Unit 4:Matter and Its Interaction

1. Biodiversity
Biodiversity
and
and
Evolution
Evolution

2. Biodiversity is the term
Biodiversity is the term
used to describe the
used to describe the
number and variety of
number and variety of
life found on
life found on
Earth.
Earth.

3. Biodiversity has three
Biodiversity has three
types: genetic, species, and
types: genetic, species, and
ecosystem
ecosystem

4. Genetic diversity pertains to the
variation of genes within
species

5. Species diversity pertains to the
Species diversity pertains to the
variety and abundance of species
variety and abundance of species
within a
within a
region
region

6. Ecosystem diversity is the
Ecosystem diversity is the
variation among groups of
variation among groups of
organisms in different
organisms in different
physical settings
physical settings

7. All parts of the ecosystem are interacting with one another. If one of its
components experienced changes and it doesn’t adapt to its new environment
or situation it may probably die and lessen in numbers. The population
pertains to the number of organisms of the same species living in the same
region while communities are composed of different organisms living in the
same region.
What will happen if one population in an area increase? Will it affect the
distribution of space and food? Fortunately, changes in population may give
a big impact on the balance of biodiversity index.

8. Biodiversity Index is a scale of the diversity of plant and
Biodiversity Index is a scale of the diversity of plant and
animal species in a
animal species in a
given area. It is a widely used tool for estimating the
given area. It is a widely used tool for estimating the
complexity, stability, and thus
complexity, stability, and thus
general health of an ecosystem. It is expressed with the
general health of an ecosystem. It is expressed with the
equation of:
equation of:

9. Populations of an organism can change and varies over time. This is due to
the different limiting factors occurring in the situation. Limiting factors are usually
described as lack of particular resources like the availability of food, water, and
space. Some of the other reasons are predation, diseases, and migration.
Light,
temperature, and soil nutrients are also limiting factors because they help to identify
what kind of organism lived in a certain area.
Increasing the number of population
size that an area can support is called carrying capacity. It is the size of a biological
species that can be sustained in a specific environment, given all the available
resources. If the carrying capacity reaches its maximum point, the organism in that
area will die because not all of their needs can be met.

10. When the number of species decreases in size, and only a few remain, that
species is considered as endangered and possibly becomes extinct in the future.
Some examples of endangered animals in the Philippines are tarsier in Bohol,
Philippine eagle, Philippines freshwater crocodiles, tamaraw in Mindoro, and
Philippine naked-backed fruit bat in Cebu. If animals of a particular species are
vulnerable at risk in terms the number of population of its kind, it is said to be
threatened.
Extinction happens if the last member of that species is gone like
dinosaurs.

11. Tarsier
Philippine Eagle

12. Philippines
freshwater crocodile
Tamaraw

13. Naked-backed fruit
bat

14. Natural Causes of Species Extinction
Natural Causes of Species Extinction
1. Climate change- the sudden changes
in the earth’s temperature
2. Land Development- conversion of
land into residential area or building
3. Acid precipitation- is a result of air
pollution

15. 4. Diseases/Epidemic- infectious diseases or
virulent infectious diseases
cause the change in biological populations.
5. Meteoric impact/Cosmic radiation-
extinction happens when a massive
asteroid or meteor hits the surface of
the earth.
6. The spread of Invasive species- it can
change the abundance of diversity
or the food web in an ecosystem by
destroying and replacing its natural
value and number.

16. Man-Made Causes of Species Extinction
Man-Made Causes of Species Extinction
1. Deforestation- illegal logging, kaingin
farming
2. Pollution- either air or water
pollution
3. Destruction of Coastal Resources- this is caused
by using dynamite in
fishing, muro-ami, and the conversion of beach
into residences, and
overharvesting of fishes.

17. SOURCES OF EVIDENCE
SOURCES OF EVIDENCE
FOR EVOLUTION
FOR EVOLUTION
Organisms inhabiting the earth have changed overtime, their structures,
traits, and abilities allowed them to adapt and survive in their environment. Data
from the fossil records, anatomy and morphology, embryonic development and
biochemistry could be analyzed to demonstrate if evolution of life on earth has
taken place.

18. EVIDENCE FROM FOSSIL
EVIDENCE FROM FOSSIL
RECORDS
RECORDS
Have you ever seen fossils of any organism? Fossils are examples
of evidences that paleontologists use in studying evolution. They are traces
of organisms that lived in the past and were preserved by natural process
or catastrophic events. They can be remains of organisms which include
bones, shells, teeth and also feces embedded in rocks, peat, resin, and ice.
Paleontologist is a person who studies fossils.

19. MOST FOSSILS WERE COMMONLY FOUND IN
MOST FOSSILS WERE COMMONLY FOUND IN
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS. THEY WERE
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS. THEY WERE
FROM THE HARD PARTS OF THE ORGANISM
FROM THE HARD PARTS OF THE ORGANISM
LIKE WOODY STEM, BONES, OR TEETH.
LIKE WOODY STEM, BONES, OR TEETH.
Compression Impression

20. Another type of fossil is an imprint or
impression. Imprints are shallow
external molds left by animal or plant tissues
with little or no organic materials
present. Compression is the other side with
more organic material.

21. A PALEONTOLOGIST IS
A PALEONTOLOGIST IS A SCIENTIST WHO STUDIES
A SCIENTIST WHO STUDIES
THE HISTORY OF LIFE ON EARTH THROUGH THE
THE HISTORY OF LIFE ON EARTH THROUGH THE
FOSSIL RECORD.
FOSSIL RECORD.

22. DETERMINING THE AGE OF
DETERMINING THE AGE OF
FOSSILS
FOSSILS
Do you know how a paleontologist usually
determines the age of a
fossil? Paleontologists make initial estimates of
the age through the position in
the sedimentary rocks. Fossils found in the bottom
layer are much older than
those found in upper layer of rocks.