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1. Electric motor - miracle of applied
physics?
Adam Jerzman
UNIWERSYTET KARDYNAŁA STEFANA WYSZYŃSKIEGO
WYDZIAŁ BIOLOGII I NAUK O ŚRODOWISKU
ajjm314@gmail.com

2. Table of Contents:
1. What’s an electric motor?
2. How electric motor works?
3. Genesis of electric motor
4. Power calculation
5. Characteristic of electric motors and usage
6. Comparison and division of electric motors

3. What is an electric motor?
An electric motor is an electrical machine that converts electrical energy
into mechanical energy. The reverse of this is the conversion of
mechanical energy into electrical energy and is done by an electric
generator, which has much in common with a motor.

4. Principle of working
Most electric motors operate through the
interaction between an electric motor's
magnetic field and winding currents to
generate force. In certain applications, such
as in regenerative braking with traction
motors in the transportation industry, electric
motors can also be used in reverse as
generators to convert mechanical energy
into electric power.
Electric motors are used to produce linear or
rotary force (torque), and should be
distinguished from devices such as
magnetic solenoids and loudspeakers that
convert electricity into motion but do not
generate usable mechanical powers, which
are respectively referred to as actuators and
transducers.

6. Genesis of the electric motor

7. Perhaps the first electric motors were simple electrostatic devices
created by the Scottish monk Andrew Gordon in the 1740s. The
theoretical principle behind production of mechanical force by the
interactions of an electric current and a magnetic field, Ampère's force
law, was discovered later by André-Marie Ampère in 1820. The
conversion of electrical energy into mechanical energy by
electromagnetic means was demonstrated by the English scientist
Michael Faraday in 1821.

8. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Faraday_magnetic_rotation.jpg

9. A free-hanging wire was dipped into a pool of
mercury, on which a permanent magnet (PM) was
placed. When a current was passed through the
wire, the wire rotated around the magnet, showing
that the current gave rise to a close circular
magnetic field around the wire. This motor is often
demonstrated in physics experiments, brine
substituting for toxic mercury. Though Barlow's
wheel was an early refinement to this Faraday
demonstration, these and similar homopolar motors
were to remain unsuited to practical application until
late in the century.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stator_and_rot
or_by_Zureks.JPG

10. Power

11. Power calculation
Pem
= rpm x T/5252
Pairgap
= (Rr
/S) x Ir
2

14. Electric motors
AC asynchronous
motors
Self-commutated
motors
Brushed DC Brushless DC AC polyphase AC SCIM

15. Type Advantages Disadvantages Output
Brushed DC
Low initial cost
Simple speed
control
Medium lifespan
Rectifier, linear
transistor(s) or DC
chopper controller.
Brushless DC
Long lifespan
High efficiency
Higher initial cost Synchronous

16. Literature
● Fink, Donald G.; Beaty, H. Wayne, Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers,
'14th ed., McGraw-Hill, 1999, ISBN 0-07-022005-0.
● Houston, Edwin J.; Kennelly, Arthur, Recent Types of Dynamo-Electric Machinery,
American Technical Book Company 1897, published by P.F. Collier and Sons New
York, 1902
● Kuphaldt, Tony R. (2000–2006). "Chapter 13 AC MOTORS". Lessons In Electric
Circuits—Volume II. Retrieved 2006-04-11.
● Rosenblatt, Jack; Friedman, M. Harold, Direct and Alternating Current Machinery,
2nd ed., McGraw-Hill, 1963