LEA 339 DISCUSSION 1: STUDENT 1: Budgeting in a Police Organization Budget cuts have continued consistently for the past 8 years at the local level. They have even affected the federal level as well with all the military budget cuts going on. Within departments there are always ways to trim the budget. Some of them are not so pretty. The first plan would be to seek out all programs or divisions that are obsolete to the department and absorb them into current productive divisions. This reduces costs and waste as well as personnel. The downside is that it also reduces the need for those officers. This can put a damper on effectiveness. A more comprehensive approach is for the chief to request unit heads to show that old and new programs or strategies effectively address a goal or objective. More effective strategic and operational planning is generated when the chief requires a comprehensive justification for all budget requests. (Gaines, 2012) Budget cuts are an unfortunate beast of nature. They are not popular since something has to go. The second plan would be to limit overtime for officers on duty. By limiting overtime you reduce over spending to meet quota. Many officers love overtime but shifting duty hours can limit how much is needed to fulfill obligations. P olice departments should closely scrutinize activities such as court appearances, shift extensions, staff size, emergency mobilizations, and special events to determine if overtime can be reduced. Police departments should examine overtime expenditures continuously to see if they are necessary or can be reduced. More efforts should be exerted to manage this widespread problem. (Gaines, 2012) Third to reduce the budget would be to limit buffering the budget. Any not needed items that are requested should be cut to ensure that everything falls within the lines of the budget process. Gaines Larry K. POLICE ADMINISTRATION. 2012. Delmar, Cengage Learning. Prior editions, published by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,  STUDENT 2: If I were a police executive facing more budget cuts and needed to make some cuts I would cut overtime. I would have to make sure supervisors are being held responsible to monitor overtime. The use of overtime can highly leveraged expenditure and cost maybe 50% more than regular staffing. A way to fix it would be to assess the overtime usage by identifying the need for staff transfers, schedule adjustments, or increased staffing levels. If a person needs overtime then it needs to be approved. Monitoring sick leave is another budget cut. It’s like overtime, people using sick leave should be monitored. For example, the person who uses sick leave has to have someone replace them and that person will end up with overtime. Another cut could be the equipment that is being spent on “luxuries” equipment. For example, cellular phones or leather chairs. Lowering the budget by repairing and renovating instead of replacing items. For example, the maintenance d.

1. LEA 339 DISCUSSION 1:
STUDENT 1:
Budgeting in a Police Organization
Budget cuts have continued consistently for the past 8 years at
the local level. They have even affected the federal level as well
with all the military budget cuts going on. Within departments
there are always ways to trim the budget. Some of them are not
so pretty. The first plan would be to seek out all programs or
divisions that are obsolete to the department and absorb them
into current productive divisions. This reduces costs and waste
as well as personnel. The downside is that it also reduces the
need for those officers. This can put a damper on effectiveness.
A more comprehensive approach is for the chief to request unit
heads to show that old and new programs or strategies
effectively address a goal or objective. More effective strategic
and operational planning is generated when the chief requires a
comprehensive justification for all budget requests.
(Gaines, 2012)
Budget cuts are an unfortunate beast of nature. They are not
popular since something has to go. The second plan would be to
limit overtime for officers on duty. By limiting overtime you
reduce over spending to meet quota. Many officers love
overtime but shifting duty hours can limit how much is needed
to fulfill obligations. P
olice departments should closely scrutinize activities such as
court appearances, shift extensions, staff size, emergency
mobilizations, and special events to determine if overtime can
be reduced. Police departments should examine overtime
expenditures continuously to see if they are necessary or can be
reduced. More efforts should be exerted to manage this

2. widespread problem.
(Gaines, 2012)
Third to reduce the budget would be to limit buffering the
budget. Any not needed items that are requested should be cut
to ensure that everything falls within the lines of the budget
process.
Gaines Larry K.
POLICE ADMINISTRATION. 2012. Delmar, Cengage
Learning. Prior editions, published by The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc.,
STUDENT 2:
If I were a police executive facing more budget cuts and needed
to make some cuts I would cut overtime. I would have to make
sure supervisors are being held responsible to monitor overtime.
The use of overtime can highly leveraged expenditure and cost
maybe 50% more than regular staffing. A way to fix it would be
to assess the overtime usage by identifying the need for staff
transfers, schedule adjustments, or increased staffing levels. If a
person needs overtime then it needs to be approved. Monitoring
sick leave is another budget cut. It’s like overtime, people using
sick leave should be monitored. For example, the person who
uses sick leave has to have someone replace them and that
person will end up with overtime. Another cut could be the
equipment that is being spent on “luxuries” equipment. For
example, cellular phones or leather chairs.
Lowering the budget by repairing and renovating instead of
replacing items. For example, the maintenance department could
easily fix items instead of replacing an item because it would be
easier than to fix it. The last thing that can be minimized is the
promotion testing officers. It should be done twice a year and so
officers could have time to purchase their own materials and

3. pay for their test.
I think letting these items first, second, third and so on would
be a great place to start to see if it can make a difference before
getting rid of programs that are needed like community
policing, SWAT, and so many others. It shouldn’t affect the
department too much. If anything it would affect the extra
money police officers maybe looking for.
LEA339: DISCUSSION 2
STUDENT 1:
Accountability in a Police Department and the Community
The Internal Affairs office within the department should front
line the investigation into police misconduct reports or lawsuits.
Internal Affairs should be in charge of Receiving and recording
complaints concerning police misconduct
Investigating complaints and other indications of misconduct on
the part of police, Investigating incidents involving the police
use of deadly force, homicide or serious injury, or possible
breach of integrity or ethical standards by a member of the
police agency, Evaluating policies related to police ethics and
behavior, Providing administrative trial mechanisms for
reviewing instances and accusations of police misconduct,
Prosecuting employees who are revealed by evidence to be
responsible for serious misbehavior, Providing commanders
with intelligence on deviancy and misbehavior occurring within
the agency, and Informing complainants and victims of police
misconduct of actions on their behalf by the police agency.
(Gaines, 2012) The police chief should start by ensuring that all
officers are aware of the departments code of ethics as well as
the expected behavior of all officers. He or she should institute

4. mandatory ethics classes for all officers on a regular basis.
Constant over-site and records of all police and public
interactions must be kept. The police chief should require all
officers to be trained on Body Cams and that all officers will
have their cams active at all times during their shift. The same
can be said for the officers vehicle cameras. This will reduce
the conflict between the public and the police by proving that
the issue did not happen. If the officers refuse to use the cams
or refuse to activate them than department punishment can be
approved. A picture is worth a thousand words and if the officer
has video and audio of the interaction with the public there can
not be any doubt to what actually happened. The chief will also
need to work with community leaders to continue to have a
transparent department that does not need to keep information
under wraps so to speak.
Gaines Larry K. POLICE ADMINISTRATION. 2012. Delmar,
Cengage Learning. Prior editions, published by The McGraw-
Hill Companies, Inc.,
STUDENT 2:
Unfortunately, people in today’s society are sue happy.
Police are under scrutiny constantly. It is important to conduct a
serious investigation under any and all claims, but it is also
important that the officers that are accused know that the
department has their backs.
It makes doing their job extremely hard when they know that
can be accused of wrong doing at any given time.

5. This makes continual training very important.
It leaves less room for error on the police officer.
If an accusation is made I would utilize civilian review as well
as internal investigation.
Civilian review
one model of external review for the police organization, in
which a civilian body reviews the police department’s actions
and findings through investigation, adjudication, and the
recommendation of punishment (Gaines, L., & Worrall, J.
(2012).
Kerstetter (
1985
) identified three models: civilian review, civilian input, and
civilian monitor (Gaines, L., & Worrall, J. (2012).
I would not be so quick to pay out a settlement because people
are so sue happy.
By using these models it puts some of the control in the
community’s hands.
Once it is realized how much money is wasted on false law
suits, the citizens can step in and make recommendations on is
the complaint is reasonable , thus be a bit responsible for money
being wasted on unneeded lawsuits.
Then when the funds are being overspent paying people out the
community is at fault for allowing these payouts as well.
Reference
Gaines, L., & Worrall, J. (2012).

6. Police administration
(3rd ed.). United States: Delmar Cengage Learning
LEA316: DISCUSSION 1
STUDENT 1:
Christopher Williams and Bruce Arrigo (2012) in the textbook
Ethics, Crime and Criminal Justice state “the ethics of human
rights begins with the natural law assumption that there is a
certain universal moral order that exists apart from social,
cultural, and historical conditions- a moral order which
supersedes or “trumps” the “man-made” laws and socially
constructed moral principles that are particular to civilizations
and time periods” (p. 177). Some examples of these rights
include health care and shelter. If you examine the criminal
justice field you can see these basic rights being provided for
inmates under the care of a corrections facility.
Legal rights are given and protected by law. Christopher
Williams and Bruce Arrigo (2012) in the textbook Ethics, Crime
and Criminal Justice report “ this is especially true in criminal
justice where the notion of rights typically refers to legal
protections that people enjoy when interacting with
representatives of the justice system” (p. 178). An example of
this is the fourth amendment which protects against
unreasonable searches and seizures.
Though there is some overlap between moral and legal rights,
moral rights relates more to ethics. Christopher Williams and
Bruce Arrigo (2012) in the textbook Ethics, Crime and Criminal
Justice advise “some interpret moral rights as being derived
from a universal moral order that precedes social and historical
conditions- a moral order that applies to all human beings,
everywhere, in every time period” (p. 178). The criminal justice
systems acknowledgement of moral rights can be seen in the
evolution of the way the death penalty is carried out.

7. A past preferred method of execution was hanging which, was
found to be cruel and unusual punishment when many times the
neck of the hanging person did not break forcing them to endure
the agonizing death of suffocating to death. The electric chair
was then the new method of carrying out the death sentence
however, after reported cases of inmates catching on fire during
the electrocution it was also deemed cruel and unusual
punishment. Currently the preferred method of euthanasia is
lethal injection. According to the Death Penalty Information
Center (2016) “the three-drug protocol uses an anesthetic or
sedative, typically followed by pancuronium bromide to
paralyze the inmate and potassium chloride to stop the inmate’s
heart” (para. 1).
References
Death Penalty Information Center, 2016, Retrieved from
http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/lethal-injection
Williams, C. R., Arrigo, B. A., 2012,
Ethics, Crime, and Criminal Justice, VitalSource for Ashford
University, 2nd Edition
. [VitalSource Bookshelf Online]. Retrieved from
https://online.vitalsource.com/#/books/9781269305297/
STUDENT 2:
Rights, morality, and the criminal justice system
Human rights are rights standards that are given to everybody.
They do not have to be earned and are relevant to everyone,
everywhere and in all situations. Human rights are universal
principles that apply to all people in all cultures. These rights
such as right to education, health care and housing do not need

8. to be earned and they cannot be taken away. In reference to the
criminal justice system these right can come into play when
dealing with the incarcerated population. Although they have
been convicted of a crime, they still have the right to exercise
these human rights.
Legal rights are rights that refer to legal protection and
representation when interacting with the criminal justice
system. These rights include the right to the presence of an
attorney in a criminal trial, the right to humane treatment and
legal protections such as Miranda rights, where a subject is
informed of their protection under the law before agreeing to
submit to any questioning or statements while in custody. In
reference to the criminal justice system all people arrested have
a right to the above mentioned protection regardless of the
crime they are accused of committing. Officers may see an
opportunity to take advantage of a situation where they might
obtain valuable information for a conviction but must take into
account the legal protection rights and how it might jeopardize
their case. Officers also must treat everybody in a humane
manner, only using necessary force to affect an arrest if
applicable and caring for a suspect’s safety while in their
custody.
Moral rights are liberties and protections that possess a deeper
and more enduring significance that may or may not be created
by government. These rights are attached to people simply by
virtue of their being human and are considerably more
fundamental than the articulated legal protections. Moral rights
include the right to self-protection and the right to liberty
against unjustified interference with the pursuit of happiness.
Some dilemmas that may come into play in dealing with the

9. criminal justice system are acts of self-defense and the
decisions that follow when deciding to possibly pursue a
criminal act.
Reference
E
thics
, C
rime, and
C
riminal
J
ustice
Second Edition
Christopher R. Williams
Bradley University
Bruce A. Arrigo
University of North Carolina at Charlotte
Copyright © 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
LEA316 DISCUSSION 2
STUDENT 1:
Christopher Williams and Bruce Arrigo (2012) in the textbook
Ethics, Crime and Criminal Justice report “while it is common
in everyday language to refer to “character traits” moral
philosophers have historically used the more specific virtue and
vice to refer to traits of character that are regarded as “good” or
“bad” in moral contexts” (p. 190). Moral virtues are the good

10. characteristics that causes a person to act morally. Moral vices
are the negative character traits that cause a person to act
immorally. Moral virtues cause an individual to act in a way
that benefits themselves or others, while moral vices cause an
individual to act in a way that is harmful to themselves or
others.
Five characteristics I would argue that are most typical of
police officers are: disloyalty, untrustworthiness, courage,
wisdom and justice. Working in a sheriff’s department I have
seen officers being nasty to each other and talking behind each
other’s backs which shows the moral vice of disloyalty. The
officer’s also fought getting GPS tracking on their vehicles
because they didn’t want anyone to know how fast they were
driving which shows the moral vice of untrustworthiness.
However, officers use their courage in dangerous situations
wisdom in knowing state statutes and laws in the pursuit of
justice. Ideally officers would trade their disloyalty and
untrustworthiness for integrity and honesty to create a better
working relationship so together they can use the moral virtues
of courage, integrity, wisdom, honesty to pursue justice for all.
I can see how it would become easy for typical parole/probation
officers to become insincere and rude due to working with
offenders on probation. However, a successful parole/probation
officer would have to be tactful, patient and reliable. An ideal
parole/probation officer would have the moral virtues of
patience, honesty, tactfulness, kindness and politeness.
Finally, lawyers are typically seen as arrogant and having the
moral vice of ingratitude acting and treating others like they are
the “top dog” and the efforts that others put towards their case
means little. However, they do use their wisdom of the law and
self-respect to present themselves and their cases in a way that

11. will bring justice to the victims of the case they are presenting.
An ideal lawyer would have the moral virtues of wisdom,
tactfulness, honesty, temperance and justice.
STUDENT 2:
Moral Virtue and Moral Vice
Having moral virtue is basically describing someone’s
character trait and how they behave in certain situations. A
person who can be described as having moral virtue will possess
traits such as honestly, integrity, humility and self- respect to
name a few. They are caring people who strive and choose to
act out of moral goodness. They will act with good intentions,
choose the right course of action to provide good consequences.
Moral virtue are not only tendencies to act a certain way but
people who possess these traits also think, feel, believe and
desire to do good.
Possessing moral vices is just the opposite of
possessing moral virtue. Moral vices can be described as
character traits where people act in an indifferent or harmful
fashion. People who possess these traits act with “negative
emotions” and in ways where they are indifferent toward or that
harm oneself and/or others. Vices interfere with our capacity to
be moral and dispose us toward harm rather than morally
desirable behavior.
In reference to CJ professionals, police officers,
probation/parole officers and lawyers, I would argue the most
typical type of characters you will see are:
Moral Virtue
Integrity, courage, responsibility, trustworthiness and open-
mindedness. These professions should include these character
traits. All of these professionals took an oath in some form of
manner and these titles alone come with a level of
accountability. First responders must act with integrity and be

12. trusted to carry out responsibilities the public demands. They
must display courage to handle situations that most people
would run from and when conducting their duties they must not
be bias and base decisions on facts while remaining open-
minded.
Moral Vices
Arrogance, laziness, insincerity, intolerance and rudeness are
some vices I would argue are most typical. The fact of merely
being employed for these professions brings a lot of confidence.
Over time, I think at some point confidence leads to being
arrogant. Officer’s deal with so many situations where they are
the authority causes this trait which also leads to insincerity,
intolerance and rudeness. Professionals who are subjected to a
negative situation or environment on a continuous basis lose
empathy and just want to clear the call or case. This can also
lead to laziness. Where the officers once went above and
beyond to handle a situation now are looking for the easiest way
to get out of it or resolve it without considering possibilities of
future effects.
CJ Professionals: Honestly, Justice, Tactfulness, Compassion
and Responsibility. These traits are moral virtues for this
profession. They must be honest when building a case and abide
by the law when seeking justice. They display tactfulness in
presenting evidence and have compassion for their victims and
cause. There actions or inactions will always be viewed, they
have a duty to serve and carry a large amount of responsibility.
Police, Probation and Parole: These moral virtues were covered
under my Moral Virtue heading where I was describing these
professions.
Lawyers: Arrogance, selfishness, dishonestly, insincerity and
greed. To be fair when I think about lawyers I think about
defense attorneys and professional experiences. In my
experience any good defense lawyer will be filled with
arrogance. I think this is a tool they use to make their clients

13. feel confident in their abilities. They have been known to be
dishonest when it comes to presenting cases. When displaying
these moral vices it’s hard for me to believe they can be sincere
about any of their work which is usually driven by monetary
gain that promotes selfishness and greed.
Ideal or desirable traits:
CJ Professionals and Police /Parole have already been listed.
Lawyers- Honestly, unselfishness, compassion, sincerity and
trustworthiness. I think these would be great traits for lawyers.
To have an honest lawyer who displays compassion and
sincerity for their cases would promote trustworthiness and
confidence in their abilities. An unselfish lawyer would care
about a case and its true cause. They would carry more respect
in their field and bring a better reputation to their chosen
career.
Reference
E
thics
, C
rime, and
C
riminal
J
ustice
Second Edition
Christopher R. Williams
Bradley University
Bruce A. Arrigo
University of North Carolina at Charlotte

14. Copyright © 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
References
Williams, C. R., Arrigo, B. A., 2012,
Ethics, Crime, and Criminal Justice, VitalSource for Ashford
University, 2nd Edition
. [VitalSource Bookshelf Online]. Retrieved from
https://online.vitalsource.com/#/books/9781269305297/
/