it. As we have defined certain research objectives in research
proposal which would be observed and defined through different
scholarly researches. There are number of researches have been
done on climate and climate engineering for which we use their
experiences to define climatic engineering and to reach final
results effectively and efficiently. Climate change has largely
been overshadowed by controversies regarding the reliability of
data used to arrive at scientific recommendations (Barrett,
2014). Most importantly the research aims at evaluating the
potential for climate engineering as an important strategy to
fighting global warming. This determination is crucial in the
development of long term solutions to one of the most
controversial and potentially dangerous phenomenon.
There are certain objectives which would be proved later in
research by considering different authors researches, articles
etc. Research objectives are given below:
i. To understand the causes and potential impact of climate
change
ii. To determine the strength and weaknesses of climate
engineering as a method of curbing global warming
iii. To determine the implications of climate engineering as a
long term strategy to overcoming climate change.
iv. To recommend forms of climate engineering methods that
can potentially limit global warming
Above-mentioned are basic research objectives which would be
explained in research when we review the literature in detail.
These objectives are highly important and create direct relation
between climate and climatic engineering. Methods, forms,
strategies of climatic engineering will be discussed followed by
its strength and weaknesses which have great impact on climatic

7. change as it has been declared as intentionally intervention
process to change earth’s climate. Significance of the Research
Global warming is today’s hot issue upon which earth’s future
is highly depends. For this purpose, certain effective measures
need to be taken in order to solve these issues. Climatic
Engineering of the effective measure which help in changing the
earth climate and prevent earth from future global warming. The
research aims at assessing the reliability of climate engineering
as an effective method of curbing climate change. The
significance of this method stems from lack of political interest
when alternative and cheaper methods of climate change are
proposed (Hulme, 2014). Adopting legislations that limit the
use of carbon power appears more conventional. This
significance would be discussed in literature review section of
the research where different researches will demonstrate that
how important that topic is and how important is the
implementation of effective measures now in order to save
earth’s future. Research Hypothesis
As we consider the research proposal where we defined that if
we properly administer the policies and climate engineering
policies, it would beneficial for earth and positive climate
change outcomes in the future. For this purpose, we set the
research hypothesis is the administration and use of climate
engineering at right time, whether it would be effective for
earth’s climate or not? It speculates that legitimate organization
of atmosphere building will yield alluring environmental change
results. Expelling carbon dioxide from the environment can be
accomplished through sea treatment among different strategies
(Hulme, 2014). Science has demonstrated that the sea has many
living things that utilization photosynthesis to assimilate carbon
dioxide. Specifically, the minor single-celled creature called
phytoplankton is known to retain a lot of carbon dioxide. Upon
the demise of the green growth, they sink to the sea floor
holding the carbon mixes with them.
The life form likewise requires iron substance for their
development. This has prompted proposal that designers can

8. build the measure of sea iron to shoot up the populace
development of phytoplankton with the goal that they can
assimilate carbon dioxide from the air. In spite of the fact that
this technique may demonstrate hostile in light of potential
harm to marine life, there are a few different types of geo-
designing that can be connected to control environmental
change. Hamilton (2013) contends that atmosphere designing
can't be utilized as a substitute for gas emanations. The creator
recommends that while the potential for atmosphere designing
systems guarantees real effect later on, they should be utilized
couple with other regular strategies for restricting ozone
depleting substance emanations. This hypothesis is later
explaining and proved and analysed by considering scholarly
articles so that it would be proved that climate engineering is an
effective tool in order to change then climate rapidly or
not?Research Methodology
As far as research methodology is concerned, there are number
of researches have been done on the climate change. This
research will investigate climate engineering as a strategy to
fighting climate change. The research will utilize secondary
data drawn from peer-reviewed articles published within the last
ten years. The researcher proposes to utilize qualitative
descriptive methodologies to examine the practicability of
climate engineering in modern science. Due to having modern
and advanced technology, climate engineering is an emerging
and most controversial tool which can be effective for earth’s
atmosphere b removing CO2 Successfully. For this purpose, we
use secondary research data and will be considering scholarly
articles in order to define and explain the hypothesis in detail
with examples, reasons and in the light of effective and efficient
researches. Literature Review
To explain this research topic, it is essential to follow and
consult various scholarly articles in order to reach to final
results which will demonstrate that how climatic engineering
relates to climate. It would be done by considering different
researches on same topic climatic engineering and earth’s

9. climate. For this purpose, first we have to assess the risk
associated with consistent earth’s climatic change around the
globe.
The lead scientist of the report, Dr. Simon Ashby, Associate
Professor of Financial Services in the Plymouth Business
School at the University of Plymouth, says:
"Time influenced loads up working in perplexing and dynamic
situations can think that it’s difficult to put risk in a positive
setting. Be that as it may, the scholarly researches on climatic
engineering who do make associations between these
association's methodologies and risk the executive’s choices can
receive noteworthy benefits. With risk comes opportunity,
giving barricades gauge the dangers and returns related with
various key choices, we discovered that risk administration can
upgrade it by implementing effective and efficient climatic
control measures which would be able to prevent earth from
global warming and various other dangers in future. (Beer
2018). Industries can't misuse vital risks or shield themselves
from potential misfortunes or disappointments by continuously
leaving smoke, harmful gases into the atmosphere and make it
harmful for earth and its species.
To fix these risks and implementing mitigation strategies to
overcome these risks regarding climatic change and most
advanced, modern tool i.e. climatic engineering is a best to
overcome these upcoming earth climate change threats.
(Gordon, 2017) an English author explains in his research that
there are several regions in this world having less rainfall like
gulf countries where weather is usually hot throughout the year
which is not favourable for human beings, animals and plants.
For this purpose, they usually import goods regarding food
items mostly from other countries because they don’t have their
own much cultivation and irrigation processes. Due to having
less rainfall, they effectively use of modern and advanced
technology i.e. climate engineering through which they remove
carbon dioxide from air which is harmful if exceeds from
certain limits (Gordon, 2017). Cloud Seeding is a process of

10. climate engineering through which they change the weather of
certain regions in order to make earth’s temperature cool so that
earth’s species can have hope to survive. For instance, if we
take example of UAE where there is no rainfall in summers due
to which they use cloud seeding in different cities at different
times to change the climate for a certain period, an effective
and efficient process of climate engineering which is helpful for
earth temperature remains cool and vigilant for mankind,
wildlife (Henderson, 2018). Several other researches declare
that climate engineering is one of major and authentic, useful
process to change the climate for useful purposes, it does not
have any harmful affect to earth especially wild life because it
has numerous properties which makes it favourable for earth at
specific time when it is necessary to change the earth climate.
Solar Geo Engineering, Reforestation and several others modern
techniques which can be used to cool down earth’s temperature
rapidly. It would greatly help in preventing the earth from
global warming and harmful future.
(Carry, 2017) explains that how geoengineering an advanced
technology faces international politics for to not to use as a plan
B for tackling climate change. He further explains that,
geoengineering advances might want to make beast scale and
deliberate interventions in the climate system possible. A
standard including is that operators are examining a 'Plan B' if
equality fails to oust risky common change. A few choices are
thought to can modify the genuine issues of basic change
certainly, yet in investigating whether they may finally decrease
condition risks, their political and security recommendations
have so far not been given adequate observable quality. This
article propels what it calls the 'security peril' and fights this
could be a major factor in picking if an improvement is fit,
finally, to decrease air dangers. Bits of knowledge concerning
all things considered relationship of geoengineering rely on
exceptional inquiries regarding state reasonability and an all-
around pacific in all cases structure. Also, if in an air made
world atmosphere events become something certain states can

11. be made indisputably responsible for, this may in like way
unjustifiably impact prospects for 'Plan A', for instance an
inducing all things considered synchronization on levelling.
After a short time, it shows up, there's a creation understanding
that the next eighteen months will be fundamental in dealing
with the general warming crisis, among other natural bothers. A
year sooner, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC) point by demonstrate that keep the move in all things
considered temperatures underneath 1.5C this century,
transmissions of carbon dioxide would should be cut by 45% by
2030. Regardless, today, onlookers see that the conclusive,
political steps to enable the cuts in carbon to happen ought to
happen before the fulfilment of one year from now. The
likelihood that 2020 is a firm due date was expressively tended
to by one of the world's top air examiners, talking in 2017.
The earth math is merciless clear: While the world can't be
fixed inside the going with couple of years, it may be mortally
harmed through inconsiderateness until 2020," said Hans
Joachim, originator and now official emeritus of the Potsdam
Climate Institute. The inclination that the satisfaction of one
year from now is the last shot bar for natural change is
convincing the opportunity to be much progressively clear
reliably (Joachim, 2013). He has enduringly of the view that the
accompanying eighteen months will pick our ability to keep
organic change to survivable levels and to restore nature to the
modification we requirement for our survival," said Prince
Charles, talking at a get-together for Commonwealth outside
ministers starting late.
(Biermann, 2019) explains that diverse late assessments
experience that 'Climate Engineering Process' degrees of
progress may need to acknowledge a basic occupation later on.
Such movements may pass on certifiable dangers for making
nations that are routinely particularly frail against, and need
adaptable ability to manage, the effects of such new
improvements. In this condition, one would anticipate that
creation nations particularly the least made nations that are

12. most helpless should expect a focal occupation in the rising
visit on atmosphere organizing. In any case, by then, as this
article appears in detail, the exchange about whether and how to
connect with these movements is moulded by specialists from
only a little course of action of nations in the Global North.
Information age around air arranging remains firmly overseen
by the basic research establishments in North America and
Europe. Drawing on data from 70 atmosphere structure
occasions some spot in the extent of 2009 and 2017 close by
broad record appraisal, the article maps a nonattendance of
relationship of making nations and features how much their
burdens remain deficiently tended to in politically huge genuine
evaluation reports (Bhandari, 2017). The article wraps up by
representing decisions that creation nations may need to
influence the motivation on atmosphere organizing, considering
prior endeavours to develop authority over novel movements
and impact generally speaking game plan setting.
There are number of NGO’s and other welfare institutes
working for the betterment of the earth’s climate in order to
save the earth from bitter future. For this purpose, they create
awareness among people to all over the world that how much
water is important for future. They visit far off places where
people are just surviving on water and there is not much food at
all because of less rainfall due to which they are unable to grow
vegetables etc. Death rate is also high in remote areas in Africa
especially. The global reason behind the shortage of water is
useless wastage, number of industries, insane traffics etc. makes
environment unfavourable for the earth due to which climate
affects a lot. For this purpose, print media, electronic media and
other sources are being used in order to control earth’s
temperature from harmful gases spreading in its atmosphere
which create carbon dioxide. Educating people is necessary
because if we do not act vigilantly today then we will suffer
tomorrow.
Likewise, there are modern, advanced techniques which are
mentioned above and explained as well. Some of the NGO’s

13. oppose these technologies because they think it ruins earth’s
climate but many of them support (Ming, 2013). They are
supporting in such a way that earth’s temperature needs to cool
down at specific times because it becomes a necessity in order
to prevent it from global warming. For instance, climate
engineering is an appropriate procedure to control the earth’s
climate in such a way that it removes harmful gases from
atmosphere and make earth’s climate favourable which leads
towards rainfall which would be able to water those regions
where it is necessary, help crops to grow, shortage of water
becomes fulfil etc. If it is done once then climate cycle
continues and it behaves naturally. These are effective and
authentic tools researched and approved by scientists, authors
that it is a necessity.Hypothesis Evaluation
Based on consideration of scholarly researches where different
authors and opinions have been considered in order to explain
that whether climate engineering is really a controversial tool to
change the earth’s atmosphere or not? It is highly debatable
topic because it already creates political issues internationally
that it would not be effective and can harm the earth’s climate
when climate changes artificially. On the other hand, several
researches support the climate engineering process that it is a
basic necessity for earth nowadays because due to increase in
industrial areas, increase in harmful gases in atmosphere,
environmental issues, pollution etc. would be able to darken the
earth’s future in shape of global warming. It is also effective for
those countries or regions where there is entirely no rainfall
where it is highly effective tool to change the climate
artificially after a certain period so that mankind, wild life and
other species i.e. plants would be able survive and breathe
easily otherwise it would definitely increase in death rates.
After having detailed discussion, we support and accept the
hypothesis that ‘‘Climate Engineering is a modern technology
and an effective and efficient tool to change the earth climate
which is effective for present and in future as well’’. A
hypothesis is now becoming a reality which needs to be

14. accepted by the world that due to increasing in earth’s
temperature, climate engineering, geoengineering, reforestation
and several others are modern tools have been invented by the
hard work of scientists to save the earth from destruction
(Burns, 2013). These are highly recommended solutions and can
be used in the hour of need in every region around the globe.
Conclusion
Determinately, planet earth is not only for mankind, there are
numerous other creatures exist for which the survival of those
creatures is extremely important in order to let the mankind
survive. Due to having more humidity in air, pollution, insane
traffic, increase in industries etc. is a core reason for earth’s
climate destruction. For this purpose, several modern techniques
have been evolved and implemented by developed and mostly
undeveloped countries in order to cools the earth’s temperature
which removes the global warming threat and is able to save
earth from horrible future.
References
Bhandari, M. P. (2017). Climate Change Science. Agriculture
and Environmental Science.
Biermann, F. (2019). Climate Engineering discourses and the
marginalization of the global south. International Environmental
Agreements.
Burns, W. C. (2013). Climate Engineering Under Paris
Agreement. Special Report.
Carry, O. (2017). Geoengineering faces international politics.
Research Article.
Duffus, A. L. (2009). Effects of Environmental change on
wildlife health. Biological Science.
Gordon, D. (2017). Understanding Climate Engineering.
Climate Engineering2017.
Henderson, R. M. (2018). Climate change in 2018: Implications
for Businesses. Harvard Business School Review.

15. Joachim. (2013). Rapid change in earth's climate. environmental
physics.
Ming, T. (2013). Fighting Global Warming with Climate
Engineering. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews.
Barrett, S., Lenton, T. M., Millner, A., Tavoni, A., Carpenter,
S., Anderies, J. M., ... & Folke, C. (2014). Climate engineering
reconsidered. Nature Climate Change, 4(7), 527.
Hamilton, C. (2013). Earthmasters: the dawn of the age of
climate engineering. Yale University Press.
Hulme, M. (2014). Can science fix climate change? A case
against climate engineering. John Wiley & Sons.
Keller, D. P., Feng, E. Y., & Oschlies, A. (2014). Potential
climate engineering effectiveness and side effects during a high
carbon dioxide-emission scenario. Nature communications, 5,
3304.
Keith, D. (2013). A case for climate engineering. MIT Press.