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Environmental Science-2.pptx
1.
Chapter 1 An Introduction to
Environmental Science Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson
2.
This lecture will
help you understand: • • • • • • The meaning of the term environment The importance of natural resources That environmental science is interdisciplinary The scientific method and how science operates Some pressures facing the global environment Sustainability and sustainable development Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson
3.
Environment: the total
of our surroundings Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson • All the things around us with which we interact: • Living things • Animals, plants, forests, fungi, etc. • Non-living things • Continents, oceans, clouds, soil, rocks • Our built environment • Buildings, human-created living centers • Social relationships and institutions
4.
Humans exist within
the environment Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson • Humans exist within the environment and are part of nature. - Our survival depends on a healthy, functioning planet. • The fundamental insight of environmental science is that we are part of the natural world. - Our interactions with its other parts matter a great deal.
5.
Humans and the
world around us Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson • • • • Humans depend completely on the environment for survival. - Enriched and longer lives, increased wealth, health, mobility, leisure time But natural systems have been degraded - Pollution, erosion, and species extinction - Environmental changes threaten long-term health and survival. Environmental science is the study of: - How the natural world works - How the environment affects humans and vice versa With environmental problems come opportunities for solutions.
6.
• Renewable resources: -
Perpetually available: sunlight, wind, wave energy - Renew themselves over short periods of time: timber, water, soil - These can be destroyed Non-renewable resources: can be depleted - Oil, coal, minerals Natural resources: vital to human survival Natural resources = substances and energy sources needed for survival • Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson
7.
Global human population
growth • • More than 6.7 billion humans Why so many humans? - Agricultural revolution - Stable food supplies - Industrial revolution - Urbanized society powered by fossil fuels - Sanitation and medicines - More food Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson
8.
Thomas Malthus and
human population • Thomas Malthus • Population growth must be controlled, or it will outstrip food production. • Starvation, war, disease • Neo-Malthusians • Population growth has disastrous effects. • Paul and Anne Ehrlich, The Population Bomb (1968) • Agricultural advances have only postponed crises. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson
9.
Resource consumption exerts
impacts Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson • Garret Hardin’s “tragedy of the commons” (1968) • Unregulated exploitation causes resource depletion • Grazing lands, forests, air, water • No one has the incentive to care for a resource. • Everyone takes what he or she can until the resource is depleted. • Solution? • Private ownership? • Voluntary organization to enforce responsible use? • Governmental regulations?
10.
The “ecological footprint” •
The environmental impact of a person or population - Amount of biologically productive land + water - For resources and to dispose/recycle waste Overshoot: humans have surpassed the Earth’s capacity to support us • We are using 30% more of the planet’s resources than are available on a sustainable basis! Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson
11.
Environmental science • Can
help us avoid mistakes made by past civilizations - Human survival depends on how we interact with our environment. - Our impacts are now global. - Many great civilizations have fallen after depleting their resources. The lesson of Easter Island: people annihilated their culture by destroying their environment. Can we act more wisely to conserve our resources? Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson
12.
Environmental science: how
the natural world works Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Environment impacts Humans • Its goal: developing solutions to environmental problems • An interdisciplinary field -Natural sciences: information about the natural world - Environmental Science programs -Social sciences: study human interactions and behavior - Environmental Studies programs
13.
Environmental science is
not environmentalism •Environmental science • The pursuit of knowledge about the natural world • Scientists try to remain objective •Environmentalism • Environmental activism • A social movement dedicated to protecting the natural world Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson
14.
The nature of
science Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson • Science: - A systematic process for learning about the world and testing our understanding of it - The accumulated body of knowledge that results from a dynamic process of observation, testing, and discovery • Science is essential: - To sort fact from fiction - Develop solutions to the problems we face
15.
Applications of science Energy-efficient
methanol- powered fuel cell car from DaimlerChrysler Restoration of forest ecosystems altered by human suppression of fire Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Policy decisions and management practices Technology
16.
Scientists test ideas Copyright
© 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson • Scientists examine how the world works by observing, measuring, and testing - Involves critical thinking and skepticism Observational (descriptive) science: scientists gather information about something not well known or that cannot be manipulated in experiments - Astronomy, paleontology, taxonomy, molecular biology Hypothesis-driven science: research that proceeds in a structured manner using experiments to test hypotheses through the scientific method • •
17.
The scientific method •
A technique for testing ideas • A scientist makes an observation and asks questions of some phenomenon. • The scientist formulates a hypothesis, a statement that attempts to answer the question. • The hypothesis is used to generate predictions: specific statements that can be tested. • The results support or reject the hypothesis. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson
18.
Testing predictions Copyright ©
2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson • • Experiment: an activity that tests the validity of a hypothesis Variables: conditions that can be manipulated and/or measured - Independent variable: a condition that is manipulated - Dependent variable: a variable that is affected by the manipulation of the independent variable Controlled experiment: one in which all variables are controlled - Control: the unmanipulated point of comparison - Treatment: the manipulated point of comparison Data: information that is generally quantitative (numerical) • •
19.
Experiments test the
validity of a hypothesis Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson • Manipulative experiments yield the strongest evidence - Provides the strongest type of evidence - Reveal causal relationships: changes in independent variables cause changes in dependent variables - But many things can’t be manipulated: long-term or large- scale questions (i.e., global climate change) • Natural experiments show real-world complexity - Only feasible approach for ecosystem or planet-scale - Results are not so neat and clean, so answers aren’t simply black and white
20.
The scientific process
is part of a larger process Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Peer-review: other scientists provide comments and criticism • Guards against faulty science • Conference presentations improve the quality of the science • Scientists interact with their colleagues • Grants and funding come from private or government agencies. • Can lead to conflict of interest if the data show the funding source in an unfavorable light • The scientist may be reluctant to publish or doctor the results.
21.
The scientific community Copyright
© 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson
22.
Theories and paradigms Copyright
© 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson • A consistently supported hypothesis becomes a theory, a widely accepted explanation of one or more cause-and-effect relationships • Has been extensively and rigorously tested, so confidence in a theory is extremely strong • Darwin’s theory of evolution, atomic theory, cell theory, big bang theory, plate tectonics, general relativity • Differs from the popular meaning of theory, which suggests a speculative idea without much substance • With enough data, a paradigm shift — a change in the dominant view — can occur.
23.
Ethics Copyright © 2009
Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson • Ethics: the study of good and bad, right and wrong - The set of moral principles or values held by a person or society that tells us how we ought to behave - People use criteria, standards, or rules when making judgments. - Different cultures or worldviews lead to different values, which lead to different actions. • Relativists: ethics vary with social context • Universalists: right and wrong remains the same across cultures and situations
24.
Ethical standards Copyright ©
2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson • Ethical standards: criteria that help differentiate right from wrong - Classical standard = virtue - The golden rule: treat others as you want to be treated - Utility: something right produces the most benefits for the most people
25.
Environmental ethics • Environmental
ethics: application of ethical standards to relationships between human and non-human entities - Hard to resolve; depends on the person’s ethical standards - Depends on the person’s domain of ethical concern Should we conserve resources for future generations? Is it OK for some communities to be exposed to excess pollution? Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Should we drive other species to extinction? Is is OK to destroy a forest to create jobs for people?
26.
Three ethical perspectives Copyright
© 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson • Anthropocentrism: only humans have rights - Costs and benefits are measured only according to their impact on people - Anything not providing benefit to people has no value Biocentrism: certain living things also have value - All life has ethical standing - Development is opposed if it destroys life, even if it creates jobs Ecocentrism: whole ecological systems have value - Values the well-being of species, communities, or ecosystems - Holistic perspective, stresses preserving connections • •
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Expanding ethical consideration Copyright
© 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson
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The preservation ethic • Copyright
© 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson Unspoiled nature should be protected for its own inherent value. • We should protect our environment in a pristine state, because it promotes human happiness and fulfillment. • John Muir (right, with President Roosevelt at Yosemite National Park) had an ecocentric viewpoint.
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The conservation ethic •
Use natural resources wisely for the greatest good for the most people • A utilitarian standard that calls for prudent, efficient, and sustainable resource extraction and use • Gifford Pinchot had an anthropocentric viewpoint. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson
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The land ethic •
Healthy ecological systems depend on protecting all parts. • Aldo Leopold believed that humans should view themselves and the land as members of the same community. • We are obligated to treat the land ethically. • The land ethic will help guide decision making. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson
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Ecofeminism Copyright © 2009
Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson • In the 1960s and 1970s, feminist scholars saw parallels in how people treated nature and how men treated women. • Degradation, social oppression • Ecofeminism: a patriarchal (male-dominated) society is a root cause of both social and environmental problems • Female worldview: interrelationships and cooperation • Male worldview: hierarchies, competition, domination, and conquest
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Environmental justice (EJ) •
Involves the fair treatment of all people with respect to the environment, regardless of race, income, or ethnicity • The poor and minorities are exposed to more pollution, hazards, and environmental degradation. • Despite progress, significant inequalities remain. The U.S. has still not ratified the Basel Convention, which prohibits the international export of waste, particularly to poor nations. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson
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Sustainability Copyright © 2009
Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson • A guiding principle of environmental science • Living within our planet’s means - The Earth can sustain humans AND other organisms for the future - Leaving our descendents with a rich, full world - Developing solutions that work in the long term - Requires keeping fully functioning ecological systems
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Sustainability Copyright © 2009
Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson • We are increasing our burden on the planet each year. - Population growth, affluence, consumption • Natural capital: the accumulated wealth of Earth - We are withdrawing our planet’s natural capital 30% faster than it is being produced • Natural capital = the accumulated wealth of Earth - We are withdrawing our planet’s natural capital 30% faster than it is being produced.
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We are increasing
our burden on the planet Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson • Human population growth amplifies all environmental problems - The growth rate has slowed, but we still add over 200,000 people to the planet each day. • Our consumption of resources has risen even faster. - Life has become more pleasant for us so far. - However, rising consumption increases the demands we make on our environment. - The rise in affluence has not been equal. The gap between rich and poor has doubled in the past 40 years.
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Ecological footprints are
not all equal Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson • The ecological footprints of countries vary greatly. - The U.S. footprint is much greater than the world’s average. - Developing countries have much smaller footprints than developed countries.
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The 2005 Millennium
Ecosystem Assessment Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson • • The most comprehensive scientific assessment of the condition of the world’s ecological systems Major findings: • • Humans have drastically altered ecosystems. These changes have contributed to human well- being and economic development, but at a cost. Environmental degradation could get much worse. Degradation can be reversed, but it requires work. • •
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Sustainable solutions abound Copyright
© 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson • Sustainable development: using resources to satisfy current needs without compromising future availability of resources • Sustainability involves: - Renewable energy sources - Soil conservation, high-efficiency irrigation, organic agriculture - Pollution reduction - Habitat and species protection - Recycling - Fighting global climate change Humanity’s challenge is to develop solutions that further our quality of life while protecting and restoring the environment.
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Will we develop
in a sustainable way? • Sustainable solutions must meet: - Environmental goals - Economic goals - Social goals • Requires that humans limit our impact while promoting economic well-being and social equity - Apply science to solve problems The single most important question we face is: "Will we develop sustainably?” Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson
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Conclusion Copyright © 2009
Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson • Finding ways to live sustainably on Earth requires a solid ethical grounding and scientific understanding of our natural and social systems. • Environmental science helps us understand our relationship with the environment and informs our attempts to solve and prevent problems. • Identifying a problem is the first step in solving it. • Solving environmental problems can move us toward health, longevity, peace, and prosperity. - Environmental science can help find balanced solutions to environmental problems.
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QUESTION: Review The term
“environment” includes: a) Living things, such as animals and plants b) Non-living things, such as rivers and soil c) Buildings and cities d) All of the above are included in this term Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson
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QUESTION: Review A Neo-Malthusian
would say that predicted massive human starvation has not yet occurred because: a) Diseases have been eradicated b) Enough people are dying from war and conflict c) Agriculture has postponed massive starvation d) People are too dumb to limit their population growth Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson
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QUESTION: Review Which of
the following is correct about the term “environmentalism”? a) It involves pursuing knowledge to understand the natural world. b) It is a social movement to protect the environment. c) It usually does not include advocacy for the environment. d) It requires trying to remain objective. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson
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QUESTION: Review Which is
the correct order of the scientific method? a) Observation, hypothesis, predictions, testing, results b) Hypothesis, observation, testing, predictions, results c) Observation, predictions, testing, results, hypothesis d) Predictions, observation, hypothesis, testing, results Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson
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QUESTION: Review An anthropocentric
worldview would consider the impact of an action on: a) Plants only b) Animals only c) Humans only d) All living things e) All non-living things Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson
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QUESTION: Review Which ethic
holds that resources should be wisely used? a) Preservation ethic b) Land ethic c) Conservation ethic d) Deep ecology e) Biocentrism Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson
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QUESTION: Review What is
the definition of “sustainable development”? a) Using resources to benefit future generations, even if it means lower availability now b) Letting future generations figure out their own problems c) Letting each country decide what is its best interest d) Using resources to satisfy current needs without compromising future availability Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson
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QUESTION: Weighing the
Issues Which do you think is the best way to protect commonly owned resources (i.e., air, water, fisheries)? b) Sell the resource to a private entity c) Let organizations themselves decide if they want to participate in protecting the resource d) Enact governmental regulations e) Do nothing and see what happens Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson
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QUESTION: Weighing the
Issues Do you think the rest of the world can have an ecological footprint as large as the footprint of the United States? a) Yes, because we will find new technologies and resources to overcome environmental problems. b) Yes, because the footprint of the United States is not really that large compared to other countries. c) Definitely not. The world does not have that many resources. d) It does not matter. It’s not that important. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson
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QUESTION: Interpreting Graphs
and Data According to this graph, what has happened to the population over the last 500 years? a) It has grown enormously. b) It has grown slower than food production. c) It has decreased. d) It has slowed down recently. Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson
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QUESTION: Interpreting Graphs
and Data What happens if test results reject a hypothesis? c) The scientist formulates a new hypothesis. d) It shows the test failed. e) The scientist should be fired. f) The scientist used faulty data . Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson
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